The degradation of methazole in soil. I. Effects of soil type,soil temperature and soil moisture content

[¹⁴C]-Labelled methazole was incubated in six soils at 25°C and with soil moisture at field capacity. Under these conditions, methazole was unstable, the concentration declined following first-order kinetics with half-life values in the soils ranging from 2.3 to 5.0 days. The main degradation product was 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU) which was more stable than the parent compound. After about 160 days, DCPMU accounted for 30 to 45% of the initial methazole concentration. Degradation of methazole and DCPMU was affected by soil temperature and moisture content. With methazole, half-lives in one soil at field capacity moisture content and temperatures of 25, 15 and 5°C were 3.5, 8.7 and 31.1 days respectively. The half-life at 25°C was increased to 5.0 days at 50% of field capacity and 9.6 days at 25% of field capacity. A proportion of the initial radioactivity added to the soil could not be extracted and this proportion increased with time. After 160 days this unextractable radioactivity accounted for up to 70% of the amount applied.     

Residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil and its concentration in soil water under different soil moisture conditions

The relationship between the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid (2-chloro- N -[2-ethoxyethyl]- N- [2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propenyl] acetamide) on rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Kiyohatamochi) seedlings and its behavior in soil was investigated under different moisture conditions. The phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was higher in 80% soil moisture content than in 70% and 60% soil moisture contents. The phytotoxic activity in soil in 70% and 80% soil moisture conditions decreased with the increasing time after application, but the phytotoxic activity was slight in 50% soil moisture conditions at any given time after application. The residues of pethoxamid in soil water, the amount adsorbed on soil solid, and the amount in total soil was reduced with the time after application in a similar manner among these soil moisture conditions. The residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was more highly correlated with the concentration in soil water than with the amounts adsorbed on soil solid and in total soil. The partition coefficients between the amounts of pethoxamid adsorbed on soil solid and its concentration in soil water were similar among the soils with different moisture conditions at each day, and the partition coefficient increased with the time after application. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil depends on the decreasing concentration of pethoxamid in soil water with time, except in low soil-moisture conditions, which were insufficient for seedling growth.     

Residual thenylchlor concentration in soil water and its phytotoxic activity in soil

The phytotoxic activity of soil-applied thenylchlor (2-chloro- N -[3-methoxy-2-thenyl]-2',6'-dimethylacetanilide) on the growth of rice seedlings and its behavior in two different types of soil, Ryugasaki soil and Tsukuba soil, after application was investigated with emphasis on the concentration in the soil water. The greatest inhibition of thenylchlor on the growth of rice seedlings was found immediately after application to both the Ryugasaki and Tsukuba soils. The phytotoxic activity decreased with time in both soils. However, the rate of decrease in phytotoxic activity was slower in the Ryugasaki soil than in the Tsukuba soil. The concentration of thenylchlor in soil water, the amount adsorbed on the soil solid, and the amount in the total soil reduced with time after application to both soils. The amount of thenylchlor adsorbed on the soil solid phase was more persistent than that in the soil water in both soils and the concentration in the soil water was higher in the Ryugasaki soil than in the Tsukuba soil at any given time. The residual phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor on the growth of the rice seedlings in the soil was highly correlated with its concentration in the soil water but not with the amount in the total soil. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor in the soil is determined by its concentration in the soil water after application.     

关中地区耕作方法与土壤紧实度时空变异及其效应分析

为了探明关中地区土壤紧实度的基本情况,揭示长期旋耕方法对于土壤紧实度的作用与影响,在关中头道塬设置了旋耕和深翻处理、休闲和种植小麦处理的定位观察试验,在小麦各生育阶段分别监测了0～40 cm剖面范围内土壤紧实度变异情况,分析了影响土壤紧实度的因子等.结果表明:播前施行旋耕土壤紧实度较高,尤其是在15～40 cm表现得较为明显,限制了作物根系伸长;深耕松土的效应在整个小麦生育期间都能得到明显的体现.实验证实了生产上现行的旋耕方法具有明显地导致土壤紧实化的问题.土壤紧实度与含水量明显相关,影响程度随土壤深度的增加而增大;土壤紧实度对含水量的敏感反应意味着土壤干燥化会对作物生长带来干旱和机械双重胁迫;同时随着紧实度的增加土壤内部温度变化幅度也在增大.可见现行旋耕方法使得土壤不良环境缓冲性降低,对于降水或者灌溉的依赖性在增强,土壤已经处于明显疲劳状态.     

Pencycuron dissipation in soil: effect of application rate and soil conditions

Dissipation of the fungicide pencycuron was examined under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam soils from rice cultivated fields of alluvial soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline soil (Typic endoaquept) at field rate, twice the field rate and 10 times the field rate with and without decomposed cow manure maintained at 60% of maximum water-holding capacity (WHC) and waterlogged soil condition. The half-life values depended on the initial concentrations of pencycuron. Pencycuron, in general, degraded fastest in coastal saline soil and in soil amended with decomposed cow manure at 60% of maximum WHC of soil.     

秸秆覆盖对农田黑土春季地温的影响

通过黑土区田间长期定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖度对太阳反射和土壤含水量的影响,进而探讨了其对土壤温度的调控作用。在作物出苗前,秸秆覆盖度免耕(覆盖度70%)>少耕(覆盖度10%)>旋松(覆盖度0%)。研究结果表明:免耕、少耕和旋松的累计反射强度依次递减,反射辐射强度越大土壤温度越低;免耕具有较高的质量含水量,质量含水量均与地温存在显著的负相关关系。     

Characterization of residues in soybeans grown in soil treated with 1,3-dichloropropene soil fumigant

The metabolism of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) was studied in soybean plants grown in soil treated 24 days prior to planting with [U-¹⁴C]E- and Z-1,3-dichloropropene at 380 liters ha^?1. Isolation and identification of the ¹⁴C residue from soybean plants at 84 days (forage) and 176 days (mature) after application showed that no 1,3-dichloropropene or its putative metabolites, 3-chloroallyl alcohol and 3-chloroacrylic acid, could be detected in any of the tissues. The components of the ¹⁴C residue included major plant constituents (i.e. fatty acids, protein, pigments, organic acids, sucrose and other carbohydrates, and lignin).     

Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .III. Propyzamide in different soil types

The effects of soil temperature and soil moisture content on the rate of degradation of propyzamide in five soils were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Half-lives in soils incubated at field capacity varied from 23 to 42 days at 25°C and from 63 to 112 days at 15°C. The variation in half-life at 25°C and 50% of field capacity was from 56 to 94 days. When the laboratory data were used in conjunction with the relevant meteorological records and soil properties in a computer simulation program, predicted degradation curves for propyzamide in four of the soils in micro-plots were in close agreement with those observed. Use of the program to predict residues of propyzamide in the fifth soil at crop maturity in a series of field experiments concerned with continuity of lettuce production gave values fairly close to those observed when appropriate corrections were made for initial recoveries.     

生物炭对塿土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验,探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响,以期为塿土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始,设4个生物炭施用梯度：对照,不施生物炭（B0）;5 t·hm^-2（B5）;10 t·hm^-2（B10）;20 t·hm^-2（B20）。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明：生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量,且随着生物炭施入量的增加,各指标变化幅度也增大,B20与B0处理相比,土壤容重减少了8.28%,毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%,饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%;生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,B20与B0处理相比,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%,团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%;生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发,B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现,生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子,影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度,而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构,提升塿土持水性能,增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

Detoxification of glyphosate in soil

Detoxification of glyphosate in not-autoclaved and autoclaved soils was followed by bioassay with wheat. Comparisons are made with detoxification of MCPA under similar conditions followed by bioassay with spring rape. The well known pattern for microbial metabolism of MCPA with a ‘lag’-phase preceding the rapid degradation was shown. The initial rapid inactivation of glyphosate is by adsorption, but the results also clearly indicate that the further disappearance of activity mainly depends on microbial degradation. Glyphosate does not seem to sustain microbial growth, which indicates that it is degraded by co-metabolism. In autoclaved soil the possibility of a slight chemical degradation or an adsorption that becomes stronger with time could not be excluded.     

土壤熏蒸剂研究进展

土壤熏蒸剂可有效防治土传病虫害,但效果最好的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于破坏臭氧层,已被禁止用在农业上(必要用途豁免除外)。碘甲烷、氯化苦、异硫氰酸甲酯、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫、硫酰氟、棉隆及威百亩是国际上已经登记使用的土壤熏蒸剂;甲酸乙酯、乙二腈、糠醛、丙烯醛是有希望开发为新的土壤熏蒸剂品种。国内已经商品化的土壤熏蒸剂品种有4种,分别为氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟,二甲基二硫正在登记当中。本文系统综述了上述熏蒸剂在应用、环境行为等方面的研究进展,在未来一段时间内,氯化苦、棉隆及威百亩将会占据着国内土壤熏蒸剂的主要市场。二甲基二硫的登记也将会改善国内熏蒸剂品种匮乏的局面。     

土壤入渗中气相对水流运动影响的研究

土壤孔隙中的流体包括土壤空气和水分两部分，由于地面积水限制了土壤空气的推出而使得土壤空气被禁锢，被禁锢的土壤空气阻碍水流运动。恒定土壤空气压力对累积入渗水量的影响约为0.4%-3%；到入渗稳定阶段，湿润土壤区域水分含量相差1．5％。正常入渗不同于恒压入渗情况，120min时，禁锢土壤空气压力的减渗量约为16％。     

Movement of chlorfenvinphos in soil

The leaching of chlorfenvinphos through soil was studied in two field experiments by applying it to sloping arable land at 22 kg active ingredient/ha and following its movement down the slope. Only very small quantities of the insecticide later appeared lower down the slope and at the bottom. In one of these experiments there was a pond at the bottom of the slope and residues could not be detected in the mud or water from this pond. Residues of the main soil metabolites of chlorfenvinphos could not be detected in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks after application. Chlorfenvinphos was applied at the same dosage to the surface of the soil in the first compartment of a trough that sloped from the treated end with a gradient of 1 : 3–7 and consisted of six compartments containing soil to a height of 5 cm above the height of the transverse partitions. Leachates were collected at the bottom of each compartment. Most of the chlorfenvinphos in the leachates was collected during the first 9 weeks from the first compartment. Only 0.18% of the amount of insecticide applied was leached through the soil but this was nine times more than was observed with dieldrin in a similar experiment. Only small amounts moved down the surface of the slope. More chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage water than laterally over the surface.     

Fate of fluroxypyr in soil

Fluroxypyr-MHE (methylheptyl ester) was applied to small field plots containing Londo sandy loam soil. After 30 days, fluroxypyr had degraded to about 60% of the initial concentration, but was still the main component, while after 120 and 366 days the methoxypyridine metabolite was the main component in the soil. At 30, 120, and 366 days, lettuce, turnips, green beans, soybeans, and wheat were planted and grown with no observed injury. Residues of ¹⁴C in the edible crop fractions were indistinguishable from ¹⁴C in control plants exposed to ¹⁴CO₂, while residues in plant greens and chaff were low (0.1–0.2 mg kg^?1), with little evidence of fluroxypyr and no evidence of metabolite uptake. These results indicate that the methoxypyridine metabolite, if present in the soil, does not harm and is not taken up into the plants.     

Persistence of pronamide in soil

Under field conditions, there was little loss of herbicidal activity following spring application of pronamide when the soil temperature remained below about 13°c, but under normal summer conditions loss was rapid (half-life 2–4 weeks). The rate of loss was retarded when the surface soil became very dry. After autumn application, there was no change in activity during the winter months and assays on samples taken in the following spring showed that little leaching had taken place from the surface 5 cm. In laboratory studies, breakdown was shown to follow first-order kinetics. Half-lives at 10% soil moisture were 29 days at 23°c, 63 days at 15°c and 140 days at 8°c. At 23°c the half-life was extended to 52 days when the soil moisture content was reduced by half.     

Fate of fluroxypyr in soil

Batch adsorption K_oc values of fluroxypyr-methylheptyl ester (20000 1kg^?1) and fluroxypyr (74 1kg^?1) indicate increased mobility after hydrolysis of the ester to fluroxypyr. After 1 to 2 weeks incubation time in four soils, desorption K_oc values of fluroxypyr were 100-200 1kg^?1 but increased to 400-700 1kg^?1 after 8 weeks. The increase in desorption K_oc was related to incubation time and not to concentration, and it was interpreted as an entrapment of the fluroxypyr within the soil organic matter. Similar increases in desorption K_oc with incubation time were noticed for pyridinol and methoxypyridine metabolites of fluroxypyr. K_oc values also increased along the metabolic sequence fluroxypyr/pyridinol/methoxypyridine, with maximum K_oc values of 3000-4000 1 kg^?1 for the methoxypyridine metabolite. Hence mobility of the fluroxypyr aromatic ring strongly decreases with increased residence time in the soil.     

Fate of fluroxypyr in soil

Fluroxypyr-MHE (methylheptyl ester) was added to four soils and incubated at 26 ± 1°C and approximately 0.1 MPa moisture. After initial rapid hydrolysis of the ester to fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr degraded with half-lives of 12, 12, 23, and 7 days in Barnes loam, Catlin silt loam, Hanford sandy loam, and Mhoon clay soils, respectively. Two metabolites (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-pyridin-2-ol and 4-amino-3, 5-dichloro - 6 - fluoro - 2 -methoxypyridine) were identified, with the pyridinol at its maximum concentration after 2 to 4 weeks of incubation, and the methoxypyridine after 8 weeks. Degradation rates of fluroxypyr and its pyridinol were not significantly altered by diurnally varying soil temperature (21°C to 32°C) or moisture, nor by the presence of growing grass. Methoxypyridine dissipation was more rapid under greenhouse conditions, suggesting that laboratory studies underestimated the dissipation rate of this metabolite.     

日光温室不同水分条件下盆栽黄瓜产量和土壤微生物数量

在日光温室内盆栽条件下,研究土壤水分对黄瓜产量和土壤微生物数量的影响,结果表明(1)土壤水分含量初花期和初瓜期为田间持水量的80%～90%、盛瓜期90%～100%、生育后期70%～80%的处理黄瓜产量最高,为389.65g/株;其次为初花期土壤水分为田间持水量的90%～100%、初瓜期80%～90%、盛瓜期70%～80%、生育后期90%～100%的处理,产量为351.49g/株;初花期土壤水分为田间持水量的80%～90%、初瓜期90%～100%、盛瓜期70%～80%、生育后期80%～90%的处理产量最低,为257.54g/株。(2)不同水分处理土壤微生物的数量变化不同黄瓜初花期,土壤水分为田间持水量80%～90%的处理土壤细菌数量最多,土壤水分为田间持水量70%～80%的处理和90%～100%的处理土壤细菌数量少,且二者差异不大。黄瓜初瓜期和盛瓜期当土壤水分由低变高时细菌数量增加,相反细菌数量减少,黄瓜生育后期当土壤水分从高变低时细菌数量增加,水分稳定不变或从高变为中等水平或从低变为中等水平时细菌数量减少。土壤真菌数量在土壤水分含量低时和土壤水分相对稳定的情况下增加,否则减少。各处理土壤放线菌在黄瓜初花期和初瓜期数量差异不大,盛瓜期各处理土壤放线菌的数量增加,生育后期多数处理土壤放线菌的数量有所下降。     

中子仪土壤墒情监测方法研究

本文就中子仪的计数误差、合理测量次数、探测半径、率定曲线等进行了探讨。探测半径约为30cm,当探测深度大于控测半径时,率定方程为直线,探测深度小于探测半径时,可应用深度大于探测半径情况下的率定曲线推求表层的含水量。