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1.
Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals
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D.E. Gomez N.M. Biermann L.C. Sanchez 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(5):1395-1402
Background
The quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured strong anions (UAs), pCO 2, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasma pH can be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess UAs in different species.Hypotheses
Strong ions are a major factor influencing changes in plasma pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG accurately predict severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia ([l‐lac−] > 7 mmol/L).Animals
Seven hundred and ninety three hospitalized foals < 7 days old.Methods
Retrospective study. The relationship between measured pH and physicochemical variables, and the relationship between plasma [l‐lac−] and AG and SIG, were determined using regression analyses. Optimal AG and SIG cut points to predict hyper‐l‐lactatemia were identified using an ROC curve analysis.Results
Combined, the measured strong ion difference and SIG accounted for 54–69% of the changes in the measured arterial pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were significantly associated with plasma [l‐lac−] (P < .0001). The receiver operator characteristics (ROC) AUC of AG and SIG for prediction of severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia were 0.89 (95%CI, 0.8–0.95; P < .0001) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.81–0.96; P < .0001), respectively. Severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia was best predicted by AG > 27 mmol/L (sensitivity 80%, 95%CI, 56–94, specificity 85%, 95%CI, 73–93; P < .0001) and SIG <−15 mmol/L (sensitivity 90%, 95%CI, 68–98; specificity 80%; 95%CI, 68–90; P < .0001).Conclusion and clinical relevance
Altered concentrations of strong ions (Na+, K+, Cl−) and UAs were the primary cause of acidemia of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were good predictors of hyper‐l‐lactatemia and could be used as surrogate tests. 相似文献2.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Density and Binding Affinity in Healthy Horses and Horses with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
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C.J. Hoffman H.C. McKenzie III M.O. Furr A. Desrochers 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):626-635
Background
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids has not been investigated in horses.Objective
To determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in horses can be measured using flow cytometry, and to use this information to evaluate HPA axis dynamics.Animals
Eleven healthy adult horses in parts 1 and 2. Ten horses with SIRS and 10 age and sex matched controls in part 3.Methods
Flow cytometry was used to evaluate GR density and binding affinity (BA) in 3 healthy horses in part 1. In part 2, exogenous ACTH was administered to eight healthy horses. Their cortisol response and GR properties were measured. In part 3, CBC, serum biochemistry, cortisol and ACTH, and GR properties were compared between controls without SIRS (n = 10) and horses with SIRS (n = 10), and between survivors and nonsurvivors (n = 4 and n = 6 respectively).Results
Flow cytometry can be used to measure GR properties in equine PBMCs. No correlation was observed between plasma cortisol concentration and GR density or BA in healthy horses (r = −0.145, P = .428 and r = 0.046, P = .802 respectively). Nonsurvivors with SIRS had significantly decreased GR BA (P = .008). Horses with triglyceride concentration > 28.5 mg/dL had increased odds of nonsurvival (OR=117; 95% CI, 1.94–7,060). GR BA <35.79% was associated with nonsurvival (OR = 30.33; 95% CI, 0.96–960.5).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Tissue resistance to glucocorticoids contributes to HPA axis dysfunction in adult horses with SIRS. These horses might benefit from treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids. 相似文献3.
Quantitative Contrast‐enhanced Ultrasonographic Assessment of Naturally Occurring Pancreatitis in Dogs
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S.Y. Lim K. Nakamura K. Morishita N. Sasaki M. Murakami T. Osuga N. Yokoyama H. Ohta M. Yamasaki M. Takiguchi 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(1):71-78
Background
Quantitative contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can detect pancreatic perfusion changes in experimentally induced canine pancreatitis. However, its usefulness in detecting perfusion changes in naturally occurring pancreatitis is unclear.Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine the feasibility of using CEUS to detect pancreatic and duodenal perfusion changes in naturally occurring canine pancreatitis.Animals
Twenty‐three client‐owned dogs with pancreatitis, 12 healthy control dogs.Methods
Dogs diagnosed with pancreatitis were prospectively included. CEUS of the pancreas and duodenum were performed. Time‐intensity curves were created from regions of interest in the pancreas and duodenum. Five perfusion parameters were obtained for statistical analyses: time to initial up‐slope, peak time (Tp), time to wash‐out (TTW), peak intensity (PI), and area under the curve (AUC).Results
For the pancreas, Tp of the pancreatitis group was prolonged when compared to controls (62 ± 11 seconds versus 39 ± 13 seconds; P < .001). TTW also was prolonged but not significantly (268 ± 69 seconds versus 228 ± 47 seconds; P = .47). PI and AUC were increased when compared to controls (95 ± 15 versus 78 ± 13 MPV; P = .009 and 14,900 ± 3,400 versus 11,000 ± 2,800 MPV*s; P = .013, respectively). For the duodenum, PI and AUC were significantly increased in the pancreatitis group when compared to controls.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography can detect pancreatic perfusion changes in naturally occurring canine pancreatitis characterized by delayed peak with prolonged hyperechoic enhancement of the pancreas on CEUS. Additionally, duodenal perfusion changes secondary to pancreatitis were observed. 相似文献4.
L. Kidd J. Geddings Y. Hisada M. Sueda T. Concannon T. Nichols E. Merricks N. Mackman 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(3):908-916
Background
Studies of some human prothrombotic diseases suggest that phosphatidylserine‐positive (PS+) and tissue factor‐positive (TF+) microparticles (MPs) might play a role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis or serve as biomarkers of thrombotic risk.Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine if circulating levels of PS+MP and procoagulant activity (PCA) associated with PS+MPs and TF+ MPs are increased in dogs with IMHA.Animals
Fifteen dogs with primary or secondary IMHA and 17 clinically healthy dogs.Methods
Prospective case‐controlled observational study. Circulating PS+MPs were measured by flow cytometry. PCA associated with PS+MPs and TF+MPs was measured by thrombin and Factor Xa generating assays, respectively.Results
Circulating numbers of PS+MPs were not significantly higher in dogs with IMHA [control median 251,000/μL (36,992–1,141,250/μL); IMHA median 361,990/μL (21,766–47,650,600/μL) P = .30]. However, PS+MP PCA [control median 2.2 (0.0–16.8) nM PS eq; IMHA median 8.596, (0–49.33 nM PS eq) P = .01] and TF+MP PCA [control median 0.0, (0.0–0.0 pg/mL); IMHA median 0.0; (0–22.34 pg/mL], P = .04) were increased. Intravascular hemolysis, which we showed might increase PS+ and TF+MP PCA, was evident in 3 of 5 dogs with PS+MP PCA and 2 of 4 dogs with TF+MP PCA higher than controls. Underlying disease in addition to IMHA was detected in 1 of 5 dogs with PS+PCA and 3 of 4 dogs with TF+MP PCA higher than controls.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
TF+ and PS+MP PCA is increased in some dogs with IMHA. Further studies that determine if measuring TF+ and PS+ MP PCA can help identify dogs at risk for thrombosis are warranted. 相似文献5.
Quantitative Physicochemical Analysis of Acid‐Base Balance and Clinical Utility of Anion Gap and Strong Ion Gap in 806 Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea
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F.M. Trefz P.D. Constable I. Lorenz 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):678-687
Background
Acid‐base abnormalities in neonatal diarrheic calves can be assessed by using the Henderson‐Hasselbalch equation or the simplified strong ion approach which use the anion gap (AG) or the strong ion gap (SIG) to quantify the concentration of unmeasured strong anions such as d‐lactate.Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine and compare the clinical utility of AG and SIG in quantifying the unmeasured strong anion charge in neonatal diarrheic calves, and to examine the associations between biochemical findings and acid‐base variables by using the simplified strong ion approach. We hypothesized that the SIG provides a more accurate prediction of unmeasured strong anions than the AG.Animals
Eight hundred and six neonatal diarrheic calves admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital.Methods
Retrospective study utilizing clinicopathologic findings extracted from medical records.Results
Hyperphosphatemia was an important predictor of venous blood pH. Serum inorganic phosphorus and plasma d‐lactate concentrations accounted for 58% of the variation in venous blood pH and 77% of the variation in AG and SIG. Plasma d‐ and total lactate concentrations were slightly better correlated with SIG (r s = −0.69; −0.78) than to AG (r s = 0.63; 0.74).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Strong ion gap is slightly better at quantifying the unmeasured strong anion concentration in neonatal diarrheic calves than AG. Phosphorus concentrations should be included as part of the calculation of A tot when applying the simplified strong ion approach to acid‐base balance to critically ill animals with hyperphosphatemia. 相似文献6.
Comparison of Efficacy of Long‐term Oral Treatment with Telmisartan and Benazepril in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease
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U. Sent R. Gössl J. Elliott H. M. Syme T. Zimmering 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1479-1487
Background
The efficacy and benefits of telmisartan in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have not previously been reported.Hypothesis
Long‐term treatment of cats with CKD using telmisartan decreases urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UP/C) similar to benazepril.Animals
Two‐hundred and twenty‐four client‐owned adult cats with CKD.Methods
Prospective, multicenter, controlled, randomized, parallel group, blinded clinical trial with noninferiority design. Cats were allocated in a 1 : 1 ratio to either telmisartan (1 mg/kg; n = 112) or benazepril (0.5–1.0 mg/kg; n = 112) PO q24 h. The primary endpoint was prospectively defined as the change in proteinuria (benazepril:telmisartan) based on a log transformed weighted average of UP/C change from baseline (AUC 0→t/t) as a percentage compared using a confidence interval (CI) approach. Changes of UP/C from baseline were assessed on all study days and corrected for multiple comparisons.Results
Telmisartan proved noninferior to benazepril in controlling proteinuria (CI, −0.035 to 0.268). At Day 180, UP/C compared to baseline in the telmisartan group was significantly lower (−0.05 ± 0.31; P = .016), whereas in the benazepril group the change (−0.02 ± 0.48) was not statistically significant (P = .136). Similar results were obtained at all assessment points with significant decrease in UP/C occurring with telmisartan but not benazepril.Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Both telmisartan and benazepril were well tolerated and safe. Telmisartan proved to be noninferior to benazepril and significantly decreased proteinuria relative to baseline at all assessment points whereas benazepril did not. 相似文献7.
Serum Surfactant Protein D and Haptoglobin as Potential Biomarkers for Inflammatory Airway Disease in Horses
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M. Bullone M. de Lagarde A. Vargas J.‐P. Lavoie 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1707-1711
Background
The identification of serum biomarkers of lung inflammation would facilitate the diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses.Hypothesis
Horses with IAD have higher serum concentrations of markers of inflammation compared to controls.Animals
Twelve horses with IAD and 10 control horses.Methods
This was a prospective case–control study. Blood and BALF were collected from horses with IAD and controls. Serum concentration of surfactant protein D (SP‐D), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA) and of the soluble form of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM‐1) was measured using commercial ELISA tests.Results
Horses with IAD had higher serum concentration (log‐transformed values) of SP‐D (mean ± SD: 1.773 ± 0.51), haptoglobin (6.657 ± 0.202) and SAA (0.128 ± 0.396) compared to controls (0.942 ± 0.226, 6.38 ± 0.22, −0.398 ± 0.319, respectively; P < .01 for all). Furthermore, the concentrations of SP‐D and haptoglobin combined allowed differentiating the 2 groups (IAD: 8.43 ± 0.564, controls: 7.322 ± 0.249, P < .0001) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% when a cut‐off of 7.70 (log value) was employed.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Surfactant protein D and haptoglobin serum concentrations could be a diagnostic aid in IAD. Further studies are necessary to establish the specificity of our findings before they can be applied in everyday practice. 相似文献8.
Estimating the Sensitivity and Specificity of Real‐Time Quantitative PCR of Fecal Samples for Diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia in Foals
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S.D. Shaw N.D. Cohen M.K. Chaffin G.P. Blodgett M. Syndergaard D. Hurych 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1712-1717
Background
Real‐time, quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for detecting Rhodococcus equi in feces have been developed as a noninvasive, rapid diagnostic test for R. equi pneumonia, but have not been evaluated in a large population of foals.Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of fecal PCR as a diagnostic test for R. equi pneumonia in foals using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods.Animals
186 foals born in 2011 at an R. equi‐endemic ranch in Texas.Methods
Fecal samples were collected at the time of onset of clinical signs for pneumonic foals (n = 31). Foals with pneumonia were matched by age and birth date to healthy (n = 31) and subclinical (n = 124) control foals; fecal samples were collected from these controls. DNA was extracted from feces using commercial kits and concentration of virulent R. equi in feces was determined by qPCR.Results
Concentration of R. equi in feces differed significantly (P < .05) among groups. The area under the ROC curve for fecal qPCR for diagnosis of R. equi pneumonia was 89% (95% CI, 83–99), with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 72%.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
qPCR of feces can be useful as an alternative to tracheobronchial aspiration for the diagnosis of R. equi in foals with clinical signs of pneumonia. Caution should be used in extrapolating results of this study to other populations because fecal concentration of R. equi might vary by geographic location or management practices. 相似文献9.
Prevalence and Prognostic Importance of Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
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M. Borgarelli J. Abbott L. Braz‐Ruivo D. Chiavegato S. Crosara K. Lamb I. Ljungvall M. Poggi R.A. Santilli J. Haggstrom 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):569-574
Background
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) but its effect on clinical outcome has not been investigated.Hypothesis/objectives
The presence of PH worsens the outcome in dogs with MMVD. To compare survival times of dogs with MMVD and PH to those without PH.Animals
Two hundred and twelve client‐owned dogs.Methods
Case review study. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with ACVIM stage B2 and C MMVD between January 2010 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Long‐term outcome was determined by telephone interview or from the medical record. End of the observation period was March 2013. PH was identified if tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity was >3 m/s.Results
Two hundred and twelve were identified. Eighty‐three dogs (39%) had PH. PH was more commonly identified in stage C compared to B2 (P < .0001). One hundred and five (49.5%) dogs died during the observation period. Median survival time for the entire study population was 567 days (95% CI 512–743). Stage C (P = .003), the presence of PH (P = .009), left atrial to aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) >1.7 (P = .0002), normalized left‐ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDn) >1.73 (P = .048), and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) >55 mmHg (P = .009) were associated with worse outcomes in the univariate analyses. The presence of TRPG >55 mmHg (HR 1.8 95% CI 1–2.9; P = .05) and LA/Ao > 1.7 (HR 2 95% CI 1.2–3.4; P = .01) remained significant predictors of worse outcome in the multivariate analysis.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
In dogs with MMVD, moderate to severe PH worsens outcome. 相似文献10.
Treatment of Ionized Hypercalcemia in 12 Cats (2006–2008) Using PO‐Administered Alendronate
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B.T. Hardy J.F. de Brito Galvao T.A. Green S.R. Braudaway S.P. DiBartola L. Lord D.J. Chew 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(1):200-206
Background
Long‐term treatment of cats with ionized hypercalcemia using alendronate has not been evaluated.Hypothesis/Objectives
Alendronate is well tolerated in treatment of ionized hypercalcemia in cats.Animals
A total of 12 cats with ionized hypercalcemia.Methods
Prospective study of 12 cats with ionized hypercalcemia of idiopathic origin was identified by telephone and email communication with a convenience sample of consulting veterinarians. Cats were treated with alendronate at a dose of 5–20 mg per feline PO q7d. Serum ionized calcium concentration (iCa) was measured before beginning treatment with alendronate, and after 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Alendronate dosage was adjusted according to iCa. Evaluation included physical examination, CBC, biochemistry profile, and diagnostic imaging. The owners and referring veterinarians were questioned about any observed adverse effects. The Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test was used to compare baseline iCa to iCa at different time periods.Results
Alendronate treatment resulted in a decrease in iCa in all 12 cats. The median percentage change in iCa was −13.2%, −15.9%, and −18.1% (range, −29.6 to +7.6; −30.5 to −1.9; −45.8 to +1.5%) at the 1, 3, and 6 month time points, respectively. Baseline iCa was significantly different from 1 month (P = .0042), 3 months (P = .0005), and 6 months (P = .0015). No adverse effects were reported for any of the cats.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Alendronate was well tolerated and decreased iCa in most cats for the 6‐month period of observation. 相似文献11.
L.M. Freeman J.E. Rush A. Feugier I. van Hoek 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(1):150-156
Background
Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are larger and have higher insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentrations than cats without HCM.Hypothesis/Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess echocardiographic findings in a colony of adult cats to determine the relationship between early growth and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).Animals
Twenty‐eight neutered adult cats (20 males, 8 females) from a colony ≥3 years of age for which growth curves were available.Methods
Case–control study. Physical examination and echocardiography were performed, and body weight, body condition score (BCS), and head length and width were measured. Circulating glucose, insulin, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and IGF‐1 concentrations were measured and growth data were collected. Stepwise multivariate analyses were performed.Results
Mean age was 5.2 ± 1.1 years. Current BCSs ranged from 4 to 9 (median, 6) and mean body weight was 4.88 ± 1.29 kg. Variation in body weight was apparent by 6 (mean = 3.26 ± 0.80 kg) and 12 months of age (mean = 4.02 ± 1.02 kg). Cardiac abnormalities included a cardiac murmur (n = 7; 24%), gallop (n = 3; 10%), and arrhythmia (n = 1; 4%). Fourteen of 28 cats (50%) had echocardiographic evidence of LVH. Head width (P = .017), body weight (P < .001), NT‐proBNP (P = .023), and IGF‐1 (P = .013–.022) were significantly associated with selected measures of LVH.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Potential associations between body size, IGF‐1, LVH, and HCM warrant future prospective studies. 相似文献12.
Effect of Screening Abdominal Ultrasound Examination on the Decision to Pursue Advanced Diagnostic Tests and Treatment in Dogs with Neurologic Disease
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N.M. Tong A.L. Zwingenberger W.H. Blair S.L. Taylor R.X. Chen B.K. Sturges 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(3):893-899
Background
Abdominal ultrasound examinations (AUS) are commonly performed before advanced neurodiagnostics to screen for diseases that might affect diagnostic plans and prognosis.Objectives
Describe the type and frequency of abnormalities found by AUS in dogs presenting with a neurological condition, identify risk factors associated with abnormalities, and evaluate treatment decisions based on findings.Animals
Seven hundred and fifty‐nine hospitalized dogs.Methods
Retrospective study. Medical records of dogs presented from 2007 to 2009 for neurologic disease were searched for signalment, neuroanatomic localization, and AUS findings. Whether dogs had advanced neurodiagnostics and treatment was analyzed.Results
Fifty‐eight percent of dogs had abnormal findings on AUS. Probability of abnormalities increased with age (P < 0.001). Nondachshund breeds had higher probability of abnormal AUS than dachshunds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87). Eleven percent of dogs did not have advanced neurodiagnostics and in 1.3%, this was because of abnormal AUS. Dogs with ultrasonographic abnormalities were less likely than dogs without to have advanced neurodiagnostics (OR = 0.3 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17, 0.52]), however, the probability of performing advanced diagnostics was high regardless of normal (OR = 0.95 [95% CI: 0.92, 0.97]) or abnormal (OR = 0.85 [95% CI: 0.81, 0.88]) AUS. Treatment was more often pursued in small dogs and less often in dogs with brain disease.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Findings from screening AUS had a small negative effect on the likelihood of pursuing advanced neurodiagnostics. Although it should be included in the extracranial diagnostic workup in dogs with significant history or physical examination abnormalities, AUS is considered a low‐yield diagnostic test in young dogs and dachshunds. 相似文献13.
Thoracic Ultrasonography and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Analysis in Holstein Calves with Subclinical Lung Lesions
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T.L. Ollivett J.L. Caswell D.V. Nydam T. Duffield K.E. Leslie J. Hewson D. Kelton 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1728-1734
Background
Thoracic ultrasonography (US) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis are antemortem methods used to identify the lung lesions associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Accuracy of US and the cell distributions in BALF have not been characterized in calves with subclinical disease.Objectives
To evaluate the accuracy of US and BALF and describe BALF characteristics in calves with subclinical lung lesions.Animals
Twenty‐five Holstein calves, 1–12 weeks old.Methods
In this prospective study, calves with low respiratory scores underwent US, BALF and postmortem examination (normal US, n = 5; comet‐tails, n = 5; consolidation, n = 15). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected and analyzed for total and differential cell counts. Lung lesions were assessed by gross and histopathologic examination. Data were analyzed using nonparametric methods and relative risk analysis. The accuracy of US and BALF were estimated relative to postmortem examination.Results
The sensitivity and specificity of US for detecting lung lesions was 94% (95% CI, 69–100%) and 100% (95% CI, 64–100%), respectively. A cut‐point of ≥4% BALF neutrophils was associated with the highest BALF sensitivity and specificity, 81% (95% CI, 56–94%) and 75% (95% CI, 36–95%). The presence of consolidation on US increased the risk of having a BALF neutrophil proportion ≥4% (RR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.13–13.45; P = .003).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Ultrasonography accurately detects lung lesions in calves with subclinical disease. Clinicians should use a cut‐point of ≥4% BALF neutrophils to diagnose subclinical respiratory disease. 相似文献14.
H. Titmarsh A.G. Gow S. Kilpatrick J. Sinclair T. Hill E. Milne A. Philbey J. Berry I. Handel R.J. Mellanby 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1473-1478
Background
Dogs with a chronic enteropathy (CE) have a lower vitamin D status, than do healthy dogs. Vitamin D status has been associated with a negative clinical outcome in humans with inflammatory bowel disease.Objectives
To examine the relationship between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations at diagnosis and clinical outcome in dogs with a CE.Animals
Forty‐one dogs diagnosed with CE admitted to the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals between 2007 and 2013.Methods
Retrospective review. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were compared between dogs which were alive at follow up or had died because of non‐CE‐related reasons (survivors) and dogs which died or were euthanized due to their CE (non‐survivors). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant predictors of death in dogs with CE.Results
Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D at the time a CE was diagnosed were significantly lower in nonsurvivors (n = 15) (median nonsurvivors 4.36 ng/mL, interquartile range 1.6–17.0 ng/mL), median survivors (n = 26) (24.9 ng/mL interquartile range 15.63–39.45 ng/mL, P < .001). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was a significant predictor of death in dogs with CE (odds ratio 1.08 [95% CI 1.02–1.18)]).Conclusions
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations at diagnosis are predictive of outcome in dogs with CE. The role of vitamin D in the initiation and outcome of chronic enteropathies in dogs is deserving of further study. 相似文献15.
Serial Evaluation of Abdominal Fluid and Serum Amino‐terminal pro‐C‐type Natriuretic Peptide in Dogs with Septic Peritonitis
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L.V.S. Guieu A.M.E. Bersenas M.K. Holowaychuk B.A. Brisson J.S. Weese 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(5):1300-1306
Background
Serum N‐terminal pro‐C‐natriuretic peptide (NT‐proCNP) has shown promise as a diagnostic biomarker for sepsis. Its sensitivity to detect dogs with septic peritonitis (SP) is reportedly low, perhaps attributable to the compartmentalization of NT‐proCNP in the abdominal cavity.Objectives
To evaluate the use of an ELISA for the measurement of NT‐proCNP in canine abdominal fluid and to describe the peri‐operative pattern of abdominal fluid and serum NT‐proCNP concentrations in dogs with SP.Animals
Five client‐owned dogs with nonseptic abdominal effusion of varying etiologies and 12 client‐owned dogs with SP undergoing abdominal surgery and placement of a closed‐suction abdominal drain (CSAD). Six dogs were included upon hospital admission; 6 were included the day after surgery.Methods
Prospective pilot study. A commercially available ELISA kit was analytically validated for use on canine abdominal fluid. The NT‐proCNP concentrations were measured in the abdominal fluid of control dogs, and in serum and abdominal fluid of dogs with SP from admission for CSAD removal.Results
In dogs with SP, admission abdominal fluid NT‐proCNP concentrations were lower than the concurrent serum concentrations (P = 0.031), and lower than control canine abdominal fluid concentrations (P = 0.015). Postoperatively, abdominal fluid NT‐proCNP concentrations remained lower than serum concentrations (P < 0.050), except on day 4.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The ELISA kit was able to measure NT‐proCNP in canine abdominal fluid. In dogs with SP, low serum NT‐proCNP concentrations cannot be explained by abdominal compartmentalization. 相似文献16.
Evaluation of a Computer‐aided Lung Auscultation System for Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Cattle
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A.V. Mang S. Buczinski C.W. Booker E. Timsit 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(4):1112-1116
Background
A computer‐aided lung auscultation (CALA) system was recently developed to diagnose bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot cattle.Objectives
To determine, in a case–control study, the level of agreement between CALA and veterinary lung auscultation and to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of CALA to diagnose BRD in feedlot cattle.Animals
A total of 561 Angus cross‐steers (initial body weight = 246 ± 45 kg) were observed during the first 50 day after entry to a feedlot.Methods
Case–control study. Steers with visual signs of BRD identified by pen checkers were examined by a veterinarian, including lung auscultation using a conventional stethoscope and CALA that produced a lung score from 1 (normal) to 5 (chronic). For each steer examined for BRD, 1 apparently healthy steer was selected as control and similarly examined. Agreement between CALA and veterinary auscultation was assessed by kappa statistic. CALA''s Se and Sp were estimated using Bayesian latent class analysis.Results
Of the 561 steers, 35 were identified with visual signs of BRD and 35 were selected as controls. Comparison of veterinary auscultation and CALA (using a CALA score ≥2 as a cut off) revealed a substantial agreement (kappa = 0.77). Using latent class analysis, CALA had a relatively high Se (92.9%; 95% credible interval [CI] = 0.71–0.99) and Sp (89.6%; 95% CI = 0.64–0.99) for diagnosing BRD compared with pen checking.Conclusions
CALA had good diagnostic accuracy (albeit with a relatively wide CI). Its use in feedlots could increase the proportion of cattle accurately diagnosed with BRD. 相似文献17.
Relationship of Plasma N‐terminal Pro‐brain Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations to Heart Failure Classification and Cause of Respiratory Distress in Dogs Using a 2nd Generation ELISA Assay
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P.R. Fox M.A. Oyama M.J. Hezzell J.E. Rush T.P. Nguyenba T.C. DeFrancesco L.B. Lehmkuhl H.B. Kellihan B. Bulmer S.G. Gordon S.M. Cunningham J. MacGregor R.L. Stepien B. Lefbom D. Adin K. Lamb 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(1):171-179
Background
Cardiac biomarkers provide objective data that augments clinical assessment of heart disease (HD).Hypothesis/Objectives
Determine the utility of plasma N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide concentration [NT‐proBNP] measured by a 2nd generation canine ELISA assay to discriminate cardiac from noncardiac respiratory distress and evaluate HD severity.Animals
Client‐owned dogs (n = 291).Methods
Multicenter, cross‐sectional, prospective investigation. Medical history, physical examination, echocardiography, and thoracic radiography classified 113 asymptomatic dogs (group 1, n = 39 without HD; group 2, n = 74 with HD), and 178 with respiratory distress (group 3, n = 104 respiratory disease, either with or without concurrent HD; group 4, n = 74 with congestive heart failure [CHF]). HD severity was graded using International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) and ACVIM Consensus (ACVIM‐HD) schemes without knowledge of [NT‐proBNP] results. Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis assessed the capacity of [NT‐proBNP] to discriminate between dogs with cardiac and noncardiac respiratory distress. Multivariate general linear models containing key clinical variables tested associations between [NT‐proBNP] and HD severity.Results
Plasma [NT‐proBNP] (median; IQR) was higher in CHF dogs (5,110; 2,769–8,466 pmol/L) compared to those with noncardiac respiratory distress (1,287; 672–2,704 pmol/L; P < .0001). A cut‐off >2,447 pmol/L discriminated CHF from noncardiac respiratory distress (81.1% sensitivity; 73.1% specificity; area under curve, 0.84). A multivariate model comprising left atrial to aortic ratio, heart rate, left ventricular diameter, end‐systole, and ACVIM‐HD scheme most accurately associated average plasma [NT‐proBNP] with HD severity.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Plasma [NT‐proBNP] was useful for discriminating CHF from noncardiac respiratory distress. Average plasma [NT‐BNP] increased significantly as a function of HD severity using the ACVIM‐HD classification scheme. 相似文献18.
An Open‐label Phase 1 Dose‐escalation Clinical Trial of a Single Intravenous Administration of Gemcitabine in Dogs with Advanced Solid Tumors
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L. Marconato R. Finotello U. Bonfanti M. Dacasto L. Beatrice S. Pizzoni V.F. Leone G. Balestra T. Furlanello C. Rohrer Bley L. Aresu 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):620-625
Background
A broad range of gemcitabine dosages have been used in dogs.Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine maximally tolerated dose (MTD), dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), and preliminary antitumor activity of intravenous administration of gemcitabine in dogs with advanced solid tumors.Animals
Twenty‐two client‐owned dogs.Methods
Dogs with advanced cancer were prospectively enrolled in an open‐label Phase 1 study of gemcitabine. Gemcitabine was administered as a 30‐minute intravenous bolus starting at 800 mg/m2, using escalation of 50 mg/m2 increments with 3 dogs per dose level. MTD was established based on the number of dogs experiencing DLT assessed after 1 cycle. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicosis. Additional dogs were enrolled at MTD to better characterize tolerability, and to assess the extent and duration of gemcitabine excretion.Results
Twenty‐two dogs were treated at 4 dose levels, ranging from 800 to 950 mg/m2. Neutropenia was identified as DLT. MTD was 900 mg/m2. DLT consisting of grade 4 febrile neutropenia was observed at 950 mg/m2 in 2 dogs. There were no nonhematologic DLTs. Twenty dogs received multiple doses, and none had evidence of severe toxicosis from any of their subsequent treatments. At 900 mg/m2, 2 complete and 5 partial responses were observed in dogs with measurable tumors. The amount of gemcitabine excreted in urine decreased over time, and was undetectable after the first 24 hours.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The recommended dose of gemcitabine for future Phase 2 studies is weekly 900 mg/m2. In chemotherapy‐naïve dogs with advanced solid tumor this dose level merits further evaluation. 相似文献19.
Association of Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion with Survival Time in Boxer Dogs with Ventricular Arrhythmias
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B.M. Kaye K. Borgeat P.F. Mõtsküla V. Luis Fuentes D.J. Connolly 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):582-588
Background
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is a useful estimate of right ventricular function in humans. Reference intervals for dogs have been generated, but the value of measuring TAPSE in other diseases, or investigating the association between TAPSE and outcome, is unknown.Hypothesis
TAPSE is lower in Boxer dogs with ≥50 VPCs/24 h on Holter than in dogs with fewer ventricular ectopics, and lower TAPSE is associated with a shorter survival time.Animals
Fifty Boxer dogs that presented for investigation of syncope or suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) at a veterinary teaching hospital (2004–2011).Methods
Retrospective study. Clinical records, Holter, and echocardiographic data were reviewed. TAPSE was measured in a blinded manner on stored echocardiographic cine‐loops using anatomic M‐mode. Outcome information was obtained and death was classified as cardiac or noncardiac. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models.Results
TAPSE was lower in Boxers with ≥50 VPCs/24 h (13.9 ± 4.04 mm) than Boxers with <50 VPCs/24 h (16.8 ± 3.21 mm; P < .001). TAPSE <15.1 mm was associated with shorter cardiac survival time in all dogs (P = .004) and also in dogs without left ventricular dysfunction (P = .035). When controlling for other variables, including ventricular tachycardia on Holter and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, multivariable analysis showed that TAPSE remained an independent predictor of time to cardiac death (HR >4.09, 95%CI 1.15–16.9, P < .029).Conclusions and Clinical Importance
TAPSE offers prognostic value for Boxer dogs, including those with apparently normal systolic function and ≥50 VPCs/24 h on Holter analysis. 相似文献20.
The Clinical and Serological Effect of a Gluten‐Free Diet in Border Terriers with Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome
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M. Lowrie O.A. Garden M. Hadjivassiliou R.J. Harvey D.S. Sanders R. Powell L. Garosi 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(6):1564-1568