Persistence of CaCl2 washing effect for amelioration of a Cd-contaminated paddy field soil

Abstract

Soil washing is one of the methods used to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals, and when the contaminated elements have been effectively removed the washed soil can be used for agriculture. Soil washing was conducted using 0.5 mol L^?1 CaCl₂ solution at pH 4 as an extracting agent to remediate a paddy field soil contaminated with Cd. Dolomite powder was applied to neutralize the soil to the original pH 6.2. After CaCl₂ washing, the content of Cd extractable in 0.1 mol L^?1 HCl decreased from 2.4 to 0.8 mg kg^?1. Subsequently, a pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of soil washing on Cd concentration in polished rice (Cd_pr) for three successive years. Using the washed soil, Cd_pr was ≤ 0.2 mg kg^?1 with and without a treatment that simulates midseason drainage, whereas it was > 0.5 mg kg^?1 in the unwashed soil with the midseason drainage treatment. The reasons for low Cd_pr growth in the washed soil were the low content of exchangeable Cd in the soil and the resultant high soil pH (> 7). To evaluate the effect of soil pH on Cd_pr in the fourth year, we adjusted soil pH to 5 with H₂SO₄ before transplanting rice seedlings. The Cd_pr in the washed soil with the midseason drainage treatment increased to 0.47 mg kg^?1, whereas it was less than 0.2 mg kg^?1 under continuous flooding. Thus, high pH or whole season flooding are important to keep Cd_pr at ≤ 0.2 mg kg^?1 even after soil washing. With the application of dolomite and other ordinary fertilizers, soil properties were little affected by the present soil washing procedure because the difference in rice yield between the washed and unwashed plots was not significant within each year.     

Arsenic speciation in xylem exudates of rice growing in arsenic-contaminated soil

Rice has a much enhanced arsenic (As) accumulation compared with other cereal crops. How As is transported in xylem exudates of rice growing in soil remains unknown. We quantified the chemical species of As in xylem exudates of rice growing in arsenic-contaminated soil (62.5 mg As per kg soil) under flooded and aerobic conditions. In the aerobic treatment, the predominant species of As in the xylem sap was arsenate [As(V)], accounting for 64–88%, and the remainder was arsenite [As(III)]. In the flooded treatment, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was detected in the xylem sap besides As(III) and As(V), and the percentages of the three species As was 11–20%, 26–77%, and 12–54%, respectively. As speciation in the soil solution was dominated by As(V) under aerobic conditions, and dominated by As(III) under flooded conditions. DMA was detected at low concentrations in some of the flooded solution samples. Our results show that As speciation in the xylem sap differs in different water management regimes and correlate with As speciation in the soil solution strongly.     

Dissolution of slag fertilizers in a paddy soil and Si uptake by rice plant

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) cv. Ganga 2 was grown in refined sand at three levels of copper: deficient (0.00065 mg L^-1), adequate (0.065 mg L^-1), and excess (6.5 mg L^-1), each at three levels, deficient (0.00065 mg L^-1), adequate (0.065 mg L^-1), and excess (6.5 mg L^-1) of zinc. Excess Cu magnified the zinc deficiency effects in maize by lowering further the biomass, the concentration of leaf Zn, activities of carbonic anhydrase, aldolase, and ribonuclease and intensified the visible foliar symptoms of Zn deficiency. The effects of Cu deficiency, low dry weight, the concentration of leaf Cu and activities of cytochrome oxidase and polyphenol oxidase were enhanced by excess Zn. Synergism was observed between combined deficiency of Cu and Zn and Cu or Zn deficiency, because the depression in the parameters characteristic of Cu or Zn deficiency was more pronounced when both Cu and Zn were deficient than when Cu or Zn was deficient. Antagonism was observed in some parameters between combined excess of Cu and Zn and Cu or Zn excess. Dry weight was decreased further when both Cu and Zn were in excess than when either Cu or Zn was in excess. After the infiltration of Cu and Zn together to the leaf discs from deficient Cu-deficient Zn treatment, the increase in the concentration of leaf Zn and the activities of aldolase, carbonic anhydrase, polyphenol oxidase, and cytochrome oxidase was more pronounced than after the infiltration of Cu or Zn singly. Discontinuance of excess Zn supply from the excess Zn-deficient Cu treatment increased the concentration of leaf Cu and activities of polyphenol oxidase and cytochrome oxidase and lowered the concentration of Zn. Similarly the discontinuance of excess Cu supply from the leaf discs in the “excess Cu-deficient Zn” treatment increased the leaf Zn concentration and the activities of carbonic anhydrase and aldolase.     

An initial study into the use of microwave remediation of hexachlorobenzene treated soil using selected oxidants and coated graphite rods

Background, Aims, and Scope  Microwave remediation has become an established method to treat contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges. Chlorinated contaminants are of particular interest due to their widespread industrial use in the past and current potential health hazards. Literature reports the use of microwave heating and oxidants for various reactions, but no work could be found combining microwave heating, persulfate, and coated graphite rods for remediation of halogenated hydrocarbon treated soil. Therefore, this research focused on combining microwave energy combined with oxidants, potassium hydroxide and potassium persulfate, and, coated and uncoated, graphite rods to remove hexachlorobenzene (HCB) from treated soil samples. Materials and Methods  Soil collected from a local pond was dried, sieved, and cleaned by extraction with methylene chloride. Samples were spiked with hexachlorobenzene, then depending on experimental parameters, heated in a microwave oven, had an oxidant added, and had a coated or uncoated graphite rod added. The samples were then extracted with methylene chloride using a Soxhlet extraction setup. The methylene chloride volume was then reduced and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Additional analysis on the soil and rods was done with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results  The data show that heating alone remediated the soil, but the addition of graphite rods and oxidants enhanced the remediation amount. The oxidant alone removed 200% more HCB than just heating the sample. Using coated graphite rods caused the removal of 125% more than the uncoated graphite rod did. SEM and XRD data show no decomposition of the graphite rods. Discussion  Thermal and chemical effects are likely causes for the enhanced removal. The maximum particle size increased after heating due to vitrification. Conclusions  Although an initial study, this research shows that microwave heating and the addition of oxidants and coated or uncoated graphite rods removed HCB from the treated soil. The removal is due to thermal, microwave and graphite rods, and chemical, oxidants, effects. Recommendations and Perspectives  Hexachlorobenzene remediation of soil was enhanced by microwave heating, insertion of a coated or uncoated graphite rod, and addition of oxidants. Therefore, these procedures could provide a method for solving a widespread problem and returning once contaminated soil back to its natural environment. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)     

钙镁水滑石对双季稻产量及稻米镉积累的影响

为研究不同用量钙镁水滑石对镉污染稻田土壤特性、双季稻产量与稻米镉积累的影响,探讨镉污染双季稻田钙镁水滑石的最佳施用方式。2021年,以早稻品种“湘早籼45号”和“陆两优996”,晚稻品种“创两优669”和“玉针香”为试验材料,在湖南省郴州市良田镇重度镉污染稻田(全镉含量1.16 mg/kg)开展大田试验,比较研究钙镁水滑石(0,CK;早稻基施3 000 kg/hm²,T1;早稻基施1 500 kg/hm²,T2;早稻基施750 kg/hm²+晚稻基施750 kg/hm²,T3)4个处理下土壤特性、双季稻产量构成与植株镉积累情况。结果表明：(1)钙镁水滑石可提高土壤pH与碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷含量,早稻成熟期分别提高0～3.06%,4.30%～13.80%,6.67%～40.00%,25.53%～30.47%;晚稻成熟期分别提高1.56%～4.07%,11.79%～14.50%,15.79%～31.58%,3.73%～17.17%;增幅表现为T1>T2>T3。(2)施用钙镁水滑石可降低土壤...     

Silicon elution from three types of steel slag fertilizers in a paddy field analyzed by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA)

Elution of silicon (Si) from three types of slag fertilizers was tested in a paddy field. They were made from granulated blast furnace slag, dephosphorization slag and decarburization slag, respectively. Each fertilizer, embedded in epoxy resin to expose the cross section, was analyzed to get initial two-dimensional distribution images of Si, calcium (Ca), oxygen (O), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). These resin specimens were set in a paddy field for 75 d. Then the second two-dimensional distribution images of Si, Ca, O, Mg, Al, Mn and Fe at the same site were analyzed again by EPMA. A comparison of the two-dimensional distribution images before and after setting in paddy field elucidated the following results: (1) Si eluted clearly from dephosphorization slag and decarburization slag; (2) Si, Ca, Mg and Al distributed homogeneously in granulated blast furnace slag. X-ray diffraction (XRD) clarified that granulated blast furnace slag was amorphous. The content of plant-available Si in each slag fertilizer was evaluated by the cation exchange resin extraction method. It was the highest in dephosphorization slag fertilizer. This result corresponded to Si elution from dephosphorization slag observed by EPMA. The content of plant-available Si was low in granulated blast furnace slag but high in air-cooled blast furnace slag. Although the content of plant-available Si in decarburization slag was low, the efficacy of Si elution was the highest in decarburization slag. From X-ray diffraction analyses, calcium silicate or larnite (Ca₂SiO₄) was considered to be the causative substance for efficient Si elution from decarburization slag and dephosphorization slag. Because of the high content of plant-available Si, dephosphorization slag and air-cooled blast furnace slag are recommended as silicate fertilizers in paddy fields.     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

重金属污染土壤生态工程修复的试验研究

该文研究了细叶香薷(Moslem chinensis Maxim)和构树(Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.) Vent.)对Cu、Zn污染土壤的修复及污染土壤对植物生理性状的影响。研究结果表明：随着盆栽土壤中重金属浓度的增高，植物体内吸收重金属的浓度相应增大。Cu在细叶香薷体内的含量是地上部＜地下部，Zn含量却是地上部＞地下部；重金属Cu、Zn在构树体内的浓度都是根部＞叶部＞茎部。细叶香薷的富集系数基本大于1，对Cu的最大富集系数是2.42；构树的富集系数都在0.5以下，但由于其地上部生物量很大，从土壤中移除的重金属量也很可观，而且构树能产生经济价值，建议把构树和细叶香薷组成一个立体的生态工程修复模式，既能修复污染土壤又能恢复污染地区的生态环境和土壤微生物环境，产生经济和环境效益。     

Model experimental study on the migration behavior of heavy metals in electrokinetic remediation process for contaminated soil

Recently in Japan, like in other industrialized countries, treatment of contaminated soil or ground has become an important issue in redeveloping such areas as old factories, mining sites, and other polluted sites. In these cases, measures such as a construction of cut-off walls and disposal to controlled waste disposal sites have been so far taken. But, the treatment of contaminated soils has become more difficult nowadays. Therefore, remediation of contaminated soil by removal or extraction of contaminants is necessary and various methods have been developed and applied in many countries. Authors have tried to develop an electrokinetic remediation method for soil contaminated with heavy metals and some basic and pilot scale experiments have been carried out. In this paper, the results of a model experiment using an artificial soil contaminated with Cu or Ph or Cr are presented as follows. i) In the electrokinetic process, migration of water to the cathode by electroosmosis, migration of ions to the cathode or anode by electrophoresis and electrolysis of water occur spontaneously. ii) Upon DC loading, Cu and Pb migrate to the cathode and accumulate as oxides or hydroxides near the cathode but are not removed from contaminated soil. However, in the case of Cr contaminated soil, Cr in the form of Cr(VI) migrates to the anode and is removed from soil through the drainage water. iii) After DC loading for 2 weeks, the concentration of exchangeable cations and composition of soil changed drastically while the CEC and clay mineralogy did not change appreciably.     

基于稻田土壤肥力及生物学活性的沼液适宜用量研究

【目的】沼液为养殖业废弃物,含有多种作物生长所需的有机和无机养分,其循环利用具有重要的生态和经济意义。本文通过研究施用沼液对稻田土壤肥力及土壤生物学特性的影响,提出稻田的适宜沼液用量。【方法】以“黄秀软占”为试验材料,2013年在广东省博罗县连续开展了2茬大田试验,以不施肥(CK)和施常规化学肥料(CF)为对照,设施用沼液200、 400、 600、 800和1000 m3/hm2 5个水平,依次记为BS200、 BS400、 BS600、 BS800和BS1000。分析了施用不同量沼液稻田土壤主要养分和酶活性,并采用PCR-DGGE 方法研究了土壤微生物区系的变化。【结果】稻田土壤有机质、 碱解氮、 有效磷和速效钾的含量随沼液用量的增加而提高,连续施用沼液存在累积叠加效应; 第一茬试验土壤pH随沼液用量的增加而下降,连续施用2茬土壤pH随沼液用量的增加而升高。施用沼液与不施肥和施用化肥相比,能够提高土壤蔗糖酶、 脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。微生物群落多样性指数早稻以800 m3/hm2处理、 晚稻以600 m3/hm2处理最优,土壤微生物群落相似系数随沼液用量的增加而降低,且晚稻各处理间差异程度大于早稻。主成分分析表明,早稻第一主成分反映了土壤理化指标和微生物丰度,晚稻第一主成分反映了除脲酶以外的所有理化因子、 酶活性和微生物群落指标信息,说明连续施用2茬沼液对土壤理化因子、 尤其是对生物活性产生了重要影响。【结论】施用沼液能够提高稻田土壤有机质、 碱解氮、 有效磷和速效钾,在水稻生产上具有较好的应用价值。施用沼液为400~800 m3/hm2时能够提高土壤酶活性,并改善土壤微生物群落结构,综合沼液对土壤肥力和生物学特性的影响,且连续施用沼液具有一定的累积效应,建议稻田生态系统沼液的适宜用量为600~800 m3/hm2。     

产漆酶真菌筛选及其对PAHs污染土壤修复的初步研究

真菌漆酶可以高效转化多环芳烃(PAHs),因此,产漆酶真菌在PAHs污染土壤修复中极具应用前景。根据漆酶可将愈创木酚氧化为红色物质的特性,成功从土壤中筛选出一株能够分泌漆酶的真菌菌株F-1,初步鉴定该菌为疣孢漆斑菌(Myrothecium verrucaria)。通过Plackett-Burman试验对菌株F-1的产酶能力进行了分析,发现特定培养条件组合可将其酶活提高近300倍,达5628 U L-1,表明F-1的漆酶活性受到环境条件的显著影响。应用菌株F-1对PAHs污染土壤进行了初步修复研究,结果表明,接种F-1对菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝、茚苯(1,2,3-cd)芘等11种PAHs均有不同程度的降解,提示产漆酶真菌在PAHs污染土壤修复中的应用潜力。     

澳大利亚、中国和泰国的热带地区的土壤化学退化的量化及修复

Soil and land degradation in the tropics can be identified and described in terms of physical,chemical,and biological changes from its pristine state brought about by natural and anthropogenic influences.A characteristic of these ecosystems is their capacity to recycle nutrients through soil organic matter(SOM). Following disturbance through changed land management.SOM is rapidly mineralized and there is a cor responding decline in fertility and the variable charge component of the cation exchange capacity.As these ecosystems are strongly dependent on SOM for their functionality,changed land use can have irreversible impacts on the productivity of these systems.The paper focuses on quantifying chemical degradation throughbenchmaking using data from paried sites in tropical China and Thailand using surface charge finger printing.Using values taken from the fingerprint of an undistubed soil,an index of chemical degradation from ideality was calculated.Various management stratgeies that attempt to reverse degradative trends or improve poor quality soils in their natural condition are discussed.such as the ddition of natural clays and silicated materials.Results are present to whow the effect of each of the aforementional strategies on surface charge characteristics and associated increases in plant productivity.     

米渣蛋白对镉的吸附效果及其对土壤中镉的钝化作用研究

为探究米渣蛋白对水溶液中镉的吸附效果及米渣对土壤中镉活性的钝化效果,该研究首先用米渣蛋白在水溶液中对镉进行吸附、用盐酸解吸,并用Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附方程来拟合米渣蛋白在水溶液中对镉的吸附过程,用动力学方程研究米渣蛋白与镉结合的机理,并根据线性关系从准一级、准二级吸附动力学方程中筛选更接近吸附动力的拟合方程。其次,通过周期取样,用Tessier分步连续提取法测定并探究米渣对土壤中镉的钝化能力。研究结果表明:在不同初始质量分数的镉溶液中米渣对镉的最大吸附量13.28mg/g,用盐酸解吸各初始质量分数下结合的镉,解吸率均达到90%以上。同时,Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程均能拟合米渣蛋白在水溶液中对镉的吸附过程,且R2达到0.99以上;准一级动力学、准二级动力学方程拟合结果是,拟合出的准二级动力学方程线性更好,米渣蛋白对镉的吸附动力更符合准二级动力学方程。土壤中镉钝化试验表明:加入米渣后,28d内土壤中镉的钝化效果较好,可能是由于米渣中的蛋白改变了土壤中镉的存在状态并降低镉的活性所致。该研究结果为米渣的应用提供新的思路,可为其在废水除镉、镉污染土壤的修复等方面应用提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of slag application to decrease methane emission from paddy soil and fate of iron

Abstract

Organic carbon in paddy soil is oxidized to carbon dioxide by reducing electron acceptors for a certain period after submerging. Methane production commences after the reduction of iron oxide which is the most important electron acceptor in the soil. We aimed to study the long-term suppression of the methane emission from the paddy soil by single application of iron slag. A revolving furnace slag (RFS; 248 g Fe kg^?1) was applied to the potted soil at the rate of 0 (control) or 20 ton ha^?1 in 2000. Rice plants were successively cultivated on the potted soils for 3 years without further application of the RFS. Methane emissions from the potted soils with rice plants were measured by the closed chamber method during these cultivation periods. Total flux of CH₄ emission from the pot applied with ,FS decreased by 5–30% compared with the control. The RFS supplied free iron oxide to the potted soil, and its iron acted as the oxidizing agent as evidenced by the increase in ferrous iron content in the soil. The amount of iron lost from leaching at the bottom of the pots was estimated as 54–59 kg Fe ha^?1 year^?1 at the percolation rate of 20 mm d^?1. Accordingly, half-life of the iron in the applied RFS was calculated as 42–46 years. Therefore, there is a possibility that the suppressing effect of RFS on CH₄ emission is sustained for a half-century, Contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the brown rice harvested from the pot applied with RFS were not significantly different with those from the control pot.     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

Effects of slag silicate fertilizer on silicon content of rice plants grown in paddy fields on the Shounai Plain,Yamagata, Japan

Abstract

Slag silicate fertilizer (SSF) is applied to paddy fields with different soil chemical properties to increase silicon (Si) concentration in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. However, the effects of soil chemical properties on Si availability of SSF to rice Si uptake is poorly understood. To investigate the relationships between chemical properties of soils and the effects of SSF application on the Si concentration in rice plants, a field experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at 18 paddy fields on the Shounai Plain, Yamagata, Japan. Two treatments were implemented: SSF applied at 1.5 t ha^?1 and a no-SSF control. The Si concentrations of rice tissues were measured at the tillering and ripening stages. The difference in the Si concentrations of rice tissues between treatments (ΔSi concentration) was used to evaluate the effect of SSF. The Si concentrations in the shoots and aboveground parts of the rice plants were significantly increased by the SSF application in six or more of the fields at the two growth stages, whereas the Si concentrations in the panicles of the rice plants at the ripening stage were not increased significantly in most fields. Results of two-way analysis of variance evidenced a significant effect of field on the ΔSi concentrations in the shoots and aboveground parts at both growth stages. Furthermore, the ΔSi concentrations in the same rice plant tissues and at the same growth stages in the first year and in the second year were found to be positively correlated. These results indicate that the effect of SSF on the Si concentration in shoots and aboveground parts of rice plants varies from field to field. The ΔSi concentrations in shoots and aboveground plant parts at both growth stages were also found to be negatively correlated with soil chemical properties, i.e., available Si, Si adsorption capacity, contents of Si adsorbents (acid oxalate-extractable iron and manganese) and the pH under flooded soil conditions. These findings imply that those soil chemical properties of paddy fields should be taken into account for better prediction of ΔSi concentration of rice plants.     

改良剂对重金属污染红壤的修复效果及评价

采用盆栽试验,研究了施用改良剂—石灰、有机肥、海泡石对红壤上小油菜生物产量、镉锌吸收量、pH、吸收系数的影响。结果表明,施用改良剂,连续种植3季小油菜 (Brassia campestris L.) 的生物产量都显著提高,石灰、有机肥和海泡石配施的产量是对照的15倍。改良剂能不同程度提高红壤的pH,以石灰的效果最好,土壤pH平均升高了2个单位;而且小油菜对镉锌的吸收也较低。小油菜对镉的吸收系数大于对锌的吸收系数,说明镉容易在土壤-植物体系中迁移,施用改良剂后吸收系数降低。施石灰的小油菜中锌含量达到食品卫生标准。改良剂对提高土壤pH的后效逐渐减弱,对抑制小油菜吸收锌的后效不如抑制镉的后效好。     

长期保护性耕作对稻田土壤团聚体稳定性和碳氮含量的影响

为研究双季稻(Oryza sativa L.)土壤团聚体稳定性及C、N含量对耕作方式的响应,该研究利用已进行12 a的包括翻耕+秸秆不还田(CT),翻耕+秸秆还田(CTS),旋耕+秸秆还田(RTS)和免耕+秸秆还田(NTS)的保护性耕作稻田定位试验,运用湿筛等方法测算了团聚体的构成与稳定性,C、N含量及其对土壤总C、N的贡献。结果表明:长期秸秆还田显著增加0～10 cm土层大团聚体比重,弱化翻耕、旋耕和免耕等不同耕法对表层大团聚体的差异化影响(P0.05),但5～30 cm土层大团聚体随耕作强度的减弱有所提高。总体来看,稻田土壤团聚体以2 mm粒径为主(占35.02%～64.44%),其C、N贡献率分别达52.12%和52.16%;秸秆还田有利于微团聚体向大团聚体的转化,外源C、N更多被大团聚体固持和保护。NTS在0～20 cm的2 mm团聚体对土壤C、N的贡献率显著大于其他处理;土壤C、N含量与团聚体稳定性呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。相比于CTS与RTS,长期采取NTS显著改善土壤C、N含量,促进大团聚体的形成和稳定,对改善稻田耕层(尤其0～20 cm)土壤团聚体稳定性具有显著的效果(P0.05)。因此,采取保护性耕作措施对南方双季稻田土壤质量及农业生态持续性具有积极的作用。     

基于多年田间实验的尿素和控释尿素肥料对稻田甲烷排放的影响研究

A four-year(2008–2011) field study was implemented in a major rice-growing region of China to better understand the effect of urea and controlled release fertilier(CRF, thermoplastic resin-coated urea in this study) on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Over the four years, the average CH4 emission during the rice growing seasons was 76.9, 65.8 and 64.9 kg CH4ha-1in treatments CK(zero N), U(urea) and C(CRF), respectively. Urea and CRF significantly reduced CH4 emission by 14.4% and 15.6%, and increased average rice grain yield by 25.8% and 19.7%(P 0.05), respectively, compared with treatment CK. Flooding duration would affect CRF's effect on CH4 emission from paddy fields. Under normal aeration conditions, CH4 emission tended to be 3.9%–15.2% lower in treatment C than in treatment U from 2009 to 2011, while it tended to be 4.2% higher under delayed aeration conditions in 2008. The findings suggest that mid-season aeration(MSA) starting on D30(30 days after rice transplanting), just like the local practice, would optimize the CRF's effect on CH4 emission from rice fields in China. Over the four years, average rice yield did not differ between treatments U and C, and tended to be 5% lower in treatment C than in treatment U.