中国粳稻品种春江06的抗白背飞虱机理

与感虫杂交稻汕优63相比较,研究了具有抗性的中国粳稻春江06对白背飞虱的抗性.结果表明,春江06高抗白背飞虱.迁入的白背飞虱拒绝在春江06上着陆,也不能在其上繁殖种群;而白背飞虱更趋向于在汕优63上定居,并繁殖良好.在自由选择的试验条件下,选择春江06的白背飞虱数量显著地低于选择汕优63的.白背飞虱在春江06上平均每天每只雌成虫分泌的蜜露量仅为4.8 mg,而在汕优63上为17.4 mg,表明春江06明显抑制白背飞虱的取食活动.如果让刚羽化的白背飞虱在春江06上连续取食和产卵的话,其产卵能力和卵孵化能力明显降低.白背飞虱在春江06和汕优63上的平均产卵量分别为每只雌成虫42.4个和133.6个,孵化率分别为20.1%和64.5%;在春江06上孵化出的若虫数量只有在汕优63上的10%左右.白背飞虱卵在春江06的水渍状产卵部位有很高的死亡率.在卵孵化之前,水渍状褐变部位迅速形成坏死症状.卵死亡出现在产卵后的1～2 d内.这样的水渍状褐变则极少发生在卵孵化正常的汕优63上.根据以上的发现,可总结出在春江06对白背飞虱的抗性中,抑制取食和杀卵作用是关键的因素.这些作用分别与对迁入白背飞虱的忌避性机理、与居留型白背飞虱产卵能力和卵孵化能力下降的抗生性机理相关.这种品种抗虫性的双抗机理使得粳稻品种春江06具有了稳定和持久的田间抗虫性.     

水稻广亲和品种抗白背飞虱的研究

采用苗期群体筛选鉴定法、蜜露量测定和产卵与卵孵化率测定等方法,就18个水稻广亲和品种对白背飞虱抗性表现进行了研究.筛选出5个对白背飞虱无拒取食作用和杀卵作用的水稻广亲和品种Aus371、02428、Labelle、Copslo和玉92秋14.     

水稻抗虫品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群增长的影响

 利用实验种群生命表和Morris-Watt模式综台评价了5个已推广的水稻品种对褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens Stal和白背飞虱Sogatetla furcifera Horvath的抗性及品种对稻飞虱各虫态的抗性作用大小。IR36、汕优6号、协优10号、秀水620和丙664对褐飞虱种群增长有明显的抑制作用；而品种秀水620、丙664和协优10号对白背飞虱呈中抗水平。同时发现，品种对稻飞虱各虫态抗性作用在成虫产卵期最明显，对褐飞虱表现为：成虫产卵期>卵孵化期>高龄(3-5龄)若虫期>低龄(1-2龄)若虫期；对白背飞虱则为：成虫产卵期>低龄若虫期>高龄若虫期>卵孵化期。     

中国的白背飞虱研究概况

通过对214篇发表在中国省级以上刊物的相关研究论文分析,概述了建国以来中国在白背飞虱研究与治理等方面的研究进展,内容包括白背飞虱的生物学特性、迁飞规律、发生特点、种群动态、为害损失、水稻品种抗性及种群综合治理等方面.     

转基因抗虫水稻的生态风险和治理对策

本文综述了转基因抗虫水稻外源抗虫基因的种类和作用机制,探讨了种植转基因抗虫水稻潜在的生态风险,主要包括基因漂移和杂草化、对靶标害虫抗性的影响、对非靶标生物的影响以及对土壤微生态系统的影响,并提出一些相关的治理对策。     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发生性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

 采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种Rathu Heenati(RHT)，IR64，Nabeshi和感虫对照品种TN1稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取，浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（GC-MS）联机机检测出64个有机的化学组分，其中366主要分子结构为：9种醇，9种醛，7种酮，4种酯，3种烷烃，2种酸，烯和杂环人经合物各1种。2-已烯醛，β-紫罗兰酮，叶醇（反式），叶绿醇，3,5,5-三甲-3-环已烯-1-酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在TN1稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明，单体化合物苯甲醇和己烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷TN1蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的TN1稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显较Nabeshi和IR64蒸馏提取物处理过的TN1稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种RHT蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和己烯醛次之。     

抗虫水稻品种上饲养的白背飞虱种群的致害性变化

采用分别带有抗白背飞虱基因Wbph2和Wbph5的水稻品种ARC10239(ARC)和N'Diang(ND)作为选择寄主,获得第15代种群(ARC种群和ND种群),对这两个种群进行致害性检测.设RHT和TN1为抗感虫对照.结果表明这两个种群在其相应的寄主品种上分泌唾液和X波持续时间较短,而取食韧皮部的时间较长.ARC种群和ND种群分别在其相应的寄主品种和TN1上分泌的蜜露量没有显著差异,且明显大于其在RHT上分泌的蜜露量.在寄主品种和TN1上的产卵量明显高于RHT,发育卵率没有显著差异.ND种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为45.0%,介于TN1(71.4%)和RHT(21.0%)之间,并与它们存在显著差异,ARC种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为68.3%,与它在TN1上(77.5%)的若虫存活率之间没有显著差异,且明显高于RHT(22.6%).这两个种群若虫发育历期在其各自的选择寄主与TN1之间没有显著差异,且明显短于其在RHT上的发育历期.因此,这两个种群在取食和产卵方面已基本适应其相应的选择寄主品种,但ND种群的若虫存活率还较低.     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱在水稻品种上的为害特性

褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens Stal)和白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera Horvath)均为国内各稻区的主要害虫。国内外有关稻飞虱为害发生的报道大多以单种飞虱为对象,然而这两种飞虱常年混合发生,且在水稻品种上的为害差异较大;因此,弄清这两种飞虱在不同类型水稻品种的为害特性及差异,对预测预报和合理防治稻飞虱具有较大的理论意义。作者于1988～1989年在浙江省农科院养虫室及萧山和桐庐病虫观察圃对两种飞虱在一些已推广和即将推广的水稻品种上的为害和发生特点进行了初步研究。     

混植水稻抗虫和感虫材料抑制白背飞虱发生的初步研究

以与浙辐802成对的、具有Rathu Heenati抗白背飞虱基因的近等基因系"浙抗",以及以2∶1比例混合"浙抗"与浙辐802种子构成的抗-感白背飞虱混合群体"浙混"为材料,采用田间白背飞虱的种群调查和水稻产量及千粒重的测定,结合室内蜜露量、产卵量和卵发育率的测定,研究了混植抗感白背飞虱近等基因系材料对白背飞虱的控制效果.试验结果表明,"浙混"上的成虫及若虫数量均与在抗虫的RHT和"浙抗"上的相近,分别是在感虫的浙辐802和TN1上的1/2和1/4～1/5.白背飞虱在"浙混"和"浙抗"上分泌的蜜露量分别为9.03和6.97 mg/♀*d,显著地低于在浙辐802(17.64 mg/♀*d)和TN1(19.14 mg/♀*d)上的.白背飞虱在"浙混"与"浙抗"、浙辐802与TN1上的产卵量和卵发育率都没有显著性差异.与"浙抗"相比,"浙混"和浙辐802的稻谷产量分别增加了1.17%和减少了19.11%,"浙混"和浙辐802的千粒重分别减少了2.57%和9.84%.因此,混植抗感白背飞虱水稻材料可以有效地抑制白背飞虱的发生,还可以保证水稻产量不受损失.     

如何保持和提高抗虫棉花杂交种的品种特性

近几年，转基因抗虫棉花杂交种在生产上得到较好的应用与推广，其产量优势较为明显，面积不断扩大，但随着其用种量的增多及品种育成年限的增长，势必出现杂交种纯度不好或品种退化的现象，因此制种过程中，应采取一定的技术措施，以保持和提高抗虫棉花杂交种的品种特性。     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera gene Wbph5) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARC colony was 68. 3 %, not significantly different from that on TN1 (77.5 %), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6 %).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

不同类型水稻品种对白背飞虱忌避性、抗生性和耐害性的测定

 研究了19个不同类型的水稻品种对白背飞虱的忌避性、抗生性和耐害性的测定。4个粳稻品种(91-17、丙90-98、丙850和丙93-63对成虫表现出较强的忌避性,丙93-63对白背飞虱产卵具有明显的忌避性。协优9308和春江06对白背飞虱的抗生性最强,协优413对白背飞虱具有一定的抗性。     

水稻同核异质不育系材料对白背飞虱抗性的研究初报

采用蜜露量测定法,初步研究了具有不同胞质的水稻同核异质不育系对白背飞虱的抗性反应。试验结果表明,具有D型不育胞质的不育系国广5A明显抗白背飞虱。     

Mapping of a New Gene Wbph6(t) Resistant to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, in Rice

A rice population consisting of 90 TN1/Guiyigu F3 lines was employed to analyze the linkage between DNA markers and a new gene Wbph6(t) conferring resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. By using the mapping approach of bulked extremes and recessive class, Wbph6(t) was mapped onto the short arm of chromosome 11 with a genetic distance of 21.2 cM to SSLP marker RM167.     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera(Horvath), exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N‘Diang Marie (ND, carrying resistance gene WbphS) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%0) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARCcolony was 68. 3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

水稻抗白背飞虱基因Wbph2的初步定位

 鉴定了ARC10239/明恢63 F2群体对白背飞虱的抗性，混合F2感虫稻株的DNA，构建感虫池。应用129个RFLP探针，结合4种限制性内切酶，检测抗虫亲本ARC10239、感虫亲本明恢63和感虫DNA池的多态性。检测到6个阳性探针，分布在5个染色体上(染色体3、6、8、11和12)。应用阳性探针分析了F2群体的142个个体，发现抗虫基因Wbph2与第6染色体上的标记RZ667、RG64和RG264连锁,其中， Wbph2与RZ667的遗传距离为25.6 cM (LOD=4.50)。     

Mapping of a New Gene Wbph6（t） Resistant to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, in Rice

A rice population consisting of 90 TN1/Guiyigu F3 lines was employed to analyze the linkage between DNA markers and a new gene Wbph6(t) conferring resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera By using the mapping approach of bulked extremes and recessive class, Wbph6(t) was mapped onto the short arm of chromosome 11 with a genetic distance of 21.2 cM to SSLP marker RM167.