《湖北林业科技》二○○四年要目

半夏不同采收期总生物碱含量的动态变化研究曾建红　彭正松　 1 .1………………………………………澳洲指橘与粗柠檬体细胞杂种植株形态及其花粉育性研究徐春永　刘继红　 1 .6…………………………利用“指数选择”的方法选择马尾松二代优树研究张　锐　陈红林　董　梅等　 1 .9……………………宜昌薄皮马尾松采种基地建设及主要经营技术的研究王希群　杨瑾蓉　宋丛文等 1 .1 2………………桉树引种栽培调查研究刘永提　高登梅　甘德军 1 .1 8………………………………………………………马尾松毛虫Bt高毒力菌株筛选研究陈京元　林亲雄　…     

空气湿度对澳洲坚果开花座果和果实生长的影响

花期的澳洲坚果植株随着空气湿度的降低,其花粉育性降低、座果率及光合产物(叶绿素含量、总糖含量和淀粉含量)下降、幼果生长速度减慢。试验结果表明:空气湿度的降低导致叶片光合作用能力下降,干物质积累少,生物产量降低,花粉萌发率低、花粉管生长速度慢,造成花期不遇、授粉受精不良、座果率低,最后造成产量降低。不同品种受空气湿度胁迫的影响程度不同,品种的内部生理特性、花粉育性以及产量都存在差异。澳洲坚果生长的适宜空气湿度为日平均空气湿度在50%以上。     

柳树花粉生活力分析

花粉生活力是植物杂交育种成败的现柳树种间、杂种间及亲本与杂种之间的花粉生活力差异较大.用花粉生活力较高的绵毛柳P716做花粉贮藏实验,结果表明花粉生活力与贮藏时间呈负相关,低温干燥对花粉贮藏是有利的.     

5个柑桔体细胞杂种的抗寒性研究

研究了5个柑桔细胞杂种的抗寒性，其结果是伏令夏橙 宜昌橙（C.sinensis Osb.cv.Valencia C.ichangensis Wwingle）抗-11℃、伏令夏橙 ‘key’来蒙（C.sinensis Osb.cv.Valencia C.aurantifolia cv.Key lime）抗-7.59℃、伏令夏橙 宁波金柑（C.sinensis Osb.cv.Valencia Fortunella crassifolia Swingle cv.Meiwa）抗-9.54℃、哈姆林甜橙 粗柠檬（C.sinensis Osb.cv.Hamlin C.jamhiri L.）抗-7.1℃，哈姆林甜橙 飞龙枳（Citrus sinensis Osb.cv.Hamlin Poncirus trifoliata Raf.cv.Flying Dragon）抗-12.89℃）、并且证明了5个体细胞杂种的抗寒性均介于两亲本之间。其中哈姆林甜橙 飞龙枳杂种、伏令夏橙 宜昌橙杂种的抗寒性均高于其它几个组合。还证明了柑桔体细胞杂种的抗寒能力几乎不受栽培管理水平的影响。     

黑杨和胡杨派间杂种无性系耐盐碱试验

采用室内盆栽试验、盐胁迫下组培生根试验、盐胁迫下的膜透性测定及田间品种对比试验等方法对美洲黑杨辽育3号杨与胡杨杂种无性系及其亲本的耐盐碱性进行了试验研究.结果表明黑胡杨杂种无性系具有较强的耐盐碱性,能耐含盐量0.52%、pH 9.90的盐碱.     

油茶优良无性系花粉形态结构的扫描电镜观测

应用扫描电镜对10份油茶优良无性系的花粉显微结构进行了观察研究。结果表明:(1)10份油茶优良无性系的花粉外部形态相近,为长球形,具3(拟)孔沟,花粉外壁纹饰分为皱波状、穴网状、脑纹状3种,存在差异。花粉的形状、大小和外壁纹饰不同无性系各具特征,可作为区别、鉴定品种的形态学指标之一;(2)本试验观测的油茶优良无性系花粉的形状、大小和外壁纹饰与山茶属红山茶组某些种的花粉较相似,表明它们有较近的亲缘关系,与山茶属短柱茶组植物花粉形态相差较远;(3)油茶优良无性系存在花粉败育,不同无性系之间败育花粉数量存在差异。败育花粉粒形状干瘪,外形异常。     

3个南方枣品种花粉育性与花粉形态的观察

为给南方枣花粉育性的形态鉴定提供科学的依据,就南方枣品种磨盘枣、金丝小枣和冬枣的花粉发芽率进行了试验与观察,研究了其花粉育性与花粉生活力,并对其花粉量和花粉粒分别进行了测定与扫描电镜超微结构观察.结果表明:磨盘枣花粉的育性最高,其花粉颗粒饱满;金丝小枣的花粉育性次之,其花粉较饱满,部分出现畸形;而冬枣花粉育性最低,花粉多凹陷.因此,在我国南方宜用磨盘枣、金丝小枣作为枣树授粉品种,冬枣不宜用作授粉品种.     

孝顺竹开花生物学特性及杂交试验

为发掘利用孝顺竹在耐寒性和纤维品质方面的优良遗传基因,开展孝顺竹开花生物学特性和杂交试验研究。结果表明:孝顺竹花期较长,柱头可授性好,花粉生活力高,非常适宜作为杂交的亲本。孝顺竹×麻竹杂交后,以母本自交苗为对照,筛选出10株表型杂种,4个月龄时10株表型杂种的叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽、地径、发笋数、叶片形状、叶脉数、叶鞘高度、叶鞘繸毛、叶耳、叶舌等性状均介于母本自交子代与父本自交子代之间。AFLP标记分析表明:10株子代引入的父本特异位点占21.97%～28.10%,聚类分析显示10株杂种首先聚在一起,然后分别与父本和母本相聚。多数杂交子代在苗期表现出旺盛的生长势,15个月龄时杂种个体间秆箨刺毛性状呈现出较大的差别。     

牡丹远缘杂交新品种及其亲本的花粉形态比较研究

采用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜的观察,对4个牡丹亚组间远缘杂交新品种及其亲本的花粉形态进行比较研究。结果表明：当杂交种的遗传组成发生变化时,其花粉形态及外壁纹饰类型必然有一定的改变,但杂交后代中出现的外壁纹饰类型与双亲所具有的类型并无相关性,观察的4个杂交种中除‘夕阳’外,其余均出现了双亲所没有的类型,分别为皱波状、皱波—网状、皱波—粗网状。故仅从花粉形态及外壁纹饰推测牡丹园艺品种的起源还远远不够,必须结合外部形态的观察及细胞学、生化、分子生物学等多方面的依据。此外,对4个亚组间远缘杂交品种及其亲本异常花粉出现的频率统计的结果表明：虽然在亲本中有异常花粉存在,但出现的频率并不高,不会影响到其有性生殖过程;而杂交品种的花粉异常率均超过50%,4个亚组间远缘杂种完全不育。     

落叶松杂交在日本的进展

根据东京大学演习林及北海道其它大学进行的调查:兴安落叶松(特别来自千岛)和日本落叶松之间的杂种,超过了所有其它具有其亲本缺点的杂种。它们在抗鼠害和枯梢病及使螺旋形纹理的角度更小方面,倾向于优良的亲本。它们对由Encoeliopsis所引起的危害朝鲜落叶松和其它落叶松的溃疡病,具有和其双亲同样强的抵抗力;在抗早霜和早期落叶病方面,处于双亲之间的中间状态。树干的高度方面也接近或超过其亲本。这种优势可持续15年。我们经过反复试验与研究发现,兴安落叶松在自由授粉的情况下,用自己的花粉受精的亲和力是低的,而当日本落叶松花粉密度足够大时,日本落叶松的亲和力很高。为了加速种子生产,正在进行成年树上芽接及用早熟树木作亲本的杂交试验。     

Cytological and genetical studies on male sterility inCryptomeria japonica D. Don

Genetic male sterility is a useful trait in plant breeding, especially in angiosperm crops such as corn, onion and carrot. We found a male sterile sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) tree in Toyama, Japan. Pollen of sugi is one of the major causes of pollinosis in Japan. We carried out this research in an attempt to make clear the characteristics and inheritance of this male sterility. Microsporogenesis of the male sterile tree proceeded meiosis, however, the microspores collapsed after they were separated from pollen tetrads in locules, resulting in complete male sterility. Most likely, ethylene evolution was responsible for male sterility expression. Full seed setting in the male sterile tree indicated normal macrosporogenesis. Seeds obtained from crossing between male sterile and normal lines showed relatively high level of germination and their seedlings grew vigorously. The somatic chromosome numbers of 241 germinated seeds, derived from the male sterile tree, were mostly 22, euploid. These results indicated that male sterile tree was different from other similar previously reported trees with low pollen fertility, resulting from triploid or trisomics. Probably, male sterility in sugi is either nuclear genetic male sterility or cytoplasmic male sterility. The study was partially supported by Program for Promotion of Basic Research Actives for Innovative Biosciences.     

几种园林植物花粉生活力的鉴定

采用TTC染色法和培养基法对5种常见的园林植物的花粉生活力进行了鉴定。结果表明：培养基法较TTC法准确；培养时间以24h为宜；花粉活性随着保存时间的延长逐渐降低。     

木本植物花粉采集、贮藏与活力检测的研究进展

较为系统地论述了木本植物花粉采集、贮藏与活力检测的研究进展,为木本植物人工授粉或杂交育种研究提供参考。     

香水莲花花粉的采集、干燥和贮藏特性研究

【目的】研究香水莲花Nymphaea hybrid花粉活力和贮藏特性,以期为香水莲花有性繁殖和杂交育种的生产实践提供理论基础和技术指导。【方法】以黄、粉、紫3种不同花色的香水莲花品系为试材,采用花粉离体萌发培养基法测定不同开花天数(开花1、2、3、4、5 d)的香水莲花花粉活力、同一天不同时间段的香水莲花花粉活力、3个不同品系的香水莲花花粉活力、不同干燥方法(室内通风自然干燥、烘箱干燥和硅胶干燥)的香水莲花花粉活力及不同贮藏条件(室温、4、-20、-80℃)下贮藏不同时间(5、10、30、50、70、90、120、180 d)的香水莲花花粉活力。【结果】1)3种花色香水莲花的花粉活力均随开花时间呈现先升高后降低的变化规律,开花2 d的花粉活力最高;2)在一天7:30-17:30中,9:30-11:30的花粉活力较强;3)3个香水莲花品系间花粉活力存在差异,其中‘黄花型’香水莲花的花粉活力(60.61%)最高,‘紫花型’香水莲花的花粉活力(48.15%)最低;4)硅胶干燥法是香水莲花花粉干燥的最佳方式;5)4℃适于香水莲花花粉的短期贮藏,-20℃和-80℃适于香水莲花花粉的长期贮藏。【结论】在香水莲花开花2 d的9:30-11:30采集花粉,采用硅胶干燥法干燥后短期贮藏于4℃,长期贮藏于-20℃或-80℃条件下,可有效延长香水莲花花粉的寿命。     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards t...     

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii

Pollen development and floral morphology of Populus pseudo-simonii were investigated by stain-squashing and anatomical techniques. It took approximately 16 days for the pollen to develop from pollen mother cells to mature pollen in the greenhouse. Meiosis of pollen mother cells was regularly applied and completed by a process of simultaneous cytokinesis. Pollen development was considerably asynchronous. The meiotic division was initiated at the bulgy middle position of the flower bud and proceeded towards the tip and base of the bud. The number and size of the nucleoli varied during pollen development and at most eight nucleoli formed in each daughter nucleus at the meiotic telophase, suggesting a paleopolyploid origin of the genus Populus. An association between floral morphology and pollen development was found and the ratio of width to length of flower buds or catkins presented an S-shaped curve related to pollen development as a function of time. The investigation on the pollen development and floral morphology of P. pseudo-simonii is important for further cross breeding programs of the section Tacamahaca.     

Anti-microbial activity of Bidens pilosa, Bischofia javanica, Elmerillia papuana and Sigesbekia orientalis.

The ethanol extracts of Bidens pilosa (whole plant), Bischofia javanica (leaves), Elmerillia papuana (root bark) and Sigesbekia orientalis (whole plant) were partitioned (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate). The crude ethanolic extracts and all the obtained fractions showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate fractions and the petrol fraction of E. papuana being the most effective. No activity was observed against the tested moulds.     

植物杂种优势及基因组多倍化机制研究概述

在植物进化及物种形成过程中,通过2个亲本的杂交可以使后代表现出速生、高产、高抗逆等优于亲本的性状,形成杂种优势;而通过同源或异源基因组加倍,也可使植物表现出明显优于亲本的生长发育性状或环境适应力,形成多倍体优势。因此,杂交及基因组多倍化被认为是推动植物进化和物种形成的2个主要驱动力。杂种优势及基因组多倍体优势已在农业生产实践中得到广泛应用,并产生巨大价值。基于此,探究植物杂交优势、基因组多倍体优势具有重大理论意义和应用价值,历来受到研究者的高度关注。目前,这方面的研究特别是有关杂种优势及基因组多倍化分子机制方面的研究已取得若干重大进展,本文旨在对这些研究成果进行概述,并对今后在木本植物中开展相关研究进行展望。