Differential soil acidification caused by parent materials and land-use changes in the Pearl River Delta region

Soil acidification occurs widely across the world, which has been partly attributed to land-use change. However, measureable effect of land-use change as well as parent materials on soil acidification remains poorly understood. Here, a typical area with intensive land-use change in the Pearl River Delta of China was chosen for this study. Topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) samples (n = 169) under different land uses (paddy fields, vegetable lands and orchards) and parent materials (granite and alluvial sediment) were collected in 2020. Soil pH, exchangeable base cations, exchangeable acidity and pH buffering capacity were measured to evaluate the status of soil acidification. The change of soil pH over the last 15 years was evaluated via comparing with historical data (n = 329) in 2005. The results showed a higher exchangeable acidity and lower pH buffering capacity and exchangeable base cations of soils derived from granite compared with soils derived from alluvial sediment in 2020. In the last 15 years, significant soil acidification under different parent materials was observed under vegetable lands and orchards but not paddy fields. Faster pH decline was found under land-use change from paddy fields compared with the unchanged vegetable lands or orchards. Furthermore, stronger acidification under the same land-use change was observed for soils derived from granite compared with soils derived from alluvial sediment. These results indicate that land-use change induced soil acidification is dependent on parent materials. This study implies that cropping management such as suitable rotation operation may slow soil acidification, and measures including straw returning may ameliorate acidified soils.     

土地利用与反季节水位波动影响下土壤活性有机碳的组分特征

为了研究消落带不同土地利用类型和水淹强度下土壤活性有机碳组分特征及其主要的影响因子,选取不同海拔高程(水淹强度)与不同土地利用类型的消落带土壤为研究对象,定量解析土地利用方式与水淹强度对三峡水库消落带土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,并分析土壤活性有机碳与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,消落带土壤活性有机碳含量总体上随着水淹强度的增强而减小。土地利用、水淹强度及其交互作用对土壤活性有机碳影响的解释度分别为22.1%,13.7%,9.3%;土壤微生物生物量碳主要受土地利用、土地利用与淹水强度交互作用的影响,对土壤微生物生物量碳影响对应的解释度分别为3.9%,0.6%;土壤可溶性有机碳与土壤颗粒有机碳主要受淹水强度的影响,其方差解释度分别为65.1%,5.5%。多元因子分析(MFA)结果表明,土壤活性有机碳组分MBC含量主要与EC具有显著的负相关关系,而不同水淹强度可能影响土壤理化性质中TN和C∶N,进而影响土壤活性有机碳组分DOC分布。土壤POC含量与SOC含量呈显著正相关,POC可被用来衡量消落带不同水淹强度下有机碳库变化的敏感性指标。     

横断山区森林土壤的数值分类

在土壤分类中综合运用多种数值分类方法可以取得较好的分类效果.本文应用了主组元分析、聚类分析,多组判别分析和最小支撑树等方法,将横断山区有代表性的30个森林土壤剖面分为六组,各组土壤间不仅在理化性质上有鲜明特征,而且与最重要的成土条件和森林植被类型基本吻合.在西南高山林区,树种与下木对土壤形成有重要作用,主要成土过程为酸性淋溶与腐殖化过程.通过选取的六个理化性质指标,主组元分析结果反映出了上述主导成土过程,而多组判别分析则进一步给予每组土壤以明确的分类域.这两种方法的结合可作为土壤数值分类的基本方法.     

中国北方红色土壤分类问题的探讨

现今出露于中国北方地表的红色土壤是在红色古土壤和红色古风化壳上发育的,而且大多经历了不连续的成土过程。中国北方红色土壤分布广泛、成因复杂,在分类中还存在着许多问题。从20世纪70年代末至今,我国土壤分类经历了由土壤发生学分类向土壤系统分类的重大转变,对北方红色土壤的分类也进行了多次修订。虽然每次修订都有所改进,但直到目前关于北方红色土壤的分类位置问题仍没有得到彻底解决。因此,今后需要对中国北方红色土壤的形成过程及土壤的性态特征和理化性状进行深入研究,建立适合北方红色土壤系统分类的诊断层和诊断特性,以明确中国北方红色土壤在系统分类中的位置,进一步完善中国土壤系统分类。     

The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types

Land-use change can have significant impacts on soil conditions and microbial communities are likely to respond to these changes. However, such responses are poorly characterized as few studies have examined how specific changes in edaphic characteristics do, or do not, influence the composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil samples were collected from four replicated (n = 3) land-use types (hardwood and pine forests, cultivated and livestock pasture lands) in the southeastern US to assess the effects of land-use change on microbial community structure and distribution. We used quantitative PCR to estimate bacterial–fungal ratios and clone libraries targeting small-subunit rRNA genes to independently characterize the bacterial and fungal communities. Although some soil properties (soil texture and nutrient status) did significantly differ across land-use types, other edaphic factors (e.g., pH) did not vary consistently with land-use. Bacterial–fungal ratios were not significantly different across the land-uses and distinct land-use types did not necessarily harbor distinct soil fungal or bacterial communities. Rather, the composition of bacterial and fungal communities was most strongly correlated with specific soil properties. Soil pH was the best predictor of bacterial community composition across this landscape while fungal community composition was most closely associated with changes in soil nutrient status. Together these results suggest that specific changes in edaphic properties, not necessarily land-use type itself, may best predict shifts in microbial community composition across a given landscape. In addition, our results demonstrate the utility of using sequence-based approaches to concurrently analyze bacterial and fungal communities as such analyses provide detailed phylogenetic information on individual communities and permit the robust assessment of the biogeographical patterns exhibited by soil microbial communities.     

Mountainous meadow chernozem-like soils of high mountains in the North Caucasus region

Original and literature data on the soil-forming conditions and the morphology, physicochemical properties, and bulk chemical and mineralogical composition of mountainous meadow chernozem-like soils of the North Caucasus region indicate that these soils are developed from the coarse-textured pebbly colluvium of calcareous bedrock under the impact of humus accumulation and clay formation. The intensity of these processes is directly related to the activity of soil biota. Suggestions aimed at improving the classification of high-mountain soils are discussed.     

黄土高原丘陵区不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

对晋西北黄土高原丘陵区持续利用30年的小叶锦鸡儿人工林、农田、杨树林、小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林地以及撂荒地的土壤理化性状进行了研究。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质影响很大。小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林以及小叶锦鸡儿人工林可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤酶活性、有机质和全N含量,从而改善土壤肥力。混交林和小叶锦鸡儿人工林的土壤培肥作用高于杨树纯林。粗放的农业耕作措施提高土壤容重,降低土壤养分含量,使土壤退化。撂荒地一定程度上可以起到培肥土壤的作用。在黄土高原丘陵区,种植小叶锦鸡儿人工林以及小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林是较好的生态重建和植被恢复方式。     

Dissolved organic matter in lysimetric water of mountain forest soils in the southern Sikhote Alin

The fractional composition of dissolved organic matter and the chemical nature of humic and fulvic acids were studied in lysimetric waters from forest soils of different altitudinal zones in the Sikhote Alin Range. The elemental composition, infrared absorption spectra, concentrations of acid functional groups, and pK spectra of humic and fulvic acids were determined. Fulvic acids predominated in the upper soil horizons, and fraction of nonspecific dissolved organic substances predominated in the lower mineral horizons. The portion of humic acids in the humus horizons markedly decreased from the low-mountain soils to the high-mountain soils; the nitrogen content of humic and fulvic acids decreased in the same direction. Three classes of carboxyl and phenolic groups were determined in pK-spectra of humic and fulvic acids. The soils of high-mountain zones had stronger acidic properties of humic and fulvic acids in comparison with the soils of low-mountain zones. The determined characteristics of the composition of dissolved organic matter and the trends of their changes contribute to our knowledge of pedogenetic processes in the altitudinal sequence of forest landscapes of the Sikhote Alin Range.     

柴河流域典型景观类型土壤氮磷含量的空间变异特征

为了从流域尺度了解柴河流域土壤氮、磷含量的空间变异特征,在柴河流域选择6个景观类型,并根据每个景观类型内不同土地利用方式及景观位置,共进行了72个样点的表层土壤采集,并对土壤有机质、氮、磷含量进行了测定。结果表明,磷素主要以磷矿区及富磷区林地区域含量较高,其中磷矿区土壤全磷含量平均高达20 g/kg,富磷区林地有效磷含量平均为3 687.7 mg/kg;而氮素则表现为沟渠和柴河河道底泥的含量较高,柴河底泥中全氮及碱解氮含量高达2.99 g/kg和631.8 mg/kg。相同景观类型下不同土地利用方式土壤氮磷含量在富磷区、坡耕地及坝平地均表现出较高的差异。嵌套方差分析表明景观类型及土地利用方式或所处的景观位置对土壤有机质及氮磷含量均具有显著的影响。以上结果表明柴河流域内土壤养分含量空间变异程度较高,不同景观类型和土地利用方式共同决定了土壤氮磷含量的变异。因此,在面源污染输移风险评估及防控时应同时结合景观类型及土地利用类型进行分析,并在此基础上探讨主要影响因素。     

Multifractal characteristics of soil particle size distribution under different land-use types on the Loess Plateau,China

Soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is one of the most important physical attributes due to its great influence on soil properties related to water movement, productivity, and soil erosion. The multifractal measures were useful tools in characterization of PSD in soils with different taxonomies. Land-use type largely influences PSD in a soil, but information on how this occurs for different land-use types is very limited. In this paper, multifractal Rényi dimension was applied to characterize PSD in soils with the same taxonomy and different land-use types. The effects of land use on the multifractal parameters were then analyzed. The study was conducted on the hilly-gullied regions of the Loess Plateau, China. A Calcic Cambisols soil was sampled from five land-use types: woodland, shrub land, grassland, terrace farmland and abandoned slope farmland with planted trees (ASFP). The result showed that: (1) entropy dimension (D₁) and entropy dimension/capacity dimension ratio (D₁/D₀) were significantly positively correlated with finer particle content and soil organic matter. (2) D₀, D₁ and D₁/D₀ were significantly influenced by land use. Land use could explain 24.6–58.5% of variability of D₀, D₁/D₀ and D₁, which may be potential parameters to reflect soil physical properties and soil quality influenced by land use.     

Mountainous meadow-steppe soils in high mountains of the Eastern Caucasus region

The results of comprehensive investigations into the soil-forming conditions, morphology, substantive composition, physicochemical properties, bulk elemental composition, and mineralogy of mountainous meadow-steppe soils of the Eastern Caucasus region are discussed. The analysis of the obtained and published data has shown that the formation of these soils takes place in a relatively arid high-mountain environment from the coarse-textured eluvium of noncalcareous rocks. Two major pedogenetic processes with the participation of soil biota—humus accumulation and argillization—are responsible for their origin. Suggestions for improving the classification of mountainous meadow-steppe soils are given.     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

The depiction of soil profiles since the late 1700s

Artists have depicted soils in paintings since medieval times, and most landscape and soil paintings were made in the eighteenth century. The systematic study of soils started later and soil science was dominated by agricultural chemistry for most of the nineteenth century. Since the late 1800s soil profile drawings, paintings and photographs have been depicted in hundreds of textbooks. This paper traces the depiction of soil profiles in the scientific literature from the late 1700. The first soil profile depictions were simple diagrams illustrating different layers and soil processes. Photographs started to appear in textbooks at the end of the nineteenth century. In the 1950s, several books contained water paintings and from the 1970s onwards textbooks had colour photographs. Soil profile depictions were merely used to illustrate different orders in a classification system. Since the 1990s, efforts have been made to depict the soil profile in 3D. The overall trends and pattern found in this analysis not only reflect the technical ability to depict soils (e.g. camera, printing techniques) but also reflect the state of knowledge on the key properties and processes that have formed a soil.     

Ecological assessment of soils in high-mountain landscapes of northeastern part of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan)

The current state of soils and bioproductivity of high-mountain pastures and hayfields in the northeastern part of Great Caucasus within Azerbaijan were studied, and the quality assessment of soils was performed. The ecological evaluation of soils was based on special assessment scales and soil bonitet scores. The soils suitable for the development of meadow vegetation were identified. The highest score (89 points) was given to mountainous meadow chernozemlike soils (Eutric Mollic Leptosols); these soils are most suitable for pasturing. Mountainous meadow soddy soils (Dystric Umbric Leptosols) ranked second (76 points). Mountainous meadow-steppe soils (Eutric Mollic Leptosols) were estimated at 72 points; these soils are suitable for plant communities of subalpine meadows. Mountainous meadow soddy–peaty soils (Brunic Umbric Leptosols) had the lowest score of 68 points mostly because of the excessive precipitation against the background of relatively low mean annual temperature limiting the biological productivity of alpine meadows.     

低山丘陵区不同坡位茶园土壤肥力特征研究

南方低山丘陵区是我国茶园的集中分布区域, 研究其土壤肥力状况是改善茶园土壤养分状况、实现茶叶安全高效生产和可持续发展的基础.选择川西茶区典型低山丘陵茶园, 通过野外调查与样带采样研究土壤养分性质, 利用主成分分析等多元统计方法定量化比较了不同坡位及对照间土壤肥力质量.结果表明: (1)茶园土壤中砂粒含量最高, 平均占总量的39.13%, 其次是黏粒, 粉粒含量居第3位;土壤pH低于4.5, 有机质和全氮含量较低, 速效氮含量较高, 速效磷缺乏, 速效钾变化不显著.与林地、撂荒地相比, 茶园土壤各粒级含量变化规律不明显.有机质和全氮除在下坡位略高于撂荒地外, 其他坡位均小于撂荒地和林地;速效养分变化规律不显著.(2)茶园土壤肥力沿坡面变化明显, 以上坡位为基准, 土壤肥力指数PI值为零, 中坡位PI值(-13.64%)低于上坡位PI值(0)和下坡位PI值(14.39%).(3)与撂荒地、林地相比, 茶园的土壤肥力综合指数QI值最低.茶园、撂荒地、林地的QI值分别为0.56、1.11和2.73.     

长期施用牛粪对松嫩平原盐渍化土壤质量的影响

在盐渍化土壤中,普遍存在土壤结构性和养分状况差以及土壤酶活性低等现象.这种现象主要是由于土壤中过量的交换性钠离子和较高的土壤pH所引起.长期施用有机肥(牛粪)是一项提升盐渍化土壤质量的重要措施.本研究依托东北农业大学盐碱土改良长期定位试验站,以腐熟的牛粪为改良材料,依据牛粪施用年限共设置5个处理,采用完全随机区组设计,每处理3次重复,供试作为玉米,各处理分别为:施用牛粪2年、6年、13年和18年,以不施用牛粪的盐渍化土壤作为对照.分别测定各处理的土壤理化指标和酶活性.采用因子分析法与土壤质量指数法评价长期施用有机肥对盐渍化土壤质量的影响.研究结果表明:长期施用有机肥能够改善盐渍化土壤的物理性状、提高土壤养分状况、降低土壤pH和盐分以及增加土壤酶活性.根据特征根>1原则,经因子分析后可提取2个公因子,分别表征"土壤结构性"(因子1)和"土壤盐碱性质"(因子2).与未施用有机肥的土壤相比,施用有机肥13年和18年的土壤具有较好的土壤结构性和较低的盐碱性质,而施用有机肥2年和6年的土壤仅具有较低的盐碱性质.比较土壤质量指数(SOI)可知:盐渍化土壤质量随有机肥施用年限而增加,有机肥施用18年处理的土壤质量最高.总之,土壤结构性差和盐碱性质高是影响松嫩平原盐渍化土壤质量的关键限制因子,其中以土壤结构性差最为主导;土壤容重、pH和盐分的降低是长期有机培肥措施下盐渍化土壤质量得以提升的重要特征,尤其是以土壤容重的降低最为重要.     

耕地和草地土壤健康研究进展与展望

土壤是地球关键带的重要组成部分，为维持和保障农业生产、植物生长、动物栖息、生物多样性和环境质量提供了基本服务，是链接整个自然生态系统的核心要素之一。增强土壤健康对实现可持续发展目标至关重要，近年来在全世界范围内皆受到越来越多的重视和更广泛的研究。耕地和草地是当前地球上最大的土地利用类型，分别约占地球上无冰土地12%和26%。同时,“田”和“草”是“山水林田湖草生命共同体”中的重要组成部分，维护耕地和草地两种农牧地类型土壤健康对于维持整个自然生态系统健康和实现可持续发展具有重要意义。近二十年来，围绕这两种土地利用类型土壤健康的相关研究呈现兴起态势。中国在此研究领域虽比较活跃，但研究成果的影响力还有待加强，且还未从国家层面建立一个统一的土壤健康评估体系。本文首先厘清了土壤健康内涵的演变，并聚焦于以上两个典型的农牧地类型，归纳了当前国内外相关研究的热点内容；其次，梳理了当前国内外土壤健康评估研究工作现状,同时总结了中国在土壤健康维护方面已有的工作基础；最后，对我国未来土壤健康评估研究提出了建议和展望，以期为改善耕地和草地土壤功能、维护我国土壤健康提供依据和方法。     

Surveying soil faunal communities using a direct molecular approach

Soil faunal communities are often phylogenetically diverse and the accurate assessment of the taxonomic structure of these communities is both time-consuming and requires a high level of taxonomic expertise. Here we describe a DNA sequence-based methodology for characterizing soil micro- and mesofaunal communities that is similar to the molecular approaches commonly used to survey soil microbial diversity. The technique involves the direct extraction of faunal DNA from soil, PCR amplification of the extracted DNA with metazoan-specific primers, followed by the construction of clone libraries and direct sequencing of individual PCR products. We used this technique to characterize micro- and mesofaunal community composition from six individual soils representing two land-use types. The technique captured the more abundant faunal groups in the soils (nematodes, Collembola, Acari, tardigrades, enchytraeids) and provided sufficient taxonomic resolution to describe the overall structure of the communities. We compared the results obtained using this molecular approach to results obtained using a traditional, microscopy-based approach and found that the results were broadly similar. However, since biases are inherent in both methods it remains unclear which method provides a more accurate assessment of soil faunal community composition. Although this molecular approach has some distinct disadvantages over the more widely-used direct extraction methods, one advantage is that the taxonomic identification it can provide will be more accurate and consistent across research groups, facilitating effective comparisons of mesofaunal surveys.     

黄土高原丘陵区坡改梯后的土壤质量效应

采用时空互代法,以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域不同年限梯田为研究对象,选取坡耕地为对照,分析了坡耕地改造梯田后,土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的演变过程.结果表明,黄土丘陵区坡耕通过工程措施改造为梯田当年,在土壤扰动和水土流失双重作用下,土壤物理、化学和生物学质量呈现不同程度下降或没有显著变化.随着改造年限的延长,土壤质量显著提高...