Genetic analysis of the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiencies in mature spring barley plants

Inheritance of the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization in grain production was studied in diallel hybrids of spring barley. Effects of varied NPK fertilization and soil moisture on the genetic variance was evaluated at maturity in pot‐ and field‐grown plants. A preponderance of general combining ability effects was found for the efficiency ratios and utilization efficiencies, suggesting that the generative efficiency indices were mainly controlled by an additive genetic system. However, the relatively high narrow‐sense heritabilities (0.33‐0.81) found under optimal conditions tended to decline to 0.00‐0.36 following water and nutrient shortages. The importance of non‐additive gene effects for utilization efficiencies was demonstrated in the field under reduced nutrition. This leads to the conclusion that the involvement of additive gene action should facilitate selection efforts only under favourable environments. Selection delayed until later hybrid generations should be used when trying to improve the nutrient efficiency of barley under less favourable nutrition conditions.     

Comparative Growth Responses and Ionic Relations of Four Cereals during Salt Stress

Four varieties, one each of triticale, wheat, rye and barley were grown in nutrient solution without and with the addition of 75 and 150 mM NaCl. Plants were exposed to salinity for two weeks and growth and ionic relations of plants were measured. Growth of four cereals varieties was affected to different degrees with salinity and shoot fresh weight/dry weight ratios decreased with increase in salt concentration in root medium. Shoots of barley variety accumulated high content of Na and Cl which were primarily due to higher rates of net ion transport from root to shoot. Higher accumulation of Na and Cl in barley variety shoot accompanied by better relative growth rates indicated plant's ability to compartmentalize ions in vacuoles.     

Inheritance of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency in spring barley at the vegetative growth stages under high and low nutrition

Inheritance of the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiencies (NUE and PUE, respectively) and that of the tolerance (T) to limited NP nutrition was investigated in spring barley crosses at the vegetative growth stages. Plants were grown in sand-vermiculite cultures under high and low NP nutrition. In a diallel set (Ps and F₂s), both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant for the variation in NUE and PUE, while the variation in T was mainly associated with GCA effects. The contribution of nonadditive genes for the utilization efficiencies was found to increase under nutrient shortages. Overdominance of genes was detected. The characters exhibited low heritabilities (0.10-0.42). Generation means analysis in two cross-combinations revealed significant effects of epistatic gene interactions. It was assumed that the involvement of both the dominance effects and epistatic interactions would not facilitate selection efforts to improve the characters in spring barley at its vegetative growth. Such selection should be performed among families of later generations. The genotype-nutrition interactions observed suggest that selection under diverse nutrition rates would be necessary for the more precise evaluation of barley efficiency under less favourable soil fertility.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and/or ozone on nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptake of potatoes

Potato crops were grown at seven sites across Europe to test the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and/or tropospheric ozone concentrations on growth, yield and various aspects of potato tuber quality within the framework of the EC funded programme Changing Climate and Potential Impacts on Potato Yield and Quality (CHIP). Field exposure systems were used to enrich the atmosphere in CO₂ and/or ozone. At five of the sites, nutrient element conconcentrations (macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients: mangenese, zinc, iron) in different parts of plants from the various treatments were analysed. Under elevated CO₂, nearly all nutrient elements tended to decrease in concentration. At maximum leaf area, a significant reduction was observed for the concentrations of nitrogen and potassium both in aboveground biomass and in tubers, and for calcium in tubers. Since CO₂ enrichment promoted early tuber growth, these effects could in part be attributed to tuber developmental stage. At maturity, potato grown under CO₂ enrichment exhibited significantly lower concentrations of nitrogen, manganese and iron in aboveground organs, and of nitrogen, potassium and magnesium in tubers which means a reduction of tuber quality. In contrast to CO₂, elevated ozone tended to increase tuber nutrient element concentrations. This was significant for nitrogen and manganese. CO₂ effects on tuber biomass increase were more pronounced than CO₂ effects on nutrient element decrease. Thus, the total amount of nutrient elements taken up by potato crops increased under elevated CO₂. Fertiliser practice in a future, CO₂-rich world will have to be adjusted accordingly.     

福建南平不同植烟土壤微生物数量与养分状况分析

为探究福建省南平地区不同质地土壤中微生物数量与土壤养分状况,对南平地区不同质地植烟土壤pH、土壤养分含量（有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾）和土壤微生物数量（细菌、真菌、放线菌、解磷菌、解钾菌、纤维素分解菌）进行测定。实验结果：供试南平地区不同质地植烟土壤pH均偏酸（pH均小于5.5）,不同质地土壤中粘土的有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最多,其次是壤土和砂土。植烟土壤中微生物以细菌为主,其次是放线菌和真菌。对不同质地土壤养分与微生物数量相关性分析,得出南平地区土壤样品中细菌与全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾相关性较高;真菌与全钾、全磷、速效磷呈负相关,与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾呈正相关,与全钾显著相关;放线菌与速效磷显著相关;解磷菌与土壤多种养分呈正相关,但相关系数不高;钾细菌与速效磷显著相关,与全磷含量极显著相关;纤维素分解菌与碱解氮相关性最高,与速效钾、全磷、速效磷呈负相关。这些相关性分析表明,南平地区不同质地植烟土壤微生物数量与土壤养分含量虽呈一定的相关性,但相关系数不高,说明该地区的气候条件、施肥方式,特别是水稻—烟草的轮作方式也是影响微生物的数量和种类的重要因素。本研究是对南平地区植烟土壤信息的必要补充,也为今后如何合理利用菌肥,有目的地地开发南平地区植烟土壤的功能菌提供了实验基础和理论依据。     

青龙湾沙区土壤养分状况分析

为了研究不同植被类型对沙区土壤的改良效果,调查沙区土壤的养分状况,笔者对青龙湾沙区不同植被类型的土壤有机质、有效氮、速效钾、有效磷等指标进行分析。结果表明,青龙湾沙区土壤pH值范围为7.40~7.72,土壤呈中性略偏微碱性;土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷及速效钾含量偏低。有机质含量对于土壤其他营养元素的含量和有效性均具有比较大的影响。不同植被类型对沙区土壤的改良具有一定的差异,除农田外,果园、毛白杨刺槐混交林的改良效果较好,小叶杨林改良效果较差。总体来说,经过生态林改良后的土壤养分状态得到明显改善。     

Influence of Calcium Silicate on Growth, Physiological Parameters and Mineral Nutrition in Two Legume Species Under Salt Stress

Cowpea and kidney bean plants were grown in a hydroponic system, and the effect of calcium silicate supplied to the nutrient solution under salt stress was investigated. The plants were subjected to four different treatments: (1) nutrient solution alone (C), (2) nutrient solution + 40 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl (NaCl), (3) nutrient solution + 40 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl + 0.5 mmol l⁻¹ CaSiO₃ (NaCl + Si₁) and (4) nutrient solution + 40 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl+1 mmol l⁻¹ CaSiO₃ (NaCl + Si₂). The results showed that, in both species, salinity reduced all growth variables but silicate supplementation however partly overcame this growth reduction. Addition of silicate in NaCl‐stressed plants maintained membrane permeability. Net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and transpiration were higher in plants under control treatment, and the inclusion of silicate in the nutrient solution resulted in a slight increase in these plant parameters. Intercellular CO₂ was slightly higher in plants under silicate treatment than in plants under control or NaCl treatment. Calcium concentration in shoots and roots in both species was slightly higher in the treatments where silicate was added. Potassium concentration for salt treatment was reduced in shoot and root of both species in the absence of silicate. Sodium and chloride concentration in shoots and roots in both species were slightly higher in the presence of NaCl and were slightly reduced in the plants under silicate treatments. The results suggest that, in hydroponically grown plants, the inclusion of silicate in the nutrient solution is beneficial because it improves growth, physiological parameters and may contribute to a more balanced nutrition by enhancing nutrient uptake under NaCl‐stressed conditions. Added calcium silicate may ameliorate the parameters affected by high salinity, may reduce sodium and chloride, and can slightly increase calcium and potassium concentrations in shoots and roots of salt‐stressed cowpea and kidney bean.     

烟草残茬还田腐解特征及对土壤养分与烟碱的影响

为明确烟草残茬还田的腐解特征及对土壤和水稻中烟碱含量的影响,采用模拟试验,研究了烟茎和烟根还田后的腐解特征,以及土壤pH、有机质、养分、烟碱的动态变化。结果表明：（1）烟根和烟茎的腐解速率及养分的释放均表现为前期快后期慢,各养分累积释放率依次为钾>磷>氮。烟根的腐解速率及养分释放慢于烟茎,还田120天,烟根累积腐解率为45.02%,烟茎为53.82%。（2）烟茎和烟根还田能提高土壤有机质含量9.35%~39.87%,前期会导致土壤pH降低,但90天后会提高土壤pH。（3）烟草残茬的烟碱释放快,还田后的前5天,烟碱释放约50%,40天后,烟草残茬中烟碱基本释放完毕。烟根的烟碱释放要快于烟茎,还田后30天,烟根的烟碱累计释放率为96.95%,烟茎的烟碱累计释放率为94.03%。至第90天各处理土壤的烟碱含量为0 μg/g。水稻植株在前期会吸收微量的烟碱,至还田20天后,水稻植株中烟碱含量为0 μg/g。综合而言,烟草残茬还田能提高土壤养分,且还田后期土壤与水稻中不会有烟碱残留。     

“三控”施肥技术对水稻生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响

以两系杂交稻品种粤杂889为材料,设置三控施肥法和习惯施肥法2种处理,进行了早、晚两季试验,研究了“三控”施肥技术下水稻的生长发育和氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明：（1）与习惯施肥法相比,三控施肥法在减少氮肥10 %的情况下增产6 %~8 %,有效穗数、结实率和千粒重均有不同程度的提高。（2）三控施肥法具有明显的物质生产优势,其总干物质量比习惯施肥法高3.8 %~11.0 %。三控施肥法的中、后期叶绿素含量高,但叶面积指数相差不大。（3）三控施肥法的成穗率高,其最高茎蘖数比习惯施肥法减少5.9 %~10.6 %,但有效穗反而高于习惯施肥法,成穗率比习惯施肥法高5.5~11.8个百分点。（4）与习惯施肥法相比,三控施肥法在前期（幼穗分化前）的吸氮量低,但中、后期的吸氮量和全生育期总吸氮量明显高于习惯施肥法。三控施肥法的氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均高于习惯施肥法。     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.     

Effect of Salts on Germination of Seeds and Growth of Young Plants of Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Cicer arietinum and Brassica juncea

A greenhouse experiment was conducted on four crop plants in the western region of Gujarat State, India to assess their responses to increasing levels of soil salinity. Of the four crop plants tested ( Hordeum vulgare , barley; Triticum aestivum , wheat; Cicer arietinum , gram and Brassica juncea , mustard), barley appeared to be the most tolerant to salinity with regard to seed germination and early growth of the plants. Wheat, gram and mustard were tolerant only to low soil salinity. However, high salt concentrations in the soil reduced the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by the young plants. The imbalance of mineral nutrients resulted in a reduction or an inhibition of plant growth. High salinity also caused burning symptoms on the leaves and shoot apices of barley.     

不同有机肥料对番茄生长及品质的影响

在有机生产条件下布置小区试验,研究了有机肥料对番茄生长、养分平衡和果实品质的影响,研究中采用农家堆肥、精制有机肥、沼渣为供试有机肥料,进行等氮投入,其中精制有机肥在此基础上额外设置了3个施肥水平。结果表明：有机肥适量施用能显著促进番茄生长发育,株高、茎粗、开花数、叶绿素含量等指标均好于不施肥对照,增产效果显著。等氮条件下不同有机肥料增产幅度在9.2%-14.4%之间。肥料氮磷钾养分平衡指数分别波动于3.06~3.35、7.77~23.65、1.66~2.88之间,而氮磷钾的利用率则分别波动在7.37%~9.51%、1.49%~4.39%、9.10%~15.32%之间。有机肥投入量的增加并未显著促进作物对氮磷钾的吸收,肥料利用率随施肥量的增加而急剧下降,养分平衡指数上升。适量施用有机肥料增加了番茄可溶性糖、固形物、Vc含量以及糖酸比,降低了硝酸盐含量,从而提高了番茄果实品质。研究揭示,有机废弃物的资源化利用,可以促进作物产量的提高和品质的改善,但过多的有机肥投入无济于产量和品质的进一步增长,相反还可能存在着环境污染风险。     

Fungal Endophytes Enhance Agronomically Important Traits in Severely Drought‐Stressed Barley

Crops often face severe and damaging local drought events, and in some regions, these episodes are predicted to become more frequent due to climate change. Some micro‐organisms have been shown to improve drought tolerance and improve yield in crop plants. Here, we show that fungal root endophytes isolated from a wild barley species (Hordeum murinum subsp. murinum) induced significant improvements in agronomic traits for a severely drought‐stressed barley cultivar grown in a controlled environment, including number of tillers, grain yield and shoot biomass. Five endophyte strains were tested, and the trait that showed the greatest significant difference in the drought‐stressed plants was the number of tillers, where all of the endophyte treatments induced a greater number of tillers per plant. However, except in one case, the mean dry root weight for all plants was greater in the control plants, indicating preferential allocation of resources to aboveground parts in the endophyte treatments. Results were not consistent across all endophyte treatments, with some endophytes performing much better than others. As these growth studies were conducted using soil‐based compost, the results may translate to the field and suggest that some of these endophytes have potential as barley inoculants in arid growing conditions.     

牛粪生物质炭基肥对青稞生长、产量及氮素利用的影响

为探讨不同配比的生物质炭基肥料对青稞生长、产量和氮素利用的影响。以牛粪为研究对象,在限氧条件下经高温热解炭化制成生物炭,将生物质炭与一定比例的化学肥料混合,制成生物质炭基肥料。研究表明,随着碳化的进行,牛粪中的全氮和有机质（有机碳）含量降低,材料的碳氮比也随之降低,而全磷、全钾的含量升高;增施牛粪生物炭,青稞叶片中叶绿素含量升高,促进作物对肥料中养分的利用,进而利于青稞生长,草木灰与化肥配施的叶片叶绿素含量最高;不同处理籽粒产量之间的差异达到极显著;化肥施入量减少至70%,牛粪生物炭施入量30%时,籽粒产量最高,达到4830.75 kg/hm²,高于有机肥、草木灰与化肥配施和羊粪的处理（较对照增产13.88%）;22500 kg/hm²羊粪处理的秸秆产量最高;同等氮输入条件下,减少化肥施用量,增加生物炭,可以提高氮素利用效率。     

Influence of Variable Amounts of Irrigation Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Water Use of Grain Sorghum

Sorghum hybrid CSH-6 was grown in fields in Delhi, India between July–November 1986 in order to study the effect of nitrogen nutrition and irrigation on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and water use. The treatments included 40 Kg Nha⁻¹ combined with two irrigations (30 DAS, 60 DAS), one irrigation (60 DAS) and no irrigation respectively. Rainfall during the crop season was only 17 cm. The unirrigated plants were considerably water stressed and exhibited very low leaf water potential, less leaf area, delayed anthesis, longer crop duration but shorter grain filling duration. The ears showed sterility and yield was only 0.41 t ha⁻¹ without nitrogen fertilization. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on yield in unirrigated plants. A single irrigation 60 DAS increased yield due to increase in both grain number and grain weight per ear in fertilized and unfertilized crop respectively. Two irrigations in the unfertilized crop increased the yield to 2.2 t ha⁻¹ while similar treatment in the fertilized crop did not increase the yield significantly. Irrigation increased the WUE for grain yield. The results indicate that nitrogen stress and water stress reduced grain yield primarily through grain number rather than grain weight. Irrigation relieved both water stress and nutrient stress. Nitrogen nutrition was not beneficial under severe water stress conditions but was considerably helpful under mild stress. Biomass, grain yield and harvest index show significant correlation with preanthesis water use.     

The germination of freshly harvested seed of ripe and unripe barley and oats

Barley and oats were grown in a greenhouse and outside in the field to different stages of ripeness. After harvest the plants were threshed as soon as possible. The seeds were treated in different ways and sown immediately in a sand-bed. The kernels which germinated were counted.Seeds from plants which were grown in the greenhouse, on average germinated better than seeds from plants grown outside. Seeds from ripe plants germinated better than green seeds, but in some trials germination of green seeds was exceptionally good. The percentage of germination was increased by several treatments. Drying at 50°C was found to be the most efficient method.The result from such experiments may be different when the plants are grown in another environment. Under our conditions drying at a temperature of about 50°C was an efficient way to increase the germination of freshly cut seeds of barley and oats.     

不同覆盖材料对花生养分吸收和土壤养分变化的影响

针对花生种植使用普通地膜造成的环境污染问题,通过大田小区试验,对比了生物降解膜(BD)、普通地膜(PE)和不盖膜(CK)处理对花生不同生长时期的养分吸收、土壤的养分变化以及产量等方面的影响。结果表明：收获期PE和BD处理的产量分别为7098.09、6868.92 kg/hm ²,较CK处理显著增产25.85%和21.78%。PE和BD处理土壤中的碱解氮和有效磷含量均呈现出"先减少后增加"的趋势,而有效钾含量表现为逐步下降的趋势,苗期为最大值,此后逐渐最低。不同覆盖条件下,花生植株地上部分的养分吸收量逐步增加,花生各生长时期的氮、磷、钾累积吸收量均表现为PE>BD>CK。该试验从土壤营养和花生养分吸收利用方面展开研究,为生物降解膜应用于花生生产可行性提供了理论依据。     

Does Salinity Inhibit Alfalfa Leaf Growth by Reducing Tissue Concentration of Essential Mineral Nutrients?

The increased salinity of arid and semi-arid lands has become a problem of great concern in agriculture. The possibility that the inhibition of leaf growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) growing under saline conditions may be associated with a reduction in ion concentration in the leaf was investigated. Seeds of alfalfa cv. Buraimi were sown in PVC cylinders filled with loamy sand and arranged in large pots embedded in the soil with the rim just above the soil surface. This arrangement simulated plants grown under field conditions. Seedlings were irrigated with saline (12.2 dS m−1) and nutrient solutions (full strength or 20 times dilution) twice weekly. After 6 weeks the plants were harvested and separated into roots, stem and leaves. The leaves were further separated into lamina and petioles and analysed for the major and minor nutrient elements. Salinization significantly reduced the fresh weights of the roots, stem and leaves as well as the concentration of N, K, Ca and Mg in the leaf tissue. With the exception of Cu concentration, which was enhanced by salinity, all the micronutrients (B, Zn, Mn and Fe) had reduced concentrations in the leaves of salinized alfalfa. The application of an external nutrient solution, especially the full-strength solution, produced an increase in leaf growth and leaf nutrient element concentration. On the basis of these results it was concluded that reduced leaf nutrient concentration may be one of the primary causes of the inhibition of leaf growth that was characteristic of alfalfa growing under salinity stress.     

密植条件下4个春玉米品种物质生产性能对施氮水平的响应

为了探讨密植条件下春玉米物质生产性能对氮肥水平的响应,为研究区高产高效的氮素养分管理提供理论指导,于2012年在内蒙古民族大学试验农场,在8.25万株/hm2的密度下,研究了不同施氮水平下4个当地主推高产春玉米品种的物质生产性能。结果表明,4个品种的产量均以N2(300 kg/hm2)处理下最高,这一施氮水平下‘伟科702’、‘先玉335’、‘郑单958’和‘金山27’分别较各自N0(CK)增产25.9%、24.8%、14.1%和11.1%。4个品种的叶面积指数和光合势均随施氮水平的增加而增加,均随生育进程的推移呈单峰曲线变化;干物质最大积累速率和最大积累量以N2处理下最大,CK最低。同一品种不同施氮水平下,经济系数均以N2处理下最大;同一施氮水平下,各品种的经济系数以‘伟科702’最大。     

Effect of Field Bean and Soybean Cultivation on Soil Compaction Amelioration and its Influence on Wheat and Barley as subsequent Crops

Effect of field bean and soybean cultivation on soil compaction amelioration and its influence on wheat and barley as subsequent crops
Amelioration effect of field bean and soybean growth on compacted soil and its influence on the following crops of wheat and barley was tested. The performance of both field bean and soybean was affected by compaction. A reduction of 5–16 % in total dry matter, 10–22 % in seed yield, 5–12 % in no. of pods per plant, 4–14 % in plant height, 8–19 % in total accumulated N in plant and 11–22 % in accumulated N in seed of the both crops was registered. The crops were grown at 30 and 60 plants/m² densities. The negative effects of compaction were compensated to some extent by high plant density. Both crops loosened the compacted field, the effect increased with an increase in plant density. Field beans decreased the soil bulk density up to 8 %, increased total porosity up to 8 % and air filled pores up to 19 % till 30 cm soil depth, the effects being higher than produced by soybeans.
The increases in yields of wheat and barley and in their accumulated N were 9–57 % and 11–56 %, respectively after field bean and soybean as preceeding crops than after barley.