利福平在脓肿病灶内的残效期及其耐受菌株的分离鉴定

将伪结核棒状杆菌人工接种５０只实验小鼠,４周后用利福平对其中存活的２７只进行治疗试验,疗程为１周。然后每周解剖３只实验小鼠,检测药物在其脓肿病灶内有效杀菌作用的持续时间即残效期;同时对耐受该药物的菌株进行分离鉴定。结果发现：停药后第８周病灶内不仅仍有药物残存,而且仍然具有强大的杀菌作用;同时由４只小鼠的脓肿病灶分离到接种菌,经鉴定确认均为利福平耐受菌。表明伪结核棒状杆菌对利福平极易产生耐受性。     

Two-year study of bovine hepatic abscessation in 10 abattoirs in County Cork, Ireland

The livers from 6337, 12- to 16-month-old heifers slaughtered in 10 domestic abattoirs over a period of two years were examined; 368 (5.8 per cent) had gross lesions, of which 120 (1.9 per cent) had abscesses, 74 (1.17 per cent) had only scarring, and 44 (0.7 per cent) had telangiectasis (so-called 'sawdust' liver). Of the 120 livers in which abscesses were detected, 53 (44 per cent) had a single large abscess (>4 cm diameter), 44 (36.6 per cent) had a single small abscess (<4 cm), and 23 (19 per cent) had more than two abscesses; in 20 of them (16.6 per cent) the abscesses were resolving, and in 10 (8.3 per cent) the abscesses were ruptured. Forty-three (35.8 per cent) of the livers with abscesses had adhesions to the diaphragm and diaphragmatic lung lobes, three (2.5 per cent) had adhesions to other abdominal organs, 12 (10 per cent) also had scarring and two (1.7 per cent) also had lesions due to liver fluke. There was no significant association between the liver fluke lesions and the abscesses. In 46 (38.3 per cent) of the livers the abscesses were located in the mid-dorsal diaphragmatic or dorsocranial area of the liver; 28 (23.3 per cent) were adjacent to the posterior vena cava and could as a result have caused thromboembolic disease. Clinical signs attributable to the abscesses were observed in only one animal.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage as the primary treatment for prostatic abscesses and cysts in dogs

Thirteen dogs with prostatic abscesses and cysts were treated using percutaneous ultrasound-guided drainage. Eight dogs were diagnosed with prostatic abscesses and five with cysts on the basis of cytopathological examination and bacterial culture of the prostatic fluid. Antibiotic therapy, based on culture and sensitivity results, was administered for a minimum of 4 weeks. Intact dogs were castrated after initial drainage. Repeat ultrasonography of the prostate was performed every 1 to 6 weeks, and any residual cavitary lesions were drained and fluid analysis repeated. The median number of drainage procedures required to completely resolve the lesions was two (range, one to four). No complications were observed after drainage, and clinical signs resolved in all dogs. None of the dogs developed clinical signs of recurrent abscesses or cysts in the follow-up period (median, 36 months; range, 10 to 50 months). Ultrasound-guided, percutaneous drainage of prostatic abscesses and cysts appears to be a useful alternative to surgical treatment in select dogs.     

Pathogenicity of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar C in mice by intraperitoneal and intraportal injections

Three strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar C were injected into mice intraperitoneally and intraportally. All the mice survived. In one mouse out of 15 mice injected intraperitoneally, a few focal abscesses were formed in the liver. The microorganisms were recovered from the liver abscess and the tissue of liver with abscess. No changes were observed in the organs of other 14 mice and no bacteria were recovered from them. In the 15 mice injected intraportally, no liver abscesses and no macroscopic changes in the organs were formed. However, the inoculated bacteria were recovered from the liver of four mice. The pathogenicity of F. necrophorum biovar C was weaker than that of other two biovars.     

Liver abscesses in intensively fed cattle. Serial investigations of serum proteins

An attempt was made to determine the time of onset of liver abscesses in intensively fed calves. Determinations of seram proteins (total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/ globulin ratio, agarose-gel electrophoretic separation and formol-gel test) and, in a part of the material, of serum-GOT and -GPT were made in serial samples taken once a month from 125 calves. Liver abscesses were found in 48 (38.4 %) when slaughtered at 6–7 months of age.Total protein and globulin increased, the albumin-globulin ratio decreased with increasing age. Calves with liver abscesses had a significantly (0.05 > P > 0.01) higher globulin concentration at the last sampling. At this sampling the material was of a limited size and the difference has to be interpreted with caution. No other significant differences were found. Nor were any rises observed in S-GOT and S-GPT referable to the formation of liver abscesses.Bacteriological studies were not made but, in analogy with observations on a similar animal material in another part of Sweden, the infectious agent in the liver abscesses was assumed to be Sph. necrophorus. The explanation of the almost absent changes in the serum proteins in calves with liver abscesses may be the low antigenicity of this bacterium.In conclusion it is stated that the present serial investigations of the serum protein pattern in young cattle provide no definite guidance for establishing the time of onset of liver abscesses.     

Severity of liver abscesses and efficiency of feed utilization of feedlot cattle

Relationships of gain, intake, feed efficiency and severity of liver abscesses were evaluated in 12 experiments involving 566 head of individually fed cattle. Concentrate level in the diets ranged from 64 to 95%. In all experiments, livers were scored as unabscessed (0), one or two small abscesses (A-), two to four small active abscesses (A) or one or more large, active abscesses (A+). Based on homogeneity of variances, nine of the experiments were divided into two groups. In one group (four experiments) the incidence of liver abscesses was 32.1% and no significant (P greater than .25) effects of liver abscess severity score on feedlot performance variables were found. In the second group (five experiments), the incidence of liver abscesses was 77.7%. In the second group, liver abscess severity score affected final live weight (P less than .10), hot carcass weight (P less than .0001), dry matter intake (P less than .10), daily gain based on live weight recorded 24 h prior to slaughter (P less than .10), daily gain based on live weight estimated from hot carcass weight with a 62% dressing percentage (P less than .0001), feed efficiency using final live weight estimated from hot carcass weight (P less than .0001) and dressing percentage (P less than .01). In all cases, performance means for cattle with A+ liver scores were the only ones that differed significantly from those of non-abscessed cattle.     

Epizootic of external and internal abscesses in a large goat herd over a 16-year period

From 1973 through 1988, 518 external and internal abscesses were diagnosed in a large commercial goat herd. Of the 518 abscesses, 238 were primary and 280 were secondary abscesses in the same or other anatomic locations. During this period, the herd varied in size from 94 goats in 1973 to 431 goats in 1988. Abscesses in the jaw area were detected in 141 goats, 4 of which developed osteomyelitis of the mandible. Sternal abscesses were detected in 72 goats, with 2 also having osteomyelitis of the sternum diagnosed at necropsy. Most of the abscesses were in the jaw, sternal, facial, and cervical areas. Lung abscesses were diagnosed at necropsy in 20 goats that most recently had 1 or more superficial abscesses. Abscess incidence was 27.6% (112 of 406) in wethers and 22.9% (154 of 687) in does. Actinomyces pyogenes was isolated most frequently by bacteriologic culture of abscess specimens and about 3 times as often as was Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis or Staphylococcus sp, usually coagulase-positive S aureus. Bacteriologic culture of blood samples, taken during abscess episodes, yielded A pyogenes (n = 3) or C pseudotuberculosis (n = 1) in 3 goats. Results of antibiotic treatment of abscesses were disappointing, with little evidence of altering the course of the disease or sterilizing the abscess, despite the fact that the bacteria were susceptible in vitro to the antibiotics used. Excision of intact abscesses was the preferred treatment for abscesses of the jaw and facial areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

钼对小鼠肝线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的影响

观察钼对小鼠肝线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性的影响.将50只小鼠随机分为5组,对照组每天饮用20 mL/kg体重三重蒸馏水,4个试验组每天分别饮用5、10、15、20 mg/kg体重的钼酸铵,持续饮用3周.用测试盒测定肝线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性.4个试验组的SDH活性分别为1.90±0.07、1.63±0.14、0....     

Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses.

Hepatic abscesses were induced experimentally in 5 steers by inoculating Fusobacterium necrophorum via ultrasonography-guided, percutaneous catheterization of the portal vein. Hepatic ultrasonography was performed to determine the onset and progression of abscessation. Blood samples were collected before and after inoculation for performing leukocyte counts and hepatic function tests. Ultrasonographic evidence of liver abscesses was observed as early as 3 days after inoculation. Abscesses appeared as hyperechoic centers (cellular debris and pus) surrounded by hypoechoic or anechoic areas (fluid). Increases in rectal temperature, leukocyte counts, fibrinogen, globulin, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase concentrations were detected. Hepatic dysfunction was evidenced by decrease in serum albumin concentration and low sulfobromophthalein clearance. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of abscesses correlated well with necropsy findings.     

Results of a Preliminary Trial with Sphaerophorus necrophorus Toxoids to Control Liver Abscesses in Feedlot Cattle

A preliminary field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of alum precipitated toxoids of Sphaerophorus necrophorus prepared from sonicated whole cells and cell fractions to reduce the incidence of bovine abscesses. A total of 108 calves were divided into five groups and treated as follows: I. uninoculated control, II. adjuvant inoculated control, III. 15.5 mg protein of sonicated (fragmented cells) toxoid, IV. 10.5 mg protein of cytoplasmic toxoid. V. 15.5 mg protein of cytoplasmic toxoid. All animals were maintained under similar conditions to those prevailing in feedlots in Alberta. Livers were examined at slaughter. The most promising result was achieved with the injection of 15.5 mg protein of cytoplasmic toxoid. In this treatment group, no scars (healed lesions) were found in the liver and the incidence of liver abscesses was reduced to 10% from the average 35% liver abscesses and scars found in the uninoculated and adjuvant inoculated groups. The toxoid from sonicated whole cells did not reduce liver abscess incidence. These data suggest that the incidence of liver abscesses in cattle fattened in feedlots may be reduced by immunization.     

Isolation ofSphaerophorus necrophorus from bovine liver abscesses in the Sudan

Conclusion The isolation ofS. necrophorus from 84 of 100 bovine livers strongly suggests that it is the principal bacterial agent responsible for bovine liver abscesses in the Sudan. Pure cultures of the organism were isolated from 57 per cent of the abscesses compared with the range of 67 to 85 per cent recorded by Simon and Stovell (1971) and Newsom (1938). The difference between the results obtained in this study and previous ones elsewhere is the lack of variety of organisms isolated from bovine liver abscesses. Madin (1949) and Simon and Stovell (1971) found a wide spectrum of organisms, including members of the generaEscherichia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and others, present in association withS. necrophorus in 30 per cent of the bovine liver abscesses examined. In this study only in 26 per cent of the abscesses were there associated organisms and these were coagulase-negative staphylococci and diphtheroids.     

Treatment of prostatic abscesses by aspiration of the purulent matter and injection of tea tree oil into the cavities in dogs

Ultrasonography-guided transabdominal needle aspiration was carried out to remove 3 to 14 ml of purulent matter from the cavities of prostatic abscesses in 6 dogs, and the same volume of tea tree oil was injected into the cavities to treat the abscesses. The same treatment was repeated 3 weeks later in 4 dogs, and subsequent disappearance of the purulent matter in the cavities and a marked reduction in the volume of the cavities were observed. These findings indicate that the treatment of prostatic abscesses by aspiration of the purulent matter and injection of tea tree oil into the cavities is very effective in dogs.     

桃金娘水提物抗肝脏纤维化作用的试验研究

本试验旨在研究桃金娘水提物对CCl₄复合因素造模法诱导的肝脏纤维化大鼠的保护作用,探讨其作用机制。取SD大鼠72只,随机分为模型组、秋水仙碱组（1×10^-4 mg/g）、桃金娘水提物低剂量（1.5 mg/g）、中剂量（3 mg/g）、高剂量（6 mg/g）组及正常组,每组12只。除正常组外,其余各组大鼠于第1~4周皮下注射40% CCl₄花生油溶液,注射剂量为0.3 mL/100 g体重,隔日1次,连续4周,同时第2~4周给予30%乙醇灌胃1 mL/只,隔日1次,连续3周。各组大鼠于第5周开始灌胃给药,灌胃体积量为1 mL/100 g体重,正常组、模型组给予等量生理盐水,桃金娘水提物组分别按照相应剂量灌胃给药,每日1次,连续给药4周,给药的同时仍继续造模。给药结束后,检测各组大鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性、总胆红素（TBil）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）等的水平、丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性;观察肝脏组织HE及Masson染色的变化。试验结果显示,桃金娘水提物可显著或极显著降低肝脏纤维化大鼠AST、ALT活性、TBil、TGF-β及α-SMA水平（P<0.05;P<0.01）,提高大鼠血清SOD、GSH-Px活性（P<0.05）,降低MDA含量（P<0.01;P<0.05）,减轻肝脏纤维化大鼠肝脏病理损伤程度。以上结果表明,桃金娘水提物对CCl₄复合因素所致肝脏纤维化大鼠的肝脏功能具有明显的恢复作用,可增强其抗氧化能力,减轻肝细胞损伤,具有较好的抗肝脏纤维化作用。     

The serum neutralizing antibody response in cattle to Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxoid and possible protection against experimentally induced hepatic abscesses

The serum antileukotoxin antibody response and protection against subsequent experimental challenge with Fusobacterium necrophorum were investigated in 30 steers vaccinated with crude F. necrophorum leukotoxoid. Culture supernatant of F. necrophorum, strain 25, containing leukotoxoid was concentrated. The steers were assigned randomly to six groups (n=5): PBS control with Stimulon adjuvant; vaccinated with concentrated supernatant diluted to provide 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 20.0 ml with the watersoluble Stimulon adjuvant; and 5.0 ml with the Ribi oil-emulsion adjuvant. The steers were injected subcutaneously on days 0 and 21. Blood samples were collected at weekly intervals to monitor serum antileukotoxin antibody titres. On day 42, all the steers were challenged intraportally with F. necrophorum culture. Three weeks later (day 63), the steers were killed and necropsied for examination of their livers and assessment of protection. Steers vaccinated with crude leukotoxoid tended to have higher antileukotoxin titres than the controls, but the difference was not significant. Also, the antibody titre did not appear to be dose-dependent. In the control group, 3 out of 5 steers developed liver abscesses. The incidence of liver abscesses in steers vaccinated with Stimulon adjuvant was not dose related; however, only 8 of the 25 vaccinated steers developed abscesses. None of the steers vaccinated with the 5.0 ml dose with Ribi had any abscesses. Evidence for a relationship between antileukotoxin antibody and protection was shown by the lower titre in those steers that developed abscesses compared to those that did not. It was concluded that antileukotoxin antibody titres probably provided some degree of protection against experimentally induced liver abscesses, but further dose-titration studies using Ribi or possibly another more effective adjuvant will be needed to confirm this.Abbreviations BHI brain-heart infusion - CFU colony-forming units - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - MTT 3-[4,5-(dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyltetrazodium] bromide - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophils     

An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers.

Actinobacillosis developed in a group of 52 Holstein-Friesian replacement heifers. They were confined to 4 pens in a barn. Cervical abscesses were first observed by the owner in 1 heifer a month after the heifers were fed chopped haylage that was particularly dry, tough, and stemmy. During the weeks that followed, morbidity reached 73% in heifers given the feed. Calves up to 4 months old were not given the haylage and did not develop the disease. Standard bacteriologic methods were used to identify Actinobacillus lignieresii from exudate of abscesses. A biopsy of superficial granulomatous tissue of the lips revealed fibers thought to be of plant origin. Affected cattle recovered in 3 to 6 months. The lesions of 3 cattle given sodium iodide intravenously and of 4 given streptomycin regressed sooner than those given penicillin or no treatment.     

Bacteriologic and histologic studies of hepatic abscesses in cattle

Twenty-eight abscessed livers were collected from feedlot cattle at an abattoir; specimens were obtained from 49 abscesses for bacteriologic culture and for histologic examination. Cultural procedures included techniques to enumerate and isolate facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all 49 abscesses, whereas facultative bacteria were isolated from only 22. Mean bacterial counts for anaerobic and facultative bacteria were 3 X 10(8) and 8 X 10(8) bacteria/g of purulent material, respectively. Fusobacterium necrophorum, the only anaerobe isolated, was detected in 100% of the abscesses. Fusobacterium necrophorum biotype A was isolated from 57% of the abscesses (in pure culture from 75%), and F necrophorum biotype B was isolated from 47% of the abscesses (from 96% with mixed infections). Corynebacterium pyogenes was the predominant facultative bacterium isolated. Histologic changes in abscesses were qualitatively similar; abscesses were pyogranulomatous, with a necrotic center surrounded by zones of inflammatory tissue. However, the severity of lesions varied, depending on the F necrophorum biotype involved. Portal triad fibrosis and bile-duct proliferation were most severe in biotype A and mixed biotype B infections and less severe in abscesses from which biotype B was isolated in pure culture.     

Bacterial community analysis of purulent material from liver abscesses of crossbred cattle and Holstein steers fed finishing diets with or without tylosin

Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are polymicrobial infections. Culture-based studies have identified Fusobacterium necrophorum as the primary causative agent, but a number of other bacterial species are frequently isolated. The incidence of liver abscesses is highly variable and is affected by a number of factors, including cattle type. Holstein steers raised for beef production have a higher incidence than crossbred feedlot cattle. Tylosin is the commonly used antimicrobial feed additive to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses. The objective of this study was to utilize 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequence analyses to analyze the bacterial community composition of purulent material of liver abscesses of crossbred cattle (n = 24) and Holstein steers (n = 24), each fed finishing diet with or without tylosin. DNA was extracted and the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The minimum, mean, and maximum sequence reads per sample were 996, 177,070, and 877,770, respectively, across all the liver abscess samples. Sequence analyses identified 5 phyla, 14 families, 98 genera, and 102 amplicon sequence variants (ASV) in the 4 treatment groups. The dominant phyla identified were Fusobacteria (52% of total reads) and Proteobacteria (33%). Of the top 25 genera identified, 17 genera were Gram negative and 8 were Gram positive. The top 3 genera, which accounted for 75% of the total reads, in the order of abundance, were Fusobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacteroides. The relative abundance, expressed as percent of total reads, of phyla, family, and genera did not differ (P > 0.05) between the 4 treatment groups. Generic richness and evenness, determined by Shannon–Weiner and Simpson’s diversity indices, respectively, did not differ between the groups. The UniFrac distance matrices data revealed no clustering of the ASV indicating variance between the samples within each treatment group. Co-occurrence network analysis at the genus level indicated a strong association of Fusobacterium with 15 other genera, and not all of them have been previously isolated from liver abscesses. In conclusion, the culture-independent method identified the bacterial composition of liver abscesses as predominantly Gram negative and Fusobacterium as the dominant genus, followed by Pseudomonas. The bacterial community composition did not differ between crossbred and Holstein steers fed finishing diets with or without tylosin.     

Bacterial flora of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle fed tylosin or no tylosin.

Bacterial flora of liver abscesses from cattle fed tylosin or no tylosin and susceptibilities of the predominant bacterial isolates to tylosin and other antimicrobial compounds were determined. Abscessed livers were collected at slaughter from cattle originating from feedlots that had fed tylosin (n = 36) or no tylosin (n = 41) for at least 2 yr, and segments of livers with one or two intact abscesses were transported to the laboratory. Abscesses were cultured for anaerobic and facultative bacteria. Fusobacterium necrophorum, either as single culture or mixed with other bacteria, was isolated from all abscesses. The incidence of subsp. necrophorum, as part of the mixed infection, was lower (P < .05) in the tylosin group than in the no-tylosin group (33 vs 61%). However, the incidence of Actinomyces pyogenes was higher (P < .01) in the tylosin group than in the no-tylosin group (53 vs 10%). Totals of 119 F. necrophorum and 21 A. pyogenes isolates were used for determinations of susceptibilities to bacitracin, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, lasalocid, monensin, tylosin, tilmicosin, and virginiamycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics were determined with a broth microdilution method. The mean MIC of tylosin for F. necrophorum and A. pyogenes were not different between isolates from tylosin and no-tylosin groups. We concluded that continuous feeding of tylosin did not induce resistance in F. necrophorum or A. pyogenes. Also, the higher incidence of mixed infection of F. necrophorum and A. pyogenes in liver abscesses of tylosin-fed cattle suggests a potential synergistic interaction between the two organisms in causing liver abscesses.     

Vaccination of turkey breeder hens and toms for fowl cholera with CU strain

Unvaccinated laying breeder hens and semen-producing toms were susceptible to the CU strain of Pasteurella multocida and highly susceptible to a virulent strain of P. multocida. Laying breeders vaccinated with CU strain when environmental temperatures were low ceased egg production during the first week after vaccination and had 29% mortality, whereas those vaccinated when temperatures were moderate had only a 25% decrease in egg production and 17% mortality. Comparable nonlaying breeders vaccinated during moderate temperatures did not die. Although few semen-producing toms died postvaccination and the quantity and quality of semen was not affected, 21.7% developed torticollis. Laying breeders were protected against CU vaccine and challenge with virulent P. multocida if vaccinated every 4 weeks beginning when 7 weeks old. Potential breeders vaccinated before laying with combinations of 3 vaccinations via drinking water, wing-web puncture, or inoculation into the air spaces of the head through the auditory tube were protected against challenge after the onset of laying. However, vaccination via wing-web puncture at 25 weeks of age resulted in abscesses that failed to resolve. The combination of vaccinations most effective in protecting laying breeders was vaccination in the drinking water at 7 and 11 weeks and inoculation into the air spaces of the head at 15 weeks.     

Efficacy of azithromycin in preventing pulmonary abscesses in foals

The prophylactic application of azithromycin to prevent pulmonary abscesses in foals was evaluated on a stud with endemic Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Forty-five foals served as untreated controls in two groups. Twenty-five foals were given azithromycin (10mg/kg) orally once daily for 4 weeks. The foals were examined once a week from birth to the age of 5 months. If clinical signs or leucocytosis were noted and pulmonary sonographic findings (diameter >10 mm) were observed, the diagnosis of abscessing pneumonia was made. The prevalence of pulmonary abscesses was similar in the control groups (31/45 foals), and in the azithromycin group (15/25 foals), but the foals in the azithromycin group were affected significantly later (median: day 83, range 67-123 days) (control groups: day 54, range 52-82; and 46, range 28-86 days). It was concluded that the application of azithromycin for 28 days post-natally does not reduce the prevalence of pulmonary abscesses in foals on a stud with endemic pneumonia.