High N fertilizer application to irrigated wheat in Northern Mexico for conventionally tilled and permanent raised beds: Effects on N balance and short term N dynamics

Nitrogen (N) surpluses from fertilizer application can cause major environmental harm including pollution of surface water, groundwater, and air. To assess such negative externalities, N balances are a complex but useful tool to predict surpluses and to measure effects of nutrient optimization strategies in agriculture. The Yaqui Valley in north‐western Mexico is representative for thousands of square kilometres of intensive, irrigated wheat production under arid conditions worldwide and has been targeted for conservation agriculture in recent years. For these cropping systems, detailed N balances are scarce and often incomplete. To help fill this knowledge gap, data from a long‐term experiment were collected in 2013/14 on a Vertisol to examine the impact of three tillage‐straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning) on N dynamics. Tillage had significant effects on soil NO₃‐N, NH₄‐N, and total N contents across the cropping period. Soil total N content was at all sampling depths lowest in CTB. Soil NO₃‐N in the 0–90 cm profile was highest in PB‐burn over the cropping period and ranged from 77 kg ha^?1 in the bed before pre‐planting fertilizer application up to 269 kg ha^?1 in the furrow after the second fertilizer application. Annual simple N balances were +59 kg N ha^?1 in CTB, +39 kg N ha^–1 in PB‐straw, and +46 kg N ha^?1 in PB‐burn. Residual mineral soil N was significantly affected by tillage‐straw management and lowest for PB‐straw (+205 kg N ha^?1) and highest for CTB, and for PB‐burn (+283 kg N ha^?1 each) in the 0–90 cm soil profile. Soil NO₃‐N moved out of the effective wheat root zone, as indicated by the high residual NO₃‐N content at 30–90 cm depth, which is an important pathway of N leaching. Quantifiable N losses through leaching and volatilization averaged 100 kg N ha^?1. Our findings suggest that there is potential for substantial reductions in N inputs in all tillage‐straw systems to decrease N losses and to reduce mineral residual soil N, but care should be taken to avoid reducing grain protein content, which in PB straw was already below the quality standard. A knowledge transfer of the European “N_min” concept is advisable in this region to regulate N fertilizer over‐application.     

Opposite effects of two organic wastes on the physical quality of an agricultural soil

Soil application of organic wastes (OWs) can be beneficial for soil quality, depending on the quality of the wastes as well as on the amended soil. We performed a field experiment comparing the effects of two different OWs, an industrial sewage sludge (ISS) and a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), on the physical, chemical and biological quality of an agricultural soil cultivated with maize in central Iran. The two OWs were mixed into the topsoil of the plots at rates of 15 and 45 t ha^?1 (dry matter). The analysis of soil samples taken 31, 74, 132 and 241 days after OW application showed both OW increased organic matter, microbial respiration, and urease activity and decreased bulk density. In contrast, they had opposite effects on water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity. While the MSWC increased water retention at high saturation and saturated hydraulic conductivity, the ISS decreased them. The negative effects of the ISS on physical soil quality, which may have been due to pore-clogging and hydrophobicity effects, were related to a smaller yield increase in the ISS than in the MSWC treatments, demonstrating the importance that physical OW properties can have for the quality of amended soil.     

室内模拟实验研究中国北方不同管理方式对土壤固碳潜力的影响

Soil has been identified as a possible carbon(C) sink for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2).However,soil organic carbon(SOC) dynamics in agro-ecosystems is affected by complex interactions of various factors including climate,soil and agricultural management practices,which hinders our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.The objectives of this study were to use the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator(APSIM) model to simulate the long-term SOC dynamics under different management practices at four long-term experimental sites,Zhengzhou and Xuzhou with double cropping systems and Gongzhuling and Uriimqi with single cropping systems,located in northern China.Firstly,the model was calibrated using information from the sites and literature,and its performance to predict crop growth and SOC dynamics was examined.The calibrated model was then used to assess the impacts of different management practices,including fertilizer application,irrigation,and residue retention,on C dynamics in the top 30 cm of the soil by scenario modelling.Results indicate a significant SOC sequestration potential through improved management practices of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application,stubble retention,and irrigation.Optimal N fertilization(N_(opt)) and 100%stubble retention(R100) increased SOC by about 11.2%,208.29%,and 283.67%under irrigation at Gongzhuling,Zhengzhou,and Xuzhou,respectively.Soil organic carbon decreased rapidly at(U|¨)rumqi under irrigation,which was due to the enhanced decomposition by increased soil moisture.Under rainfed condition,SOC remained at a higher level.The combination of N_(opt) and R100 increased SOC by about 0.46%under rainfed condition at Uriimqi.Generally,agricultural soils with double cropping systems(Zhengzhou and Xuzhou) showed a greater potential to sequester C than those with single cropping systems(Gongzhuling and(U|¨)r(u|¨)mqi).     

Tillage effects on soil properties at different levels of fertilizer application in Punjab, Pakistan

The effects of cropping systems and management practices on soil properties provide essential information for assessing sustainability and environmental impact. Tillage and fertilizer rates were evaluated for their effects on soil bulk density (BD), penetration resistance, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and availability of macronutrients on a sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids, USDA; Luvic Yermosol, FAO) in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were double-cropped from 1996 to 1998. Tillage treatments were minimum till (MT), conventional till (CT), and deep till (DT). Low, medium and high fertilizer rates were applied to wheat and cotton. BD was affected neither by tillage nor fertilizer rates. Soil penetration resistance was lower for DT than CT and MT. Tillage methods affected soil P concentration but did not affect N and K concentrations. However, fertilizer application significantly increased soil P and K concentrations. Concentrations of N, P, K and SOC were greater in the plough layer than sub-soil. Grain yield of wheat was significantly negatively correlated with penetration resistance and was positively correlated with soil P and K concentrations. Yield of cotton was significantly negatively correlated with soil BD. These data provide an experimental basis to re-evaluate recommendations for fertilizer rates and tillage methods for production of wheat and cotton in Punjab. Further, there is a strong need to establish long-term experiments to study agronomic and environmental effects of tillage methods, fertilizer rates, and cropping systems on productivity and environment quality.     

Dynamics of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio changes under long‐term fertilizer addition in wheat‐corn double cropping systems of China

Soil carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio is one of the important properties of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we report a study of soil C:N ratio dynamics in wheat‐corn double cropping systems based on four long‐term experimental sites in China: three in the temperate zone and one in the sub‐tropical zone. We evaluate effects of long‐term fertilizer input on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) by comparing three treatments: no added fertilizer (the control), added nitrogen‐phosphorus‐potassium chemical fertilizers (NPK), and chemical fertilizers combined with manure (NPKM). Our study shows that SOC and TN had different responses to the treatments. There was an increasing trend in SOC, even without fertilizer. However, applying inorganic fertilizers only (NPK) did not maintain TN contents at some sites. The NPKM treatment resulted in a large increase in both SOC (35–147%) and TN (33 to 10%) contents, relative to the initial values. The soil C:N ratio showed a significant increase over time at the sub‐tropical site but little change at the three temperate sites. Our analysis showed similar C:N ratios (37–38) in gross input of organic materials under the NPK treatments. However, the estimated C:N ratio during decomposition was much smaller at the sub‐tropical site (23.7) than at the three temperate sites (44.0–48.2) under the NPK treatments, which may explain the increased soil C:N ratio at the sub‐tropical site. Thus, we conclude that variations in soil C:N ratio are not caused by organic matter inputs but by decomposition in the wheat‐corn double cropping systems.     

Predicting and mitigating the net greenhouse gas emissions of crop rotations in Western Europe

Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane are the main biogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributing to net greenhouse gas balance of agro-ecosystems. Evaluating the impact of agriculture on climate thus requires capacity to predict the net exchanges of these gases in a systemic approach, as related to environmental conditions and crop management. Here, we used experimental data sets from intensively monitored cropping systems in France and Germany to calibrate and evaluate the ability of the biophysical crop model CERES-EGC to simulate GHG exchanges at the plot-scale. The experiments involved major crop types (maize-wheat-barley-rapeseed) on loam and rendzina soils. The model was subsequently extrapolated to predict CO₂ and N₂O fluxes over entire crop rotations. Indirect emissions (IE) arising from the production of agricultural inputs and from use of farm machinery were also added to the final greenhouse gas balance. One experimental site (involving a maize-wheat-barley-mustard rotation on a loamy soil) was a net source of GHG with a net GHG balance of 670 kg CO₂-C eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, of which half were due to IE and half to direct N₂O emissions. The other site (involving a rapeseed-wheat-barley rotation on a rendzina) was a net sink of GHG for −650 kg CO₂-C eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, mainly due to high C returns to soil from crop residues. A selection of mitigation options were tested at one experimental site, of which straw return to soils emerged as the most efficient to reduce the net GHG balance of the crop rotation, with a 35% abatement. Halving the rate of N inputs only allowed a 27% reduction in net GHG balance. Removing the organic fertilizer application led to a substantial loss of C for the entire crop rotation that was not compensated by a significant decrease of N₂O emissions due to a lower N supply in the system. Agro-ecosystem modeling and scenario analysis may therefore contribute to design productive cropping systems with low GHG emissions.     

Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol

The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (K_ex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of K_ex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.     

有机农业发展的低碳机理分析

温室气体排放引起的全球气候变暖是人类关注的环境热点问题之一。本文从农业生态系统影响全球变暖的主要温室气体(CO₂、N₂O 和CH₄)的产生和排放出发, 探讨有机农业在生产减排和土壤固碳方面的机理。研究发现相对于常规农作而言, 有机农业在减排和固碳方面具有很大优势和潜力; 然而, 从长期来看, 通过土壤固碳减少大气温室气体的排放不是无限制的, 到一定程度后会达到一个平衡。因此, 更多的有效固碳途径和管理措施有待于进一步研究。同时, 从低碳理念出发, 强调中国加强有机农业环境效益研究的必要性。     

Soil organic carbon stock variability in the Northern Gangetic Plains of India: interaction between agro‐ecological characteristics and cropping systems

Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and its spatial distribution in the Northern Gangetic Plain (NGP) Zone of India were determined to establish the cause–effect relationship between agro‐ecological characteristics, prevailing crop management practices and SOC stock. Area Spread Index (ASI) approach was used to collect soil samples from the NGP areas supporting predominant cropping systems. Exponential ordinary kriging was found most suitable geo‐statistical model for developing SOC surface maps of the NGP. Predicted surface maps indicated that 43.7% area of NGP had 0.5–0.6% SOC, while the rest of the area was equally distributed with high (0.61–0.75%) and low (< 0.5%) SOC content levels. Averaged across cropping systems, maximum SOC content was recorded in Bhabar and Tarai Zone (BTZ), followed by Central Plain Zone (CPZ), Mid‐Western Plain Zone (MWPZ), Western Plain Zone (WPZ) and South‐Western Plain Zone (SWPZ) of the NGP. The SOC stock was above the optimum threshold (> 12.5 Mg/ha) in 97.8, 57.6 and 46.4% areas of BTZ, CPZ and MWPZ, respectively. Only 9.8 and 0.4% area of WPZ and SWPZ, respectively, had SOC stock above the threshold value. The variation in SOC stock was attributed largely to carbon addition through recycling of organic sources, cropping systems, tillage intensity, crop or residue cover and land‐use efficiency, nutrient‐use pattern, soil texture and prevailing ecosystem. Adoption of conservation agriculture, balanced use of nutrients, inclusion of legumes in cropping systems and agro‐forestry were suggested for enhancing SOC stock in the region.     

Changes in soil properties under high- and low-input cropping systems in Lithuania

Abstract. To determine the effects of low-input agriculture on soil properties, we compared several forms of arable land management in a rotation experiment lasting 8 years on a Cambisol in Lithuania. Conventional arable cropping with applications of inorganic fertilizers increased the potassium (K) status of the soil, but resulted in losses of nitrogen (N) from the soil by mineralization and leaching. With ley–arable integrated cropping, a similar fertilizer regime based on farmyard manure (FYM) augmented with inorganic fertilizers increased the phosphorus (P), K, organic matter and N in the soil, as well as increasing N loss by leaching. These two high-input regimes were compared to three systems with less or no input. A reference treatment with no input, which produced small crop yields, maintained its nutrient status and organic matter. An organic regime receiving FYM and green manure lost only P, but maintained its K and N status, while a second organic regime in which the FYM was replaced by composted sewage maintained its fertility. The microbial activity varied somewhat from treatment to treatment, with the largest numbers of almost all groups of microorganisms in the reference treatment. All treatments led to decreases in fulvic acid, and the soil managed conventionally lost humic acid, too. The content of humic acid increased in the treatments where FYM was applied and in the reference soil, and the fraction bound to calcium increased in the integrated and the first organic treatments. The soil structures under the integrated cropping and second organic regime were the most stable. Of the low-input systems, the second organic regime seemed the most sustainable.     

论合理施氮的原则和指标

施用氮肥的主要目的是获得较高目标产量、相应品质和经济效益以及维持或提高土壤肥力.针对我国近年来过度强调施肥的环境影响,而放松施肥的生产目标和土壤培肥,导致无原则的"减氮"可能影响作物生产的趋势,本文定义了合理施氮的原则,即在特定的气候-土壤-作物体系,在一定的经营管理措施下(轮作与耕作、品种、灌溉等),能够实现可获得的...     

华北冬小麦/夏玉米农田水氮管理的温室效应评价

【目的】农田水肥的高投入在保障粮食产量的同时也伴随着温室气体的排放。本研究以农田投入品的生产和运输—作物生长的整个过程为研究对象,对农田生态系统中不同水氮管理措施的温室效应开展了评价。【方法】在已经确定粮食产量和温室气体排放强度评价指标的基础上,对土壤固碳深度和减排措施评价的时间尺度进行了分析,将土壤固碳深度确定为30 cm以上,温室效应评价的时间尺度确定为20 年,提出了以田间试验与过程模型相结合,辅以调研的评价方法,来反映产量和温室气体排放强度对不同管理措施的响应。常规农民措施的农田投入量(灌溉量和施氮量等)通过问卷调研和文献数据来获得。以华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作模式为例,利用验证后的农田生态系统管理模型(APSIM)对不同措施(氮肥利用、 灌溉和有机肥配施)进行20 年 (1990~2010)尺度的模拟,并结合农田投入品在生产和运输过程的排放,遵照评价方法对不同水氮管理措施的温室效应进行了分析。【结果】与当前常规农民措施相比,将常规施氮量从520 kg/hm2减少为400 kg/hm2,粮食产量在20 a间不存在显著性差异(P=0.39),但年均温室气体排放总量(AE-GHG)可减少约1.45 t/hm2,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)可减少约0.08 t/t; 若将该地区常规灌溉量从300 mm减少到240 mm,粮食产量在20年间不存在显著性差异(P=0.39),年均温室气体排放总量(AE-GHG)可减少约0.29 t/hm2,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)可减少约0.01 t/t,主要归因于电力消耗的降低,减少了生产和传输过程中温室气体排放; 若将常规措施中的底肥(N)全部替换为有机肥,粮食产量在20年间不存在显著性差异(P=0.63),年均温室气体排放总量(AE-GHG)可减少约0.03 t/hm2,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)则基本无变化,虽然有机肥可带来更多的土壤固碳,但是若考虑到其堆肥生产排放和还田过程增加的油耗排放,其总体温室气体减排量并不明显。【结论】在华北平原当前情况下,农田温室气体减排措施应以减施化肥、 减少灌溉量为主要方向,可同时实现氮肥生产运输和农田土壤排放2个环节上的减排。年施用氮肥减少120 kg/hm2,灌溉量减少60 mm,20年内温室气体减排潜力约为1.45和0.29 t/(hm2·a)。     

Soil C, N and crop yields in Alabama's long-term ‘Old Rotation' cotton experiment

The Old Rotation cotton experiment at Auburn, Alabama, is the oldest, continuous cotton experiment in the world (cf. 1896). Long-term cropping systems provide a unique opportunity to observe the effects of 100 years of cropping on soil organic carbon (SOC). The objective of this paper was to summarize limited data on SOC and N cycling in this historic experiment. Soil organic C has been measured on the 13 plots (6 cropping systems) in 1988, 1992 and 1994. Long-term planting of winter legumes with no other source of N applied resulted in higher SOC (9.5 g C kg⁻¹) in the plow layer (0–20 cm depth) compared to continuous cotton with no winter cover crops (4.2 g C kg⁻¹). A 3-year rotation of cotton–winter legumes–corn–small grain–soybean resulted in 12.1 g C kg⁻¹. There was a significant (P<0.05), quadratic cotton yield response (R²=0.54) to increasing SOC. Winter legume cover crops supplied between 90 and 170 kg N ha⁻¹. Where no N has been applied in fertilizer or from a legume crop, annual N removal in the cotton crop is around 13 kg ha⁻¹, about the same as that fixed in precipitation.     

Nutrient concentrations and acidity in ferralitic soil under perennial cropping, fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia

The long‐term productivity on the acidic, nutrient‐poor upland soils of central Amazonia depends to a large extent on the chemical soil fertility as influenced by vegetation type and management. We compared soil and soil solution data from permanent cropping, fallow and primary forest on a Xanthic Ferralsol in central Amazonia to evaluate changes of soil fertility following forest conversion, agricultural use at different intensities and setting aside agricultural land. The agricultural systems included a perennial polyculture at two fertilizer inputs and a monoculture plantation. Soil and soil solution were collected to 2 m depth, and the soil solution was monitored over 2 years. Both soil and soil solution data showed decreasing soil fertility in the sequence: monoculture and polyculture at large input, polyculture at small input, forest and fallow. The soil solution data were more sensitive to effects of systems and fertilizer inputs on subsoil fertility. Fractionation of the N in the soil solution showed a larger proportion of dissolved organic N in the N‐poor fallow soil than in the soil under forest and agriculture. The soil under fallow, forest and low‐input agriculture had larger exchangeable acidity than that under high‐input agriculture, but the Al concentrations in the soil solution were very small because there were few cations with which to exchange and less nitrification. In high‐input agriculture, pronounced acidification peaks in the topsoil solution followed fertilization. The comparison of soil and soil solution data explained why the spontaneous vegetation thrives at very large exchangeable acidity in these soils, whereas agricultural systems often depend on liming to reduce the concentration of toxic Al in the soil.     

Changes in soil carbon and crop yield over 60 years in the Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment,following land‐use change from grassland to cropland

Changes in land‐use and agricultural management affect soil organic C (SOC) storage and soil fertility. Grassland to cropland conversion is often accompanied by SOC losses. However, fertilization, crop rotation, and crop residue management can offset some SOC losses or even convert arable soils into C sinks. This paper presents the first assessment of changes in SOC stocks and crop yields in a 60‐year field trial, the Zurich Organic Fertilization Experiment A493 (ZOFE) in Switzerland. The experiment comprises 12 treatments with different organic, inorganic and combined fertilization regimes. Since conversion to arable land use in 1949, all treatments have lost SOC at annual rates of 0.10–0.25 t C ha^?1, with estimated mean annual C inputs from organic fertilizers and aboveground and belowground plant residues of 0.6–2.4 t C ha^?1. In all treatments, SOC losses are still in progress, indicating that a new equilibrium has not yet been reached. Crop yields have responded sensitively to advances in plant breeding and in fertilization. However, in ZOFE high yields can only be ensured when mineral fertilizer is applied at rates typical for modern agriculture, with yields of main crops (winter wheat, maize, potatoes, clover‐grass ley) decreasing by 25–50% when manure without additional mineral fertilizer is applied. ZOFE shows that land‐use change from non‐intensively managed grassland to cropland leads to soil C losses of 15–40%, even in rotations including legumes and intercrops, improved agricultural management and organic fertilizer application.     

The role of clay, organic carbon and long-term management on mouldboard plough draught measured on the Broadbalk wheat experiment at Rothamsted

Despite a high energy requirement, the mouldboard plough remains the dominant tillage tool in northwest Europe. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative influences of soil texture (clay content), soil organic carbon (SOC) and long‐term management on soil‐specific draught (S), where S is the force per cross‐sectional area of worked soil. Measurements were made during autumn 2000 on the then 157‐year‐old Broadbalk wheat experiment at Rothamsted, UK, where clay contents vary from 19 to 39% and the different cropping history, mineral and organic fertilizer treatments lead to SOC values of 0.7–3.2%. Minimum SOC values increased with increasing clay and were associated with zero or low mineral N inputs, while higher SOC values (>2%) were associated with long‐term applications of farmyard manure (FYM), despite these being on the lighter (<24% clay) soils. S values ranged between 52 and 142 kPa, with higher values co‐located in areas with high clay contents. Contour maps were generated to illustrate the spatial variability of S and show similarity to those for clay. Where FYM had been added, S was 66 kPa compared with 74 kPa where only mineral or no fertilizer was applied on soils of the same texture. Increasing applications of mineral N resulted in relatively small increases in SOC but up to 12% reduction in S.     

长期施肥对高原农业生态系统土壤有机碳和氮的影响

The effects of fertilization on the distributions of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates and whether these effects vary with cropping system have not been well addressed.Such information is important for understanding the sequestration of OC and N in agricultural soils.In this study,the distributions of OC and N associated with soil aggregates were analyzed in different fertilization treatments in a continuous winter wheat cropping system and a legume-grain rotation system in a 27-year field experiment,to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on the distributions of OC and N in aggregates and to examine the recovery of soil OC and N in a highland agroecosystem.Manure fertilizer significantly decreased soil bulk density but increased the amount of coarse fractions and their associated OC and N stocks in the soils of both systems.Fertilizers N + phosphorus (P) and manure had similar effects on total soil OC and N stocks in both systems,but had larger effects on the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates in the legume-grain rotation system than in the continuous winter wheat system.The application of P increased the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates and decreased the loss of N from chemical fertilizers in the legume-grain rotation system.The results from this study suggested that P fertilizer should be applied for legume-included cropping systems and that manure with or without chemical fertilizers should be applied for semiarid cropping systems in order to enhance OC and N accumulation in soils.     

稻田复种轮作系统能流物流特征研究

稻田复种轮作是循环农业发展的重要措施,能量转化与物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一,是农田生态系统最主要的研究内容之一。为探明稻田复种轮作这一耕作制度的优势,采用田间定位试验的方法,对稻田生态系统连作处理方式和轮作处理方式的能流与物流特征进行比较分析。研究结果表明:稻田复种轮作系统能提高农田生态系统的能量流动与物质循环。在能量流动方面,稻田轮作处理平均总初级生产力为74.37×1010 J-hm-2,比连作处理高31.35%;轮作系统能量总投入平均为9.42×1010 J-hm-2,比连作处理高4.90%;轮作系统的光能利用率平均为1.55%,比连作处理高31.36%;轮作处理辅助能量产投比平均为7.89,比连作处理高25.04%。在物质循环方面,轮作处理的N、P、K养分利用率明显高于连作处理,各个处理的N、P输出/输入均小于1,说明农田生态系统中N素、P素均有盈余,呈正平衡状态,有利于土壤N素、P素的良性循环;但是系统中K素的输入值小于系统内K素的输出,说明系统内存在严重的K素亏损。因此,在南方稻区,采用稻田复种轮作方式有利于提高系统的能流物流,从而使农田生态系统处于良性循环,对循环农业发展有良好的促进作用。     

稻田复种轮作系统能流物流特征研究

稻田复种轮作是循环农业发展的重要措施, 能量转化与物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一, 是农田生态系统最主要的研究内容之一。为探明稻田复种轮作这一耕作制度的优势, 采用田间定位试验的方法, 对稻田生态系统连作处理方式和轮作处理方式的能流与物流特征进行比较分析。研究结果表明: 稻田复种轮作系统能提高农田生态系统的能量流动与物质循环。在能量流动方面, 稻田轮作处理平均总初级生产力为74.37×10¹⁰ J.hm^-2, 比连作处理高31.35%; 轮作系统能量总投入平均为9.42×10¹⁰ J.hm^-2, 比连作处理高4.90%; 轮作系统的光能利用率平均为1.55%, 比连作处理高31.36%; 轮作处理辅助能量产投比平均为7.89, 比连作处理高25.04%。在物质循环方面, 轮作处理的N、P、K养分利用率明显高于连作处理, 各个处理的N、P输出/输入均小于1, 说明农田生态系统中N素、P素均有盈余, 呈正平衡状态, 有利于土壤N素、P素的良性循环; 但是系统中K素的输入值小于系统内K素的输出, 说明系统内存在严重的K素亏损。因此, 在南方稻区, 采用稻田复种轮作方式有利于提高系统的能流物流, 从而使农田生态系统处于良性循环, 对循环农业发展有良好的促进作用。     

Nutrient management on crop productivity and changes in soil organic carbon and fertility in a four–year-old maize-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plains of India

The aim of this investigation was to prepare and evaluate organic manures (vermicompost, compost and FYM) and mineral fertilizers on crop productivity and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and fertility under a four-year-old maize-wheat cropping system. The results demonstrated that yields and nutrient uptake by crops increased significantly in plots receiving manures and mineral fertilizers either alone or in combination than unfertilized control. Application of manures and fertilizers also enhanced SOC, mineral N, Olsen-P and ammonium acetate-extractable K (NH₄OAc-K) after both the crops. Surface soil maintained greater build-up in SOC, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH₄OAc-K than sub-surface soil. Plots amended with manures at 5 t ha^?1 and 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) had pronounced impact on improving SOC and fertility after both the crops indicating that integrated use of manures and mineral fertilizers could be followed to improve and maintain soil fertility, increase crop productivity under intensive cropping system.