Differences in grain/straw ratio,protein content and yield in landraces and modern varieties of different wheat species under organic farming

Hulled wheat species (einkorn, emmer, spelt) are presumed to be an alternative to bread wheat in organic agriculture since the yield penalty is less pronounced under organic farming and generally higher prices can be achieved for specialty grains. The present study analyzed differences between wheat species with respect to biomass production, harvest index, grain yield and protein content. Spring hulled wheat genetic resources and bread wheat check cultivars were grown in organic field trials in the Czech Republic and Austria between 2010 and 2012. Generally, hulled wheat species were inferior in grain yield and distribution of assimilates to the grain compared to modern bread wheat. Biomass production of some emmer and spelt landraces was similar to bread wheat. A higher protein content (+3–6 %) was observed for spelt, however, considering protein yield the differences between spelt and bread wheat became less pronounced. With respect to the recent high market demand for spelt and the absence of available spring grown varieties some of the landraces were identified as valuable resources for the development of spring spelt varieties suitable for organic farming.     

The genetic diversity of old and modern Siberian varieties of common spring wheat as determined by microsatellite markers

The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity within old and modern common spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) varieties cultivated in Siberia and to find out whether old Siberian varieties could be a potential source for genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding in Siberia. A set of 54 varieties was analysed using 22 wheat microsatellite markers (WMS), determining 23 loci located on 19 different chromosomes. In total, 151 alleles were detected with an average of 6.6, ranging from three to 11 alleles per locus. The average genetic diversity value (polymorphic information content) was 0.70. WMS located in the B genome produced more alleles per locus (7.6) compared with WMS located in the A (6.0) and D (6.0) genomes. Genetic similarity values between varieties ranged from 0.19 to 0.96 and were used to produce a dendrogram. With a few exceptions the varieties studied were clustered in two nearly equal groups consisting of predominantly old (released before 1960) and modern (released in 1960‐90s) varieties, respectively. Genetic diversity values within these two groups were similar with 0.60 and 0.58, respectively. The numbers of group‐specific alleles were 34 and 29, respectively. A significant variation in frequencies of 79 shared alleles was observed. The results obtained by using genomic microsatellite sequences demonstrated that breeding has not resulted in a decrease in the genetic diversity in Siberian spring wheat. However, significant quantitative and qualitative changes in allelic frequencies of different loci were detected. It may be suggested, that old Siberian common spring wheat varieties are a potential basis for genetic diversity in modern wheat breeding in Siberia.     

Estimating Genetic Diversity in Durum and Bread Wheat Cultivars from Turkey using AFLP and SAMPL Markers

Since 1925, more than 100 wheat varieties were developed and released in Turkey, and many more were introduced from abroad, but no systematic analysis of their genetic diversity has been performed yet. In this research, a total of 34 domestic and foreign cultivars (12 durum and 22 bread wheats), released in Turkey between 1936 and 2000, were fingerprinted by means of five amplified fragment length polymorphism and three selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) primer combinations, to evaluate their genetic variation and to determine the existence of cultivar-specific bands. Among the 344 amplicons scored, 214 were polymorphic. The primer combination E_ACG/M_AGG yielded the highest number and the primer combination SAMPL–6/M _AGA produced the lowest number of polymorphic bands. Most cultivars were molecularly very similar, although a few distinct ones (the durum wheat 'Kunduru–1149' and the bread wheat 'İkizce–96') were also identified. Seven cultivar-specific markers for different bread wheat cultivars ('Golia', 'Seri–82', 'Adana–99', 'Pandas' and 'Sertak–52') and six cultivar-specific markers for durum wheat cv 'Kunduru' were observed. Our results show that genetic diversity among old and present–day wheat cultivar commonly grown in Turkey is limited.     

Genetic variation for waxy proteins and starch properties in Italian wheat germplasm

Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is the primary enzymeresponsible for the synthesis of amylose in amyloplasts of cereal endospermcells. In bread wheat there are three structural genes (Wx-A1, Wx-B1,and Wx-D1) encoding for isoforms of GBSS. The loss of one or moreGBSS isoforms results in the reduction (partial-waxy) or absence (waxy) of amylose in the starch. Waxy wheats may find application inthe production of modified food starch and their flour may be used toextend the shelf life of baked products. In order to breed high qualitywheats able to produce bread with delayed staling, the genetic variabilityfor the waxy trait in our germplasm has been investigated. Weanalysed 288 cultivars of bread wheat, 139 cultivars of durum wheat andabout 200 accessions from other Triticum species. Gel electrophoresisshowed 63 bread wheats deficient in the Wx-B1, one in the Wx-A1 and one in the Wx-D1 protein isoforms, as well as one Triticum dicoccum lacking the Wx-A1 isoform. None of the analysedTriticum monococcum, Triticum durum, Triticum speltaand Triticum timopheevi accessions showed mutations at the Wxloci. The wheat accessions with Wx mutations were evaluated with aRapid Visco Analyser (RVA) to investigate starch properties. All theanalysed cultivars showed Peak Viscosity and Final Viscosity different fromthe normal wheat. Other analyses to evaluate the rheological characteristicsof the partial-waxy genotypes are under way and a breedingprogramme to select new waxy wheat varieties is in progress     

Allelic variation and genetic diversity of HMW glutenin subunits in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces and commercial cultivars

Wheat landraces have abundant genetic variation at the Glu-1 loci, which is desirable germplasms for genetic enhancement of modern wheat varieties, especially for quality improvement. In the current study, we analyzed the allelic variations of the Glu-1 loci of 597 landraces and 926 commercial wheat varieties from the four major wheat-growing regions in China using SDS-PAGE. As results, alleles Null, 7+8, and 2+12 were the dominant HMW-GSs in wheat landraces. Compared to landraces, the commercial varieties contain higher frequencies of high-quality alleles, including 1, 7+9, 14+15 and 5+10. The genetic diversity of the four commercial wheat populations (alleles per locus (A) = 7.33, percent polymorphic loci (P) = 1.00, effective number of alleles per locus (Ae) = 2.347 and expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.563) was significantly higher than that of the landraces population, with the highest genetic diversity found in the Southwestern Winter Wheat Region population. The genetic diversity of HMW-GS is mainly present within the landraces and commercial wheat populations instead of between populations. The landraces were rich in rare subunits or alleles may provide germplasm resources for improving the quality of modern wheat.     

Comparison of bread wheat varieties with different breeding origin under organic and low input management

In recent years needs have increased to investigate the necessity of breeding cereals for organic agriculture. The aims of this study were (1) to compare 37 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties with different breeding origin under low input conventional and certified organic farming conditions in Austria and Hungary for 3 years, (2) to identify traits highly sensitive to management systems that could be separated according to their suggested selecting environments and (3) to find evidence for the distinctness of organic wheat breeding. According to the results, seven out of the 15 traits assessed during this study showed significant management × genotype interaction meaning that these traits could be the basis of selection for different management systems. Heading date, sensitivity to leaf rust and powdery mildew had high repeatabilities. For economic reasons, it is therefore reasonable to select for these traits in conventional fields even if the selection target is organic agriculture. However, the present study suggests that selection for the other four traits (grain yield, test weight, leaf-inclination and vigorous growth during booting) should be done later in the target environment. The study compared groups of varieties developed by different breeding strategies (organic, conventional and combined strategies). The results of multivariate analyses showed that the organic breeding was distinct from the other two breeding strategies, but the combined and conventional breeding resulted in similar groupings. It is concluded that the selecting environment has measurable effects on the performance of bread wheat varieties under organic and low input growing conditions.     

Ertragsstruktur alter und neuer Winterweizensorten unter dem Aspekt der Einlagerung und Remobilisation von Fruktanen im Weizenhalm

Yield components in old and new german winter wheat varieties with respect to the storage and remobilization of fructan in the wheat stem
Yield components and changes in carbohydrate content of four old german winter wheat varieties, bred before 1950, were compared with six new varieties over two years in field trials. In both years the old varieties built up more biomass than the new varieties. In the latter a better harvest-index (0,56) as compared to the old varieties (0,43) was obtained, resulting in higher grain yields for the new varieties. Changes in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content were mainly due to variations in fructan content. Maximum of fructan content was mostly reached at the stage of early milk ripeness. In the new varieties a faster and more complete remobilization of fructan occurred; especially in the year with the short grainfilling period.     

Crossability percentages of some 1400 bread wheat varieties and lines with rye

Summary Two lists are provided: List 1 contains the percentages of crossability with rye of some 1400 varieties and lines of bread wheat; List 2 contains varieties having a high crossability with rye. It is believed that the publication of these data will be helpful to those wishing to cross bread varieties with rye and other species.     

Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient concentrations in historical and modern spring wheat cultivars

The diet of approximately three billion people worldwide is nutrient deficient and most of the world’s poorest people are dependent on staple food crops as their primary source of micronutrients. One component of the solution to nutrient deficiencies is collaboration among plant breeders, cereal chemists and nutritionists to produce staple crop cultivars with increased mineral nutrient concentration. Sixty-three historical and modern wheat cultivars were evaluated for grain yield and concentration of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc. While grain yield has increased over time, the concentrations of all minerals except calcium have decreased. Thus a greater consumption of whole wheat bread from modern cultivars is required to achieve the same percentage of recommended dietary allowance levels contributed by most of the older cultivars. The decrease in mineral concentration over the past 120 years occurs primarily in the soft white wheat market class, whereas in the hard red market class it has remained largely constant over time. This suggests that plant breeders, through intentional selection of low ash content in soft white wheat cultivars, have contributed to the decreased mineral nutrient concentration in modern wheat cultivars. These results contradict the theory that there exists a genetically based, biological trade-off between yield and mineral concentrations. Therefore, using the abundant variation present in wheat cultivars, it should be possible to improve mineral concentrations in modern cultivars without negatively affecting yield.     

渭北高原小麦育种的演变与展望

旨在解决渭北高原历史上小麦生产十年有九年灾害严重、产量低而不稳的问题.1964年自创条件开展小麦育种.所育品种在抗性、高产上有独特优势,推广后对当地小麦生产品种进行了4次更新换代,克服了锈、冻、旱、倒、黄矮病等严重灾害,产量从20世纪60年代的750～900 kg/hm2提高到现在的6000～7500 kg/hm2.本...     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成和检测研究进展

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成与面包品质密切相关。为了从目前经常使用的一些HMW-GS检测方法中选择满足试验要求的最佳方法,笔者总结了HMW-GS组成,以及利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)和聚合酶链式反应(PCR)三种方法检测小麦HMW-GS组成的应用和研究进展,讨论了3种方法检测小麦HMW-GS组成的优缺点,指出常规育种材料或栽培小麦品种优先选择SDS-PAGE和PCR方法检测小麦中的HMW-GS,这两种方法适合对材料中亚基组成进行检测;而含有远缘遗传物质的小麦或近缘种属结合双向电泳或RP-HPLC方法检测HMW-GS,这两种方法适合发现新的亚基类型或对分子量接近的亚基进行检测。最后展望了SDS-PAGE和PCR方法在小麦分子标记辅助育种中应用前景。     

小麦新品种渝麦12号丰产稳产性分析及应用前景

渝麦12号是重庆市农业科学院于2010年2月通过重庆市农作物品种审定的小麦新品种。该品种选用河南小麦材料宛抗42作母本,自育中间材料97-3作父本配制杂交组合选育而成。根据2007~2008两年重庆市小麦区域试验的资料,采用与区域试验对照品种相比较的方法进行分析,采用C.S.Lin和Shukla分析方法对品种稳定性和适应性进行分析。结果表明：渝麦12号小麦丰产稳产性高、适应性较强,农艺性状好,品质指标除湿面筋外均达到中筋小麦类型标准（GB/T17892-1999）,适宜加工面条、馒头、饺子等食品和进行产业化开发,渝麦12号（渝审麦2010001）是一个适合重庆地区大面积生产的丰产、稳产、广适性小麦新品种,有良好的应用前景。     

Relationship Between High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunit Composition and Gluten Quality in Ethiopian-grown Bread and Durum Wheat Cultivars and Lines

The high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition of 42 Ethiopian-grown bread wheat and 31 durum wheat cultivars and lines were examined using SDS-PAGE. Low variability in HMW-GS composition was present in both classes of wheat. A total of 10 variants with 14 different HMW patterns and seven variants with six different patterns were identified in bread and durum wheat, respectively, reflecting the limited ability of HMW-GS for cultivar identification. The most predominant alleles were 2*, 7 + 9 and 5 + 10 in bread wheat and nul and 7 + 8 in durum wheat. The Glu-1 quality scores for bread wheat ranged from 6 to 10, with an average value of 8.7. The variation in HMW-GS significantly correlated with and accounted for 44 % of the total variation in gluten quality, measured by the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation test. In durum wheat, HMW-GS variation at Glu-B1 explained about 25 % of the variation in gluten quality. The high frequency of the 7 + 8 alleles among the landraces and the significant contribution of Glu-B1 alleles to the total variation in gluten quality indicate the potential benefit of Ethiopian tetraploid landraces in the development of lines suitable for both bread and pasta production.     

黔西北山区小麦育种目标及策略商榷

根据黔西北山区生态和生产条件,提出了该区小麦育种在产量、 品质、 抗病性和适应性等方面的具体育种目标（指标）,并指出远缘杂交、冬春杂交和地方品种的改良是实现上述目标的主要策略。     

小麦野生近缘植物抗病性鉴定研究进展

小麦野生近缘植物具有优良的抗病特性,是改良普通小麦的宝贵遗传资源,是基因改良和培育高产、优质和高抗病性小麦的基础。为此,主要对小麦赤霉病、白粉病、叶锈病、条锈病、秆锈病等小麦主要病害的发生及危害情况进行简述,阐述了利用小麦野生近缘植物进行小麦主要病害的抗病性鉴定研究进展,包括苗期及成株期鉴定、温室及田间试验、分子标记辅助鉴定等,指出了小麦近缘野生植物与普通小麦直接或间接杂交转移优异基因情况,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

全麦面包的储存稳定性研究

以加麦为材料,采用麸皮回添的方法制备3种不同麸皮比例(10%,20%,30%)的全麦粉,测定3种全麦粉及加麦面粉的基本理化指标和流变学指标。在相同条件下,储存3种全麦粉及加麦面粉制成的面包成品,测定不同时间段面包的品质指标,为全麦面包的长期储存提供数据支持,并找到适合做面包的最佳麸皮回添比例。结果表明,回添10%麸皮的全麦粉的各项性质指标较好,做出的面包质量最好;在面包储存过程中,麸皮回添量越大,面包体积、色泽及质构等指标越差,面包越易变质。室温下,全麦面包可储存6 d;冷冻条件下,全麦面包可储存14 d。     

Kresse (Lepidium sativum L.) als Bioindikator zur Beurteilung der pflanzenphysiologischen Verträglichkeit von Flüssigmist

Uptake and distribution of nitrogen in old and new German summer wheats
Five old German summer wheat varieties, bred in the first third of this century, were compared with five new varieties in an outdoor pot trial. The modern genotypes had taken up slightly more N, both at anthesis and at maturity. At anthesis, N percentage in all organs was considerably higher for modern cultivars. This resulted mainly from a dilution effect caused by superior dry masses of old varieties. Modern genotypes accumulated more N in the upper leaves and ears. As compared with the old varieties, less N was found in the stems of the new cultivars. At maturity, N concentration in vegetative organs was simular for both groups of varieties. N percentage of grains was higher for old cultivars. However, the new genotypes achieved higher N yields. This resulted in part from the slightly higher assimilation of N. Moreover, new genotypes were superior in N translocation which was reflected by higher nitrogen harvest indexes. The postfloral loss of N from the vegetative tissue depended on the organ and the age of the varieties.     

小麦育种方向的创新与实践

针对20世纪80年代中期川、渝麦区育种方向及审定品种与生产实践需要之间的矛盾,从生产发展、市场经济和人民需要出发,分析了当时审定小麦品种较多而推广应用较少的现象,总结了小穗小粒红皮种推广速度慢,农民不愿种植,大穗大粒白皮种推广速度快的原因。提出了“选育商品型高产优质抗病大穗大粒耐穗发芽白皮小麦新品种”的育种新方向。经过二十几年的努力,培育出了‘绵阳25’、‘绵阳26’、‘绵阳27’、‘绵阳28’、‘绵阳31号’、‘西科麦1号’、‘西科麦6号’等白皮小麦新品种,这些品种成为了四川省小麦第6次大更换的当家品种。为四川省和中国的小麦育种、小麦生产及国家的粮食安全作出了巨大贡献。通过以上品种的推广种植,表明白皮小麦品种在产量、品质、抗病性等方面不亚于红皮小麦品种,而在商品价值、推广速度方面明显优于红皮种。由此认为,突破传统红皮小麦品种容易选育审定的束缚,将市场经济、人们需求、社会发展紧密结合,选育商品型高产、优质、抗病、大穗大粒耐穗发芽小麦新品种将是西南麦区小麦育种的新方向。     

小麦品质性状及产量性状对馒头面条评分的影响

本研究旨在为小麦品质育种提供依据。以在黄骅种植的10个小麦品种为试材,通过田间记载、室内考种及品质分析研究小麦主要品质性状及产量性状对馒头面条评分的影响。面条和馒头受小麦面粉的粉质特性和面团特性的影响并呈现不同的相关性,面条评分与延伸性呈显著性相关(r=0.63^*),与最大延伸阻力、拉伸面积呈正相关关系相关性未达到显著水平(r=0.46,r=0.54),与稳定时间和形成时间呈正相关关系。回归分析变异系数表明形成时间在馒头和面条评分的评分中均起到重要作用。偏相关和通径分析表明产量对面条和馒头的评分影响最大。可见在馒头和面条评分的影响性状中形成时间在两种面食的评分中均起到重要作用,通过研究表明馒头与面条品质对小麦籽粒和面粉特性的要求是重叠的,因此选育馒头与面条兼优型的小麦品种是可行的。