落叶松种间及种内和种间杂种家系间的物候变异与早期选择

对造林后1～3年生7种(变种)落叶松和7个种内和种间杂种家系的9个物候期进行连续定株观察及生长量调查,利用方差分析方法研究落叶松种间、家系间物候期的变异,利用主成分分析方法划分落叶松种(家系)的物候群,利用典型相关分析方法确定物候期与幼林生长量之间的关系.结果表明:除侧枝芽膨大外,落叶松种间、家系间各物候期的变异均达极显著水平.同样,种内个体间、家系内个体间也存在一定的物候期变异,但同种家系内个体间的变异明显小于杂种家系内个体间的变异.兴安落叶松顶芽展叶、抽新梢时间明显早于其他种,封顶也最早;其次是长白落叶松和华北落叶松;朝鲜落叶松和欧洲落叶松的封顶时间比长白和华北落叶松还要迟半个月;日本落叶松顶芽膨大和展叶时间最晚,封顶时间也明显迟于其他种.以日本落叶松为母本的各种间杂种,在物候上多数表现出中间偏母本的特性,而在抗病能力方面较父本有所改善,在抗寒性方面却明显优于母本.日本落叶松生长最快,其次是长白和朝鲜落叶松,而日×长、日×兴杂种生长量超过母本,表现出超亲杂种优势,表明在东北地区落叶松杂种利用潜力巨大.根据主成分聚类结果,可将14份遗传材料分为4个物候型.除侧枝芽开始展叶、完全展叶和抽新梢以外的其他物候因子与生长量之间相关紧密.物候因子对生长量有相当好的预测能力,即顶芽萌动、展叶越早,封顶越迟,生长期越长,对树木的生长越有利.     

Maturation, topophysis and other factors in relation to rooting in Larix

We examined effects of mist quantity, topophysis (origin of cutting in the crown of 6-year-old trees), maturation state of the donor stock, and time of sticking on rooting and root system quality of cuttings representing five full-sib hybrid larch families obtained with Larix decidua Mill., L. laricina (du Roi) K. Koch, and L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Sarg. (Sieb. and Zucc.) Gord., as parents. Mist frequency, supplemental watering and family all had highly significant effects on percentage of cuttings rooting and root system quality. The high-frequency misting regime yielded both higher rooting percentages and higher quality root systems than the low-frequency regime without supplemental watering. Supplemental watering of the rooting medium in the low-frequency misting regime increased both percent rooting and root system quality to values comparable with those obtained by cuttings in the high-frequency misting regime. Rooting of cuttings from the top, middle and bottom whorls of 5-year-old plantation grown trees tended to decline with increasing height for three of the five families. Overall, height of cutting origin did not significantly affect rooting, but when analyzed separately, two families exhibited a significant decline in rooting toward the top of the trees. Age of donor ortet (ranging from 1 to 7 years) significantly affected both percent rooting and root system quality. Rooting percentages declined linearly with age, and root system quality declined more sharply than percent rooting. The relatively poor root system quality of cuttings from ortets older than 1 year was closely associated with plagiotropic growth. Softwood cuttings (stuck in mid-July) rooted better than hardwood cuttings (stuck in early September) across all families.     

Maturation in larch: age-related changes in xylem development in the long-shoot foliage and the main stem

As the meristems of eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) mature, they produce long-shoot foliage with progressively higher chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis and progressively lower specific leaf area (Hutchison et al. 1990). Despite the apparent increase in foliar vigor, both shoot height and diameter growth rates declined during maturation. These changes were associated with changes in xylem morphology of the vascular tissue of both the long-shoot foliage and the main stem. Although the number of xylem cells remained constant in a cross section of the foliage, their diameters increased with age. With increasing maturation, the same number of xylem cells were produced per radial file in the annual rings of the main stem, but their radial diameters decreased, which accounted for the decrease in diameter growth. There was no change in tracheid length during maturation. We conclude that the decrease in growth rate with increased maturation is not due to a decrease in physiological vigor of the foliage, but is a function of reduced sink strength of the growing shoots.     

Developmental factors responsible for heterosis in aspen hybrids (Populus tremuloides x P. tremula

Juvenile growth and bud set phenology were analyzed to study the biological basis of heterosis (hybrid vigor) in interspecific hybrids of Populus tremuloides Michx. (T) and P. tremula L. (Ta). Growth, measured as seedling volume index, was significantly higher for each of the two reciprocal interspecific crosses, T x Ta and Ta x T, than for the T x T intraspecific cross. Broad-sense heritabilities were 2-6 times larger than narrow-sense heritabilities for growth and shoot components in the T x T intraspecific cross, suggesting an important role for dominance or overdominance in aspen growth. Previous genetic analyses have indicated that hybrid vigor may be the result of overdominance at several key loci each with an allele inherited from each of parental species. Internode length and leaf number contributed substantially to the heterosis of stem volume, but their effects on heterosis differed between the T x Ta and Ta x T hybrids. In T x Ta seedlings, heterosis of stem volume was attributed to a high diameter growth rate, whereas in Ta x T seedlings heterosis of stem volume was probably the result of delayed bud set resulting in a longer duration of height growth. In addition to internode number and length and leaf number, other morphological or physiological components might affect heterosis, for example, extended leaf retention.     

大径材杂种落叶松优良家系选择

为选择适宜大径材培育的杂种落叶松优良家系,以40年生全同胞子代测定林31个家系为研究对象,对其生长性状、干形性状、遗传力及遗传增益进行了测定.结果 表明:生长性状单株遗传力整体高于干形性状,树高单株遗传力平均值超过0.5,胸径平均值超过0.4,中央直径平均值超过0.3,材积的平均值超过0.5.胸径和材积的相关系数为0....     

短轮伐期日本落叶松家系生长性状遗传参数的变化

以湖北省建始县长岭岗林场 15年生日本落叶松自由授粉家系子代测定林为研究对象 ,研究纸浆材轮伐期内不同年龄阶段生长性状的家系间遗传变异、早 -晚相关关系及主要遗传参数随时间变化的趋势 ,确定早期选择年龄及早期选择因子。结果表明 :各年龄胸径、树高不仅在家系水平上存在着极显著的变异 ,家系内个体间也存在着丰富的变异 ,具有很大的遗传改良潜力 ,家系和家系内个体选择是日本落叶松改良的主体 ;性状的方差分量、遗传力、变异系数在树木生长过程中一直处于动态变化中 ,并表现出一定的规律性 ;胸径、树高的早 -晚相关十分紧密 ,且这种相关关系主要受遗传因素制约 ;对胸径和树高进行家系早期选择的最适年龄为 6年生 ,进行家系内个体选择年龄为 8年生 ,胸径作为早期选择指标较树高更能准确地表达成熟时的信息。     

日本落叶松×长白落叶松杂种光合性状的父、母本效应研究

以辽宁大孤家杂种实生采穗园中的采穗母株为研究材料,对3个不同母本与同一多父本混合花粉杂交组合家系及3个同一母本与不同单一父本杂交组合家系进行了光响应曲线及CO₂响应曲线的测定,以分析父母本对日本落叶松×长白落叶松杂种光合性状的影响。结果表明:不同母本与同一多父本混合花粉杂交组合间的表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率、羧化效率存在显著差异,光补偿点、CO₂补偿点存在极显著差异,其他指标差异不显著,表现出较强的母本效应;同一母本与不同父本杂交组合间只有暗呼吸速率差异极显著,其他指标差异不显著,表现出较弱的父本效应。在高光效亲本选择时,应特别重视母本对杂种的影响。     

杂种落叶松优良家系选择研究

以8年生杂种落叶松21个处理为对象,对生长性状进行变异分析的结果显示:树高、胸径家系内存在较丰富的变异。其中,树高变异较大的前4个家系为日3×石51、兴5×兴9、兴9×日76-2、日5×长77-3,胸径变异较大的前4个家系为日3×石51、兴5×兴9、兴7×日77-2、兴9×日76-2。对比5年与8年生杂种落叶松生长性状变化的结果显示:兴6×和6、日11×兴2、日12×兴9这3个家系表现出较快的生长速度,年平均树高、胸径生长量较大。对杂种落叶松3次测量数据进行相关分析的结果显示:8年生树高、胸径与5年、6年生长性状均为正相关,且均达到显著水平。对8年生杂种落叶松树高、胸径数据进行方差分析的结果显示:生长性状杂种间差异达到显著水平。最终选择兴6×和6、兴7×日77-2、日11×兴2这3个家系为杂种落叶松优良家系,其平均树高与胸径遗传力分别为0.652、0.619,遗传增益分别为45.08%、39.97%。     

日本落叶松半同胞家系生长变异研究

以建始县长岭岗林场17 a生日本落叶松种子园半同胞家系试验林为研究对象，研究不同家系间生长性状的遗传变异和相关性，选择出优良家系并对早期选择的结果进行验证，为日本落叶松遗传改良提供材料。结果表明： 各家系之间胸径、树高和材积的生长差异均达到极显著水平；6 a生与17 a生胸径、树高、材积之间的相关系数在0.541～0.947之间，呈极显著正相关；日本落叶松家系6a生早期选择结果与17 a生选择结果基本一致；以17 a生材积为选择指标，选出排名前10位的优良家系，胸径、树高和材积的遗传增益分别达到3.03%、1.77%和7.11%。     

不同林龄日本落叶松与华北落叶松生长的比较

从树高生长、胸径生长和材积生长方面,对4a生、8a生、10a生、25a生和38a生的日本落叶松和华北落叶松进行比较分析。结果表明：各年生日本落叶松生长优于华北落叶松,整体上日本落叶松也优于华北落叶松,并且其高生长、胸径生长和材积生长随着林龄的增加而逐渐增加。     

Comparing needle and shoot phenology with xylem development on three conifer species in Italy

? Since the 1960s biologists have been trying to assess factors affecting cambial activity and latewood formation. A comparison of the phenology of the apical and lateral meristems could add new clues in order to understand mechanisms of the growth dynamic in conifers.

? This study compared needle and shoot growth with xylogenesis in Larix decidua, Pinus cembra and Picea abies during 2001 to verify if cambial resumption occurred after shoot and needle growth had begun, and if latewood initiation occurred when shoot lengthening was complete.

? In pine and spruce, needle and shoot lengthening was synchronous between mid-June and August while larches showed an early development of the needles at the end of May with a later shoot lengthening. Cell production lasted from mid-May to the beginning of August, with the first differentiating cells observed at the end of May, which indicated a earlier reactivation of the cambium with respect to needle and shoot growth.The first latewood cells began wall thickening between July and August, during the termination of needle and shoot lengthening.

? The hypothesis that cambial resumption occurs after shoot and needle elongation was rejected. The separation in time between apical growth and secondary wall thickening of latewood suggested the presence of an internal competition in resource allocation.

     

日本落叶松人工林心腐率的调查

通过对40年生以上的日本落叶松（Larix kaempferi）人工林心腐的调查研究，结果表明，日本落叶松随林龄的增长，根部腐朽会越来越重，40年时腐蚀率达39％，50年达69％，60年达84％。心腐对日本落叶松的生长影响很大，树高和胸径生长量明显下降，同时也严重地影响林木的质量和产值。所以，对林龄较大的日本落叶松应及时主伐更新，避免因心腐过重给经济带来巨大的损失。     

Annual growth rhythm of Larix sibirica and Larix gmelinii provenances in a field trial in southern Finland

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse how the growth onset and shoot elongation of seedlings differ in field conditions in Finland for 20 Russian larch provenances and five comparison entries, and if they could be explained by the geographic and climatic conditions of the provenance origins. In this work, the Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) provenances had the earliest growth onset and the northern Siberian larches (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) slightly earlier bud burst. The temperature sum and latitude of the provenances explained the differences in shoot elongation. The time needed for shoot elongation and the temperature sum needed to obtain 50% of total shoot elongation were quite equal in the years 2008 and 2009 (larger difference with the 90% level). The growth cessation was affected by photoperiod regardless of provenance. However, it was affected in the southern provenances also by declining temperatures in autumn. The final height was in 2009 largest in southern Dahurian larches. Despite our findings, the use of seed sources of domesticated Raivola origin is the safest choice for regeneration in Finland. We should still study more in detail the performance of other provenances and their adaptation capacity and suitability to Finnish forestry.     

退耕还林地土壤及不同农茬对日本落叶松育苗的影响

通过对不同土壤类型及不同农作物茬口对日本落叶松育苗生长影响的试验研究,结果表明:在农茬地进行日本落叶松育苗应选择壤土或砂壤土,不宜选择碱土、砂土和黏土作苗圃地;不同茬口以日本落叶松重茬地育苗能够明显增加苗木生长量,以白菜茬为对照,日本落叶松重茬地可使苗高增加1.57倍,地径增加0.18倍,封顶量增加1.25倍,每hm2株数增加1.13倍。其他农茬首选大豆茬地、草木樨、瓜地茬,而谷子和白菜地茬不应作苗圃地繁育日本落叶松。     

杂种落叶松F1代生长性状、木材性状的变异及相关分析

通过对44株日×兴杂种落叶松F1代个体的生长性状、木材性状调查结果进行变异分析发现,杂种群体中的生长指标、材性均存在较大变异,其中材积变异系数达25.69%,管胞长度、宽度变异系数为11.67%、17.5%,管胞长/宽变异系数为19.45%。相关分析结果表明,日×兴F1代群体树高与胸径显著相关,树高、胸径均与材积极显著相关,冠幅与材积显著相关。     

温室容器育苗基质及苗木生长规律的研究

通过对不同育苗基质上生长的香椿、日本落叶松、侧柏、油松４个育苗树种苗高、地径、地上部分干重、地下部分干重、总干重和地上－地下干重比进行定期生长监测和统计分析,初步筛选了具有当地生产意义的育苗基质;得出北亚热带温室４个树种容器苗的苗期生长变化规律,对指导同类温室相同树种容器苗生产管理提供了依据。     

日本落叶松家系选择研究

笔者介绍了1989~2004年间进行的日本落叶松家系选择研究,结果表明:家系间生长差异大,相关关系紧密,从日本落叶松59个家系中,选育出日本落叶松优良家系20个,占1/3,比对照材积提高22.9%。     

杂种落叶松不同子代针叶内抗氧化酶活性的比较

为研究不同品种杂种落叶松针叶内抗氧化酶活性的差异,用紫外分光光度法对日本落叶松、兴安落叶松和长白落叶松的杂交后代,共2代7个家系的杂种落叶松针叶内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及其差异进行比较分析。结果表明:2代7个家系杂种落叶松针叶内的CAT、POD和SOD的活性差异极显著(P<0.01),F1代CAT、SOD的活性普遍高于F2代,POD活性低于F2代。在抗氧化酶方面,F1代杂种优势高于F2代,F1代日3×兴2、F2代日12×兴9等具有较好的潜在抗虫性;结合其他抗虫生理指标,该研究结果在选育落叶松抗虫品种过程中有参考价值。     

日本落叶松与天然萌芽阔叶树人工混交培育效果的分析

通过对日本落叶松与天然萌生阔叶树人工混交林的调查分析,结果表明:日本落叶松与天然萌芽阔叶树人工混交培育降低了培育成本,提高了生态效益,混交林培育28a后,林分生长稳定,生产力较高;混交林中的植物种类丰富,数量较多,各层次的物种多样性指数均好于人工营造的日本落叶松与白桦针阔混交林和日本落叶松纯林;日本落叶松与天然萌生阔叶树人工混交林,对恢复森林生态原始林貌有一定促进作用。     

冀北山地落叶松早期生长监测及管理技术

落叶松是河北省中高海拔地区的主要造林树种,为了给冀北山地落叶松苗木管理及造林提供技术支撑,在孟滦林管局四合永林场和孟滦林场,对落叶松早期生长进行了监测,并对管理技术进行了研究。结果表明,华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)及日本落叶松(L.kaempferi)1 a生苗在6月中旬前生长缓慢,7月中旬后进入生长旺盛期;日本落叶松耐寒性较差,但生长期较长;2 a生苗,华北落叶松Ⅰ、Ⅱ级造林合格苗成苗率较高,日本落叶松侧枝较多,株高、基径均比华北落叶松高。9 a生日本落叶松的生长量明显高于华北落叶松。因此,对日本落叶松有进一步研究、应用和推广的必要。