转录后基因沉默

 转录后基因沉默(PTGS)普遍存在于生物界,如植物的共抑制、源于病原的RNA介导的病毒抗性、真菌的基因沉默和动物的RNA干扰等。这类现象有许多共同特点,如都是以向细胞内引入核酸(转基因、双链RNA或病毒RNA)为诱因,依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶(RdRP)活性与基因沉默密切相关,在发生基因沉默的细胞中大多存在特定长度的小分子RNA (21~25 nt),PTGS导致细胞质内mRNA的特异性降解,不同生物的PTGS相关基因及产物具有很高的相似性,基因沉默能够在细胞间传播并能以表型遗传的方式传递给下一代等。这说明各种生物的转录后基因沉默可能有相似的遗传起源,是一种抵抗外来核酸(如病毒和转座子)入侵的共同的防御机制     

First report of the Q biotype ofBemisia tabaci in Japan by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence analysis

The recent upsurgence ofBemisia tabaci (Genn.) as an important insect pest and vector ofTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is directly linked to serious damage to tomato crops grown throughout Japan. The molecular genetic identification and phylogenetic relationships of 12B. tabaci populations collected from representative locations in Japan were determined based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of the whitefly mtCOI sequence indicated that both the invasive B and Q biotypes now occur in Japan. The Q biotype was found at four locations: Mihara in Hiroshima, Nishigoshi in Kumamoto, Miyanojo and Okuchi in Kagoshima prefectures; the remaining eight collections were identified as the B biotype. This is the first report of the introduction of Q biotype in Japan. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2006.     

Components of resistance of cassava to African cassava mosaic virus

Components of resistance of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and their interrelationships were confirmed and quantified in a series of experiments at Adiopodoumé (Ivory Coast, West-Africa). The response to virus infection and toBemisia tabaci infestation of a large collection of cassava, including local cultivars and others derived from inter-specificM. glaziovii hybrids was assessed. A consistent correlation was found between virus titre, symptom intensity, disease incidence and non-systemicity (recovery) which suggests that they are different expressions of the same genetic resistance. By contrast, there was no correlation between whitefly infestation and incidence of ACMV, suggesting that resistance to virus and vector are determined by two distinct genetic mechanisms. Several improved cultivars derived from inter-crossing cassava withM. glaziovii as well as some local cultivars were highly resistant and combined low susceptibility, low symptom intensity, low virus content and high level of recovery. Although yield losses ranged from 10% to 30% in such resistant cultivars, the combined effect of high field resistance and high rate of recovery lead to low disease incidence and limited yield losses, even in areas of high infection pressure such as Adiopodoumé.     

纳米载导RNAi技术在害虫防治中的研究和应用

每年重大病虫害的流行和暴发都会对农业产生重大的影响,进而造成严重的经济损失,随着化学试剂的施用其抗药性也逐渐增强,因此探索新的绿色、安全、高效的害虫防治技术具有十分重要的意义。RNAi作为一种研究基因功能的工具,在开发新的害虫防治策略方面显示出巨大的潜力,但RNAi的效率受限于核酸酶的降解作用,为了改善dsRNA的有效递送,研发了纳米载导技术且被广泛应用于害虫防治。同时,基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫dsRNA的技术为田间推广提供了可行性及技术支撑。本文主要对RNAi技术及纳米载导RNAi技术在害虫防治中的研究和应用进行了总结和归纳。     

Pest management in fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) through mixed‐and inter‐cropping in India

Abstract

In a study of the effects of inter‐cropping and mixed‐cropping of cowpea and sorghum during the kharif, 1982 and 1983, the incidence of leafhoppers and the damage caused by defoliators were most reduced in a row inter‐crop, less in mixed, within row, farming and least in a pure crop of cowpea. Greater green fodder and dry‐matter yields of cowpea were obtained in inter‐crop between rows and in mixed‐crop, within row farming.