含已知抗条锈基因的小麦品种和重要抗源与我国条锈菌小种的关系

明确含已知抗条锈基因(Yr)的小麦品种和当前的重要抗源与我国条锈菌小种的关系,对抗锈育种具有重要意义。目前国外已报道具有全期(幼苗和成株)抗性的抗条锈基因共有10个位点(Yr1—Yr10)、13个抗病基因。1986年冬,我们用已掌握的含已     

甘肃省50个主要小麦品种(系)苗期抗条锈基因推导及成株期抗病性分析

选用26个来自国内外具有不同毒性谱的条锈菌菌系,对50个甘肃省主要生产品种(系)及抗源材料进行苗期条锈病抗性鉴定,结合系谱分析,分析推导其所含抗条锈基因,同时对43个品种(系)进行了分子检测。推导分析结果表明,中梁25含有Yr3及未知抗病基因;兰天20含有Yr3a+Yr4a+Yr16及未知抗病基因;Y9220-12含有Yr9+YrCle及未知抗病基因;兰天14、陇原932、陇育216及陇原992含有Yr9及未知抗病基因;陇鉴9343、93保4-4、天选43、贵农22含有Yr10+YrMor;兰天19含有Yr12及未知抗病基因;兰天17、95-111-3、98-178-3-2-4、92R137含有Yr26。分子检测结果发现兰天21等14个品种(系)含有Yr9,兰天17、92R178含有Yr26。其余品种(系)含有未知抗病基因。田间抗性鉴定及监测结果显示,供试品种苗期抗条锈性和成株期抗条锈性结果不完全一致,兰天16等10个品种(系)可能具有成株抗性,兰天14等10个品种(系)可能具有慢条锈性。     

小麦抗源材料HPL60469对CY32的抗性遗传分析

分析了HPL60469×辉县红的F2、F2抗病单株自交的F3株系及F1与辉县红的回交后代群体对条中32小种(CY32)的抗性反应,F2群体的抗感分离比例符合3:1,F3株系中抗性分离和不分离的株系比例符合2:1:回交后代群体的抗感分离比例符合1:1.试验证明,HPL60469对条中32小种的抗性由1对显性基因控制的.以HPL60469为母本分别与已知携带抗病基因Yr126的小麦材料92R137、贵农21杂交,获得F1和F2群体.两个F1群体中的所有单株均对条中32小种表现免疫;两个F2群体对条中32小种的抗感分离均符合15:1.说明HPL60469与92R137和贵农21含有不同的抗病基因,即HPL60469的抗病基因不是Yr26/Yr124.结合HPL60469的系谱分析证明,HPL60469含有1对新的抗CY32的显性基因.     

小麦条锈病抗源S2199抗病基因分子标记及其与Yr5的关系

选用含有小麦条锈病抗源S2199的杂交组合（3338/14119//S2199）F4/2^＊陕354F2代519个单株和其F3家系对S2199抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,来自条锈病抗源S2199的条锈病抗性为显性单基因控制,暂命名该基因为YrS2199。采用BSA法和SSR分子标记分析,筛选到与抗条锈病基因YrS2199连锁的SSR分子标记Xdp269和Xgwm120,连锁距离分别为0.7cM和11.0cM,并将其定位在2BL染色体末端上。这两个分子标记为S2199抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因聚合提供了便利。通过等位性检测和14个条锈菌生理小种分小种鉴定,初步明确了S2199含有的抗条锈病基因可能是Yr5或其等位基因。抗源S2199是一个具有优良农艺性状的材料,为小麦育种提供了一个新的Yr5或其等位基因供体。     

小麦条锈病抗源S2199抗病基因分子标记及其与Yr5的关系

选用含有小麦条锈病抗源S2199的杂交组合 (3338/14119//S2199) F4/2*陕354 519株F2单株和其F3家系对S2199抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,来自条锈病抗源S2199的条锈病抗性为显性单基因控制,暂命名该基因为YrS2199。采用BSA法和SSR分子标记分析,筛选到与抗条锈病基因YrS2199连锁的SSR分子标记Xdp269和Xgwm120,连锁距离分别为0.7和11.0 cM,并将其定位在2BL染色体末端上。这两个分子标记为S2199抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因聚合提供了便利。通过等位性检测和14个条锈菌生理小种分小种鉴定,初步明确了S2199含有的抗条锈病基因可能是Yr5或其等位基因。抗源S2199是一个具有优良农艺性状的材料,为小麦育种提供了一个新的Yr5或其等位基因供体。     

大豆种质资源对灰斑病抗性评价和广谱抗源鉴定

对中国南北方大豆品种和新品系进行抗灰斑病鉴定,旨在为抗病育种提供优良抗源和挖掘新的抗病基因。大豆生育期进入R3~R4阶段对593份大豆材料进行人工接种灰斑病菌。结果表明：北方高抗材料比例明显高于南方材料;在高抗材料中品种所占的比例明显高于品系和资源,抗病材料中资源所占的比例高于品种和品系;不同区域品种、品系均有抗灰斑病的材料;高抗和抗病品种为92份,高抗和抗病品系为57份。对200份材料多生理小种鉴定结果表明有55份材料抗5~10个生理小种,其中抗5~7个生理小种的材料为48份。南北方大豆资源中均有抗灰斑病的材料,北方高抗材料比例明显高于南方材料,抗病材料南北方持平。     

78份四川小麦育成品种(系)条锈病抗性鉴定与抗条锈病基因分子检测

四川省是小麦条锈菌新小种产生的重要地区之一,了解2016年以来四川小麦育成品种(系)对当前流行的条锈菌生理小种和致病类型的抗性水平以及明确其抗条锈病基因的分布状况,可为四川育种防控小麦抗条锈病和品种布局提供理论依据。本研究选择2个小种CYR32和CYR34对78份四川小麦育成品种(系)进行苗期鉴定,利用当前小麦条锈菌优势小种CYR32、CYR33、CYR34,以及贵22-14、贵农致病类群等混合菌进行成株期人工接种鉴定,并利用19个抗条锈病QTL和基因QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的分子标记对供试材料进行抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明,在78份供试材料的苗期鉴定中,对CYR32表现出抗性的有60份,占76.92%;对CYR34表现出抗性的有40份,占51.28%;同时对CYR32和CYR34表现抗性的有36份,占46.15%。78份小麦品种(系)在成株期均表现抗条锈病,其中绵麦835、蜀麦1743、蜀麦1829和蜀麦1868表现为免疫。苗期和成株期抗病性鉴定结果表明,成株期抗性材料有42份,占53.85%;全生育期抗性材料有36份,占46.15%。分子检测结果表明,可能携带QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr39、Yr41、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的材料分别有5、5、45、2、30、5、30、39、3、2、22、8、23、6和24份。同时携带2~6个抗条锈病基因的聚合材料分别有24、22、11、14和3份,占94.87%。所有供试品种(系)均未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr36和Yr48,仅西科麦18未检测到上述19个抗条锈病基因,可能携带其他已知或新的条锈病抗性基因。本研究鉴定了78份四川小麦育成品种(系)对条锈病抗性水平整体较好,明确了其携带的抗条锈病基因,为利用其培育持久抗性小麦品种提供了科学依据。     

青海省春小麦品种抗条锈病的鉴定及分子检测

本研究利用当前流行小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对青海省春小麦品种进行抗病性鉴定,利用稳定的分子标记对相应的抗病基因进行分子检测。苗期抗病性结果显示,除‘阿勃’外,其余9个小麦品种对CYR32和CYR33有较高的抗性,仅‘青海春2’、‘青海春3’、‘兰22’三个品种对流行小种CYR34免疫。小麦成株期抗病性结果表明,多数品种对流行小种CYR34感病。分子检测结果显示‘:青海春1’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因;‘青海春2’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘青海春3’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘兰22号’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘兰24号’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘高原437’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘高原448’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘青春41’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因;‘青春38’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因。分子检测结果表明:基因Yr5、Yr15和Yr26在青海小麦种植中过于频繁使用,特别是Yr26被过度依赖。本研究结果为挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因及后续小麦抗条锈病分子育种工作研究提供了参考。     

青藏春冬麦区93份小麦地方种质条锈病抗性评价及抗病基因分子鉴定

为应对当前条锈菌强毒性小种对中国小麦生产带来的威胁,本研究通过鉴定来自青藏春冬麦区的93份小麦地方种质对中国当前条锈菌流行小种或致病类群在苗期和成株期的抗性水平,检测其可能携带的条锈病抗性基因,为培育小麦抗条锈病新品种提供抗源。利用条锈菌流行小种条中32号(CYR32)和条中34号(CYR34)对93份来源于青藏春冬麦区小麦地方品种进行温室苗期抗性鉴定,并于2015—2016、2017—2018和2018—2019年度在四川崇州和绵阳共4个田间环境下,利用由条锈菌流行小种(CYR32、CYR33、CYR34)、水源致病类型(Su11-4、Su11-5)、贵农22致病类型(G22-14)组成的混合菌进行成株期抗性鉴定。同时利用Yr5、Yr10、Yr18、Yr24 (=Yr26)、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67共7个已知抗条锈病基因紧密连锁的侧翼分子标记或功能标记进行检测。抗性鉴定结果表明, 4份(占4.30%)种质对CYR32表现苗期抗性; 3份(占3.26%)对CYR34表现苗期抗性;其中1份种质(白颖无芒小麦)对CYR32和CYR34均表现苗期抗性。10份种质(占10.75%)在4个田间环境中均表现成株期抗性。分子检测结果表明,可能携带Yr18、Yr48和Yr65的种质分别有11份、40份和1份。其中, 7份可能同时携带Yr18+Yr48基因; 3份未检测出供试已知Yr基因,推测其可能携带其他已知或未知条锈病抗性基因。上述研究结果表明,青藏春冬麦区小麦地方种质对中国当前条锈菌流行小种或致病类群的抗性整体水平较低,其携带抗性基因的多样性也较低;建议对表现良好抗性且可能携带未知抗性基因的地方种质进行发掘并利用其加快育种。     

源于叙利亚小麦ICA31抗条锈病基因分析及分子标记研究

遗传分析表明,小麦材料ICA31携带一个显性抗条锈病基因,对流行的优势条锈菌小种条中30,31,32免疫;据等位性测定,ICA31抗条锈基因与已知抗锈基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15不等位;从抗源的系谱分析,该基因来源于叙利亚普通小麦品系叙18;利用微卫星标记和分组分析(BSA)法,筛选到与该抗条锈病基因（Yr-Syria）紧密连锁的SSR标记WMS11-193;对F2分离群体142个单株分析结果表明,该抗条锈病基因（Yr-Syria）与WMS11-193间遗传距离为2.1cM;将Yr-Syria定位于小麦1BS上;为该基因进行抗条锈小麦分子辅助育种打下基础。     

小偃麦新种质CH7102抗条锈病特性的遗传分析

对衍生于普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦‘小偃7430’杂种后代的抗条锈病新种质CH7102进行抗性鉴定和遗传分析,明确其抗性来源及其遗传方式。采用条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32对CH7102及其亲本进行苗期抗性评价;对CH7102分别与感病品种和已知抗性基因载体品系的杂交后代接种CYR32进行成株期抗条锈性遗传分析和等位性测验。CH7102具有与其抗病亲本‘小偃7430’和彭提卡偃麦草相似的侵染型,而所有的小麦亲本均感病,表明CH7102的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草;CH7102与感病品种‘台长29’和‘绵阳11’杂交、回交,其F2、BC1、F2:3代的抗、感分离比分别符合3:1、1:1和1:2:1的单显性基因分离模式。而CH7102与已知抗性基因载体品系杂交F2代的抗感分离比为15:1。CH7102对条锈病的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草,其抗性受1对显性核基因控制,而且与已知的抗CYR31、CYR32的抗性基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26、Yr41不存在等位关系,属新的抗条锈病基因。     

硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦CI108抗条锈病新基因的鉴定、基因推导与分子标记定位

利用我国流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种CY28、CY29、CY30、CY31、CY32和水源11致病型4对102份硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦材料进行抗病鉴定,其中CI108（组合为GAN/Aegilops squarrosa 201）对上述6个流行生理小种均表现免疫。利用CY31对杂交组合CI108/铭贤169正交、反交的F₁材料以及F₂代群体进行抗病鉴定,结果表明其抗性受细胞核显性单基因控制。基因推导表明,CI108对30个条锈菌生理小种均表现抗性,其抗谱与23份已知抗条锈病基因品种（系）不同,与K733（含有Yr24）和洛夫林13（含Yr9+未知基因）相似,但CI108与洛夫林13、K733对多个条锈菌生理小种的抗性程度不同,洛夫林13、K733与CI108系谱不同,且缺乏CI108特异的SSR标记Xgwm456的抗病特异带。所以,CI108中抗条锈基因应该是不同于其他基因的抗条锈病新基因,暂命名为YrC108。进一步利用CI108/铭贤169的F₂群体、抗感分离分析池（BSA）筛选YrC108的SSR分子标记,找到了3个紧密连锁的标记,其中Xgwm456和Wmc419位于YrC108的一侧,与YrC108间遗传距离分别为0.6 cM和1.8 cM,Wmc413位于YrC108的另一侧,遗传距离为0.6 cM。本研究为小麦抗条锈病育种提供了高抗、广谱的新抗源和进行高效检测的分子标记。     

Stripe rust resistance and genes in Chinese wheat cultivars and breeding lines

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases on wheat in China. To assess resistance in wheat cultivars and breeding lines in China, 330 leading cultivars and 164 advanced breeding lines were evaluated with stripe rust. In the greenhouse tests, seedlings of the entries were inoculated separately with several Pst pathotypes. In the field tests, the entries were evaluated for stripe rust resistance in Yangling, Shaanxi Province artificially inoculated and in Tianshui, Gansu Province under natural infection of Pst. The oversummering/wintering and spring epidemic zones of resistance genes were postulated using molecular markers for Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, and Yr26, in combination with resistance spectra. Out of the 494 wheat entries, 16 (3.24 %) entries had all-stage resistance (ASR) in all race tests, 99 (20.04 %) had adult-plant resistance (APR), 28 (5.67 %) were considered to have slow-rusting (SR), and 351 (71.05 %) were susceptible to one or more races in both seedling and adult-plant stages. Advanced breeding lines had a higher percentage (37.2 %) of resistant entries (The sum of ASR, APR and SR) than leading cultivars (24.85 %). Among the epidemic regions, southern Gansu had a higher percentage of resistant entries than any other regions. Based on stripe rust reactions and molecular markers, two cultivars were found to possibly have Yr5 while no entries have Yr10 or Yr15. Resistance genes Yr9, Yr17, Yr18, and Yr26 were found in 134 (29.4 %), 45 (9.1 %), 10 (2 %), and 15 (3 %) entries, respectively.     

陕甘川重要小麦品种抗条锈基因分析

根据对16个国外和4个国内已知毒性基因的小麦条锈菌反应，结合系谱分析，研究了39个陕西、甘肃、四川省重要小麦品种所具有抗条锈基因。试验结果显示，已知抗病基因Yr1、2、3、7、9、10、SD、Su等分布在20个品种中，其中11个品种含有Yr9。3个品种对供试菌系均表现抗病反应，2个品种抵抗大多数供试菌系，表明它们具有主效的未     

Molecular genetics of race non-specific rust resistance in wheat

Over 150 resistance genes that confer resistance to either leaf rust, stripe rust or stem rust have been catalogued in wheat or introgressed into wheat from related species. A few of these genes from the ‘slow-rusting’ adult plant resistance (APR) class confer partial resistance in a race non-specific manner to one or multiple rust diseases. The recent cloning of two of these genes, Lr34/Yr18, a dual APR for leaf rust and stripe rust, and Yr36, a stripe rust APR gene, showed that they differ from other classes of plant resistance genes. Currently, seven Lr34/Yr18 haplotypes have been identified from sequencing the encoding ATP Binding Cassette transporter gene from diverse wheat germplasm of which one haplotype is commonly associated with the resistance phenotype. The paucity of well characterised APR genes, particularly for stem rust, calls for a focused effort in developing critical genetic stocks to delineate quantitative trait loci, construct specific BAC libraries for targeted APR genes to facilitate robust marker development for breeding applications, and the eventual cloning of the encoding genes.     

Evaluating the contribution of Yr genes to stripe rust resistance breeding through marker-assisted detection in wheat

Numerous stripe rust resistance genes have been identified from wheat, and new virulent races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici have also emerged in recent years. Deployment of diverse combinations of resistance genes is an efficient way to combat virulent evolution of strip rust pathogen. In this study, publically available molecular markers were used to identify the distribution of 36 Yr genes in 672 wheat accessions. The effectiveness of Yr genes individually and in combinations was also evaluated in field conditions. The result showed effective resistance of some recently applied genes, such as Yr15 and Yr65. It also showed the lost efficacy of some once widely used genes, such as Yr9 and Yr10. Moreover, significant additive effects were observed in some gene combinations, such as Yr9 + Yr18 and Yr30 + Yr46. Proper deploying of Yr genes and utilizing the positive interactions will be helpful for durable resistance breeding in wheat.     

小麦新品种“山农20”抗病基因的分子检测

山农20是2011年和2012年分别通过国家黄淮南、北片审定的小麦高产多抗新品种,在国家区试抗病性鉴定和生产中都表现出良好的抗黄淮麦区主要病害的特性。本研究利用与小麦抗白粉病、条锈病、叶锈病、纹枯病基因和抗赤霉病主效QTL紧密连锁的SSR、SCAR、STS等标记对该品种进行了分子检测,发现山农20含有6个抗白粉病基因(Pm12、Pm24、Pm30、Pm31、Pm35和Pm36),6个抗条锈病基因(Yr5、Yr9、Yr15、Yr24、Yr26和YrTp1),2个抗叶锈病基因(Lr21和Lr26),1个抗纹枯病基因(Ses1),但未检测到抗赤霉病主效QTL。分子检测结果部分解释了山农20的优良抗病性,也为利用分子标记辅助选择培育抗病稳产小麦新品种提供参考。     

Identification and molecular tagging of a stripe rust resistance gene in wheat line P81

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). With the objective of identifying and tagging a new gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat line P81, F₁, F₂ and F_2:3 populations from the cross 'Chuanmai 28'/P81 were inoculated with Chinese PST race CYR32 in greenhouse and field trials. P81 carried a single dominant gene for resistance (designated YrP81 ) to CYR32. Tests of allelism showed that YrP81 was different from Yr5 , Yr10 , Yr15 and Yr26 . Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and resistance gene-analogue polymorphism (RGAP) between the parents were used for genotyping the F₂ populations. YrP81 was closely linked to four SSR loci on chromosome 2BS with genetic distances of 18.3 cM ( Xwmc25 ), 1.8 cM ( Xgwm429 ), 4.1 cM ( Xwmc770 ) and 5.3 cM ( Xgwm148 ). Two RGAP markers RGA1 (NLRR/XLRR) and RGA2 (Pto kin4/NLRR-INV2) were also closely linked to YrP81 with genetic distances of 4.7 and 6.3 cM, respectively. The linkage map of YrP81 and molecular markers was established in the order Xwmc25 - RGA2 - RGA1 - Xgwm429 - YrP81 - Xwmc770 - Xgwm148 . Pedigree analysis, response patterns with Chinese PST races and associations with markers suggested that YrP81 is a novel stripe rust resistance gene. The PCR-based microsatellite and RGAP markers identified here could be applied in selection of YrP81 in wheat breeding.     

Unveilingsources of stripe rust resistance in diverse wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum Aestivum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm using narrow down methodology: a proof of concept

Stripe rust of wheat caused by the fungal pathogen is a destructive foliar disease of wheat. Thus, it is crucial step to characterize the resistant germplasm for stripe rust in a diverse germplasm pool for their ultimate utilization in efficient crop rust resistance breeding. In the present study, we followed two pronged strategies involving integrated phenotypic and molecular characterization of 440 diverse wheat germplasm lines for rust resistance. The germplasm panel was extensively evaluated in field epiphytotic conditions during two consecutive years. After rigorous screening, 72 accessions were successfully revealed as resistant to moderately resistant to stripe rust. Subsequently, entries were then evaluated for their field agronomicperformances, considering prerequisites for serving as a donor germplasm,particularly for yield and 33 potential rust-resistant accessions were identified. Furthermore, to detect the sources of resistance, accessions were molecular characterized for potential race-specific resistance genes Yr5, Yr10,Yr15, and effective adult plant resistance (APR) gene Lr34/Yr18/pm38. We identified the 22 accessions possessing one or more single resistance genes and two accessions were observed with at least three of them. Moreover, Lr34/Yr18/pm38 was determined to confer resistance when observed along with any of the race-specific genes. Thus, the study not only provides proof of concept methodology to identify candidate resistant sources from large germplasm collections but simultaneouslyconfirmed the contribution of combining race-specific andnon-specific APR genes. The finding could further assist in the potential deployment of resistant genes directly into the stripe rust breeding program by involving marker-assisted approaches.