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1.
- In 2016, the UK government announced plans for a large‐scale Marine Protected Area around Ascension Island, a UK Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic.
- To improve baselines for marine life to support ambitious conservation and assess change over time, archives were searched for historical accounts of wildlife from Ascension's discovery in 1501 to the present. For more recent changes, 139 interviews with past and present inhabitants were conducted.
- Ascension's marine life has, from first discovery to the present, been consistently remarked upon for its exceptional abundance. Historical sources indicate declines in seabird and turtle populations from human exploitation and introduction of rats and cats. They are recovering with good management, although still below pre‐settlement abundance.
- Interviews with residents indicate more recent changes, notably declines in catch per unit of fishing effort at popular shore angling sites, a decline in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and increase in Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis).
- What is very notable, however, based on the interviews, was that there was no temporal signal suggestive of recent systemic decline, in marked contrast to many parts of the world where recent wildlife declines have been pervasive and steep. Ascension represents a remarkable and immensely important centre of abundance in a sea of depletion and change, warranting full protection for all the island's waters.
2.
- The lemon shark is a large coastal species that is currently classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
- As juveniles of the species utilize shallow, near shore habitat, they are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic impacts.
- The abundance, size characteristics, growth, condition factor and movement patterns of juvenile lemon sharks within the Bell Sound Nature Reserve were compared with those outside the Reserve.
- Sharks were more abundant within the Reserve, which also accommodated a greater proportion of smaller size classes.
- Although there was no difference in linear growth‐rate between sharks inside and outside the Reserve, those outside exhibited higher condition factor values.
- It is suggested that these results are due mainly to habitat preference on the part of the sharks, with the predominantly shallower near shore waters of the Reserve offering a greater level of protection from predation.
- Regardless of the causative factor, the area occupied by the Bell Sound Nature Reserve appears to be highly important to the local juvenile lemon shark population.
3.
- Cetaceans occupying coastal habitats are at high risk of impact from anthropogenic sources which can cause direct mortality or affect long‐term health. Monitoring and detecting change require long‐term studies and reliable funding, not always available especially in developing countries. Management and conservation of cetaceans must therefore use precautionary methods that allow assessment from limited data sources to identify risk of, and prevent, species extirpation or extinction.
- IUCN Red List criteria for regional populations was applied to the population of Indian Ocean humpback dolphins (Sousa plumbea) resident in Menai Bay Conservation Area off the south coast of Zanzibar, East Africa which is subjected to unsustainable entanglement rates in gillnet fisheries and unregulated tourism activities. Photographic identification surveys were conducted in 2015 to generate a new abundance estimate from capture–recapture analysis. Mortality estimates were calculated using available data from 1999 to 2002 and a population viability analysis was conducted based on population, species and genus specific parameters.
- The 2015 abundance estimate for humpback dolphins was 19 (95% CI 14–25) non‐calf individuals, representing a 63% reduction in abundance since 2002. The population viability analysis baseline scenario predicted chance of extinction at 0.996 (SE 0.002) with the median time to extinction at 36 years. Sensitivity analysis suggested that population recovery would only be possible with a complete prevention of bycatch mortality.
- The population met the threshold for Critically Endangered for all criteria which could be directly assessed. This conservation assessment highlights the requirement for immediate management action to eliminate bycatch of humpback dolphins to prevent the local extinction of the species.
4.
Carolina Parada Billy Ernst Sebastián Cornejo-Guzmán Francisco Santa Cruz Marco Sandoval Belmar Pablo Rivara Braulio Tapia Stéphane Gauthier Josefa Pino-Aguilera Ruben Escribano Carmen E. Morales 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(2):253-272
- The Juan Fernandez Ridge, a vulnerable marine ecosystem located far off the coast of central Chile and formed by several seamounts, guyots and three islands (Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Alejandro Selkirk), has recently been declared a Coastal Marine Protected Area of Multiple Uses with several National Parks embedded in it.
- Recent studies have highlighted the influence of remote and local oceanographic structures on the hydrographic dynamics of this ridge. However, there is still a gap in understanding how they affect the structure and dynamics of the surrounding insular planktonic communities.
- A hydroacoustic and oceanographic survey was conducted during the austral spring (October 2016), including hydrographic and zooplankton sampling around Robinson Crusoe Island. Oceanographic features were identified and tracked using satellite data (chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and sea surface temperature) and modelling results.
- Two events of Chl-a increase relative to a threshold (>0.45 mg m−3) were forced by different physical processes, both affecting the western side of Robinson Crusoe Island. In event A during the cruise period, Chl-a subsurface maxima were associated with the arrival of a coastal meander originating on the continental shelf off Chile (remote process); the zooplankton was dominated by copepods and salps, with an evident coastal–oceanic gradient. In event B, Chl-a maxima were linked to a local upwelling forced by the intensification of a localized SSW wind. No influence of remote eddies or local Von Kármán vortices on Chl-a distribution was observed.
- These findings highlight the influence of remote and local physical processes on the structure of planktonic communities around Robinson Crusoe Island. Understanding the variability of these mechanisms and their effects at the base of the pelagic food web is critical in adopting an ecosystem-level approach.
5.
Gotzon Basterretxea Ignacio A. Catalán Antoni Jordi Itziar Álvarez Miquel Palmer Ana Sabatés 《Fisheries Oceanography》2013,22(6):477-495
The factors that regulate the self‐recruitment of fish larvae were explored in Cabrera National Park (CNP), an insular Marine Protected Area (MPA) located off southern Mallorca (Western Mediterranean). Our study attributes the regulation of larval arrival to the MPA to a combination of retention by topographically generated circulation patterns around the island and shelf break frontal dynamics. Specifically, within the shelf, interaction of the wind‐induced oscillatory flow with the island was shown to generate ephemeral recirculation patterns that, over time, favor larval retention in the proximity of the MPA. According to our measurements, oscillatory flows produced by wind‐forced island‐trapped waves (ITWs) dominate the flow around CNP. ITW‐forced dispersion simulations were in agreement with the observed distributions of several typical fish species that breed in the CNP. A second regulator of environmental variability is the influence of boundary currents and open ocean mesoscale structures at the shelf break. These structures generate frontal zones that are comparatively more long‐lived than inner‐shelf circulation patterns, and they were shown to act as barriers to the offshore dispersion of coastal fish larval assemblages. Finally, inferences from larval size distributions around the MPA together with particle‐tracking model simulations suggested the relevance of behavioral processes for larval recruitment to the MPA. Based on these observations, the waters around the CNP can be viewed as a relatively stable system that allows breeding fish populations to rely on self‐recruitment for their long‐term persistence, independent of other source populations along the coast of Mallorca. 相似文献
6.
- 1. The lack of information about marine biodiversity is problematic for the selection of conservation reserves that aim to protect representative samples of biodiversity. A number of surrogate measures for biodiversity have been suggested as a potential solution to this problem.
- 2. The present study tested the effectiveness of using higher taxa of macroinvertebrates as a surrogate for species‐level identification to depict spatial variation in species richness and assemblage variation and to select conservation reserves in one estuary in south‐east Australia.
- 3. Spatial patterns of richness and assemblage variation for species were significantly correlated with patterns defined from genera, families, orders, classes, and phyla with a decline in the magnitude of correlation coefficients from finer to coarser resolutions. A network of reserves selected to include representatives of all phyla, classes, orders, families and genera coincidentally included 54%, 61.7%, 75%, 92.6%, 98.8% species in 8.3%, 13.9%, 17.7%, 44.4% and 58.3% of grid cells, respectively. However, only reserves selected for genera, families and orders performed significantly better than random selection.
- 4. Percentage of species represented by orders, families and genera in a realistic level of available grid cells for conservation (i.e. 13.9%) were very close ranging between 70 and 73.5%. A factor diminishing the performance of order as surrogate for species richness was related to the difficulty of identifying many macroinvertebrates to the order level. Therefore, it is concluded that genus‐ and family‐level identification is an effective surrogate for species‐level identification for conservation planning in estuaries.
7.
Cristina Milani Adriana Vella Pavlos Vidoris Aristidis Christidis Emmanouil Koutrakis 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(Z1):76-86
- The abundance, distribution and diet of the short-beaked common dolphin were investigated as part of the first detailed study on cetacean populations in the North Aegean Sea. Since 2004, the area has been proposed by national and international entities as a marine protected area for common dolphins and other cetacean species owing to its high biodiversity.
- Abundance and distribution were investigated between 2005 and 2013 through dedicated scientific marine transect surveys, covering 14,701 km, in sea conditions of Beaufort sea state 3 and below. The line-transect sampling method was used to estimate relative abundance, using Distance 6.0 software. Encounter rate for this species in the study area was estimated to be 0.24 groups/100 km (1.5 dolphins/100 km), with a mean group size of 6.88 (SE = 1.90).
- Common dolphin sightings were analysed for correlations with eight environmental variables (distance from the coast, depth, slope, median salinity, gradient of salinity, median temperature, gradient of temperature and mean current) using generalized additive modelling. Common dolphin sightings were significantly correlated to depth, temperature and salinity.
- Stomach-content analyses were performed on eight suitable samples from common dolphins stranded in the study area. The trophic level of the species was calculated, indicating that this species is a top predator.
- This research provides the first estimates for abundance and distribution and the first diet analysis for this Mediterranean Endangered dolphin species in the study area based on a year-round long-term study.
8.
Gerald R. Allen 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(5):541-556
- 1. Distribution patterns of 3919 species of Indo‐Pacific reef fishes were analysed using GIS mapping software for the purpose of conservation prioritization of extraordinary high concentrations (‘hotspots’) of diversity and endemism.
- 2. Megadiversity countries with more than 1000 coral reef species include Indonesia, Australia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, Solomon Islands, Palau, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Caledonia, and the Federated States of Micronesia.
- 3. The richest area for reef fishes is the renowned Coral Triangle, which includes eastern Indonesia, Sabah (Malaysia), Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. The highest concentration of species within this region extends from south‐eastern Indonesia to the central Philippines.
- 4. Occupying only 3% of the surface area of the tropical Indo‐west and central Pacific, the heart of the Coral Triangle contains 52% of its total species.
- 5. The top‐ranked areas based on percentage of endemism are Easter Island, Baja California, Hawaiian Islands, Galapagos Islands, Red Sea, Clipperton Island, Marquesas, Isla del Coco, Mascarene Islands, and Oman.
- 6. The highest concentration of endemics per unit area occurs at remote south‐eastern Polynesian and eastern Pacific islands including Clipperton, Isla del Coco, Easter, Rapa, and the Pitcairn Group.
9.
Mónica A. Silva Rui Prieto Sara Magalhães Maria I. Seabra Miguel Machete Philip S. Hammond 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2012,22(1):122-133
- The steady growth of the whale‐watching activities in the Azores and its concentration in a small area that partly overlaps the home range of a resident group of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) was one of the driving forces to proposing part of the range of this group as a marine protected area (MPA).
- Six years of data collected during boat surveys were used to investigate how dolphins used the candidate MPA (cMPA) and whether they showed any preference for the cMPA over adjacent areas. This work also estimated the fraction of the resident individuals and group's range included in the cMPA and examined whether there were any temporal changes in its use.
- Mean daily encounter rate of bottlenose dolphins was higher inside than outside the cMPA. Dolphin sightings inside the cMPA were nearly double what was predicted by the survey effort. Dolphins used the cMPA with similar intensity throughout the years.
- Resident dolphins were frequently sighted in the cMPA. However, less than 20% of the known range (650 km2) and 41% (39 km2) of the core area of the group lay within the cMPA. The reliability in the use of the cMPA over a 6‐year period suggests its importance for the dolphin population remained relatively stable but its surface area was clearly insufficient to satisfy the spatial requirements of the resident group.
- Based on these findings, it was proposed to the Regional Government of the Azores to extend the boundaries of the cMPA. Accordingly, the modified protected area established in 2008 includes 100% of the core area of the resident group of bottlenose dolphins. This study provides an example of how information on cetacean habitat‐use patterns may be used to design ecologically meaningful protected areas for this group.
10.
Kaitlin J. Palmer Kate L. Brookes Ian M. Davies Ewan Edwards Luke Rendell 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(Z1):254-270
- The population of bottlenose dolphins in eastern Scotland has undergone significant range expansion since the 1990s, when a Special Area of Conservation was established for the population.
- Distribution of this population is well described within areas of its range where intensive work has been carried out, such as the inner Moray Firth, St Andrews Bay and the Tay estuary area. However, elsewhere in their range, habitat use is less well understood.
- In this study, a large‐scale and long‐term passive acoustic array was used to gain a better understanding of bottlenose dolphin habitat use in eastern Scottish waters, complementing and augmenting existing visual surveys.
- Data from the array were analysed using a three‐stage approach. First, acoustic occupancy results were reported; second, temporal trends were modelled; and third, a spatial–temporal‐habitat model of acoustic occupancy was created.
- Results from the acoustic occupancy are in agreement with visual studies that found that areas near known foraging locations were consistently occupied. Results from the temporal trend analysis were inconclusive. Habitat modelling showed that, throughout their range, bottlenose dolphins are most likely to be detected closer to shore, and at a constant distance from shore, in deeper water.
11.
12.
Adriaan Gittenberger Stefano G. A. Draisma Ucu Yanu Arbi Victor Langenberg Paul L. A. Erftemeijer Yosephine Tuti Bert W. Hoeksema 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2015,25(6):743-755
- In the planning of marine protected areas for the conservation of coral reef systems, it is important to be able to distinguish between certain bioregions, i.e. regions with distinct species assemblages. This was done off western Halmahera (Moluccas, Indonesia), where three such bioregions were distinguished based on species inventories of 41 coral reef sites.
- The relative value of species belonging to different trophic groups was examined with regard to their possible role as indicators for these three regions. The study focused on ascidians (Ascidiacea), macroalgae, mushroom corals (Fungiidae), and a selection of coral‐associated gastropods (Epitoniidae and Coralliophilidae).
- The best results for the detection of bioregions were obtained when datasets of all four trophic groups were pooled. When comparing the taxa and their indicator values, ascidians were the most suitable, followed by macroalgae, corals and gastropods with 98, 83, 71 and 66 % certainties, respectively. The occurrence of 17 species correlated strongly with the bioregions, which therefore were identified as potential indicator species consisting of 13 ascidians, three macroalgae, and one mushroom coral. These data suggest that ascidians have a significant value as indicators to evaluate bioregion boundaries.
- Water quality measurements indicated that salinity and turbidity could be responsible for at least part of the differences between the species assemblages in the three bioregions.
13.
14.
Trevor J Kenchington 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(1):160-170
The Convention on Biological Diversity calls for networks of ‘representative’ MPAs, the effectiveness of which requires that the protected ecosystems be independent of external anthropogenic pressures. One principal pressure, fishing, severely depletes the oldest age classes of the target fish even if optimally managed. As many fishery resource species had high natural abundance and large individual sizes, while most fish show indeterminate growth and ascend the trophic pyramid as they grow, elimination of older age classes equates to removal of once‐dominant top predators. Because archetypal resource species are also migratory, that loss is transported throughout the range of the exploited populations, including into MPAs, through a lack of large migrants. The ecological implications remain uncertain in marine ecosystems, which are typically under ‘bottom‐up’ control. ‘Top‐down’ effects, such as mesopredator release, species replacement and trophic cascades, have been observed, however, meaning that elimination of top predators may affect ecosystem structure. It follows that, while exceptions doubtless exist, in general ‘representative’ MPAs should not be expected to fulfil their declared purposes, unless they are made so large as to encompass the whole migratory circuits of principal resource species – implying indefinite closure of the fisheries affected. Some compromise may be possible if MPAs were combined with fishing mortality rates far below current ‘optimal’ levels or where fishing can be concentrated on younger adults, while older fish are protected from exploitation. In any case, societies must choose between seafood production and recovery of selected marine areas to near‐pristine conditions. 相似文献
15.
Rodolphe Devillers Robert L. Pressey Trevor J. Ward Alana Grech John N. Kittinger Graham J. Edgar Reg A. Watson 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(9):1758-1764
- 1. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are today's cornerstone of many marine conservation strategies. Our 2015 study (Devillers et al., 2015) and others have shown, however, that the placement of MPAs is ‘residual’ to commercial uses and biased towards areas of lower economic value or interest.
- 2. In this paper, we explored the impact of our study on marine science, policy and management practice.
- 3. We reviewed the papers citing our work and compiled expert opinions on some of the impacts of our study.
- 4. Results indicate a strong general uptake in the scientific community but more uneven impacts on policy and management in different contexts, with a likely smaller impact of the research on conservation practice.
16.
- (1) Assessing species diversity is a basic requirement for conservation, and protecting biodiversity is a major goal of marine area conservation.
- (2) A case study is presented on the development of a literature‐based (1870s to 2000), museum collection‐based, georeferenced inventory of marine invertebrate species of the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) region, Canada.
- (3) Database structure and quality assurance are described, along with including indigenous people's words for species towards using traditional knowledge within cooperative marine conservation area management.
- (4) The utility of this type of inventory is proposed as a starting point for gathering regional biodiversity knowledge, and facilitating addition of other knowledge types, towards marine area conservation.
17.
Darienne Lancaster Philip Dearden Dana R. Haggarty John P. Volpe Natalie C. Ban 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2017,27(4):804-813
- Marine conservation areas require high levels of compliance to meet conservation objectives, yet little research has assessed compliance quantitatively, especially for recreational fishers. Recreational fishers take 12% of global annual fish catches. With millions of people fishing from small boats, this fishing sector is hard to monitor, making accurate quantification of non‐compliance an urgent research priority.
- Shore‐based remote camera monitoring was tested for quantifying recreational non‐compliance in near‐shore, coastal rockfish conservation areas (RCAs) in the Salish Sea, Canada.
- Six high definition trail cameras were used to monitor 42 locations between July and August 2014.
- Seventy‐nine percent of monitored conservation area sites showed confirmed or probable fishing activity, with no significant difference in fishing effort inside and outside RCAs.
- Mixed effects generalized linear models were used to test environmental and geographic factors influencing compliance. Sites with greater depth had significantly higher fishing effort, which may imply high, barotrauma‐induced, rockfish mortality in RCA sites.
- Non‐compliance estimates were similar to aerial fly‐over compliance data from 2011, suggesting that trail camera monitoring may be an accurate and affordable alternative method of assessing non‐compliance in coastal conservation areas, especially for community‐based organizations wishing to monitor local waters.
- Widespread non‐compliance could compromise the ability of RCAs to protect and rebuild rockfish populations. Increased education, signage, and enforcement is likely to improve compliance.
18.
C. R. C. Sheppard M. Ateweberhan B. W. Bowen P. Carr C. A. Chen C. Clubbe M. T. Craig R. Ebinghaus J. Eble N. Fitzsimmons M. R. Gaither C‐H. Gan M. Gollock N. Guzman N. A. J. Graham A. Harris R. Jones S. Keshavmurthy H. Koldewey C. G. Lundin J. A. Mortimer D. Obura M. Pfeiffer A. R. G. Price S. Purkis P. Raines J. W. Readman B. Riegl A. Rogers M. Schleyer M. R. D Seaward A. L. S. Sheppard J. Tamelander J. R. Turner S. Visram C. Vogler S. Vogt H. Wolschke J. M‐C. Yang S‐Y. Yang C. Yesson 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2012,22(2):232-261
- The Chagos Archipelago was designated a no‐take marine protected area (MPA) in 2010; it covers 550 000 km2, with more than 60 000 km2 shallow limestone platform and reefs. This has doubled the global cover of such MPAs.
- It contains 25–50% of the Indian Ocean reef area remaining in excellent condition, as well as the world's largest contiguous undamaged reef area. It has suffered from warming episodes, but after the most severe mortality event of 1998, coral cover was restored after 10 years.
- Coral reef fishes are orders of magnitude more abundant than in other Indian Ocean locations, regardless of whether the latter are fished or protected.
- Coral diseases are extremely low, and no invasive marine species are known.
- Genetically, Chagos marine species are part of the Western Indian Ocean, and Chagos serves as a ‘stepping‐stone’ in the ocean.
- The no‐take MPA extends to the 200 nm boundary, and. includes 86 unfished seamounts and 243 deep knolls as well as encompassing important pelagic species.
- On the larger islands, native plants, coconut crabs, bird and turtle colonies were largely destroyed in plantation times, but several smaller islands are in relatively undamaged state.
- There are now 10 ‘important bird areas’, coconut crab density is high and numbers of green and hawksbill turtles are recovering.
- Diego Garcia atoll contains a military facility; this atoll contains one Ramsar site and several ‘strict nature reserves’. Pollutant monitoring shows it to be the least polluted inhabited atoll in the world. Today, strict environmental regulations are enforced.
- Shoreline erosion is significant in many places. Its economic cost in the inhabited part of Diego Garcia is very high, but all islands are vulnerable.
- Chagos is ideally situated for several monitoring programmes, and use is increasingly being made of the archipelago for this purpose.
19.
Jean‐Luc Solandt Stephen K. Pikesley Colin Trundle Matthew J. Witt 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(9):1829-1835
- Case studies of Marine Protected Area (MPA) upscaling were solicited from participants of a workshop at the International Marine Protected Areas Conference held in Autumn 2013 in Marseille.
- One such case study was Solandt, Jones, Duval‐Diop, Kleiven, and Frangoudes (2014; Governance challenges in scaling up from individual MPAs to MPA networks. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24, 145–152) which illustrated the role of science, non‐governmental organizations, government and local regulators in applying systemic management measures for local MPAs based on risk, highlighting the importance of balancing top‐down and bottom‐up drivers.
- Here we follow up on the UK example, illustrating the incentives and actors involved in developing centralized and subsequent fisheries management measures in UK waters. Forty local laws were created to protect features in 143 inshore MPAs between 2013 and 2019.
- We illustrate best practice in delivering management, focusing on multiple practitioner involvement in a single MPA and the monitoring put in place after trawling and dredging were banned.
- We reflect on how the governance mechanisms in place in English inshore waters can be used as a template to allow for progressive MPA management in other coastal states.
20.
A feedback management procedure based on controlling the size of marine protected areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT: A feedback management procedure is proposed that is based on controlling the size of a Marine Protected Area (MPA): increasing the size of the MPA when the population is below a predetermined target level and reducing its size when it is above. The objective of fisheries management is to have the population size approximate the target level. Local stability was analyzed, to determine whether a population could remain close to the target level with small perturbations, using a generalized population dynamics model without including an age structure. The procedure was able to sustain the population at the target level if the target was set at a level that gives the maximum sustainable yield and if drastic changes in the MPA size were avoided. Global stability was analyzed numerically to determine whether a population would always approach the target level regardless of the present population size, using a specified model that allowed for temporal changes in the spatial distribution of a sedentary population. The procedure, which did not require direct control of catch quota or fishing effort, appeared to attain the objective successfully. 相似文献