甘肃树莓引种发展初报

对悬钩子属灌木树莓作了简单的介绍，在考证甘肃省悬钩子属野生资源的基础上，结合甘肃省树莓目前引种及生长表现状况，总结了树莓的栽植技术，并提出了几点发展建议。     

树莓根蘖繁殖及栽培技术

树莓也叫“马林”，树莓为蔷薇科悬钩子属的一类浆果类经济灌木，树莓是多年生灌木型果树，繁殖简易，管理简单，果实成熟早，经营树莓投资少、见效快、效益高。     

树莓的引种栽培及管理

树莓是蔷薇科悬钩子属,多年生半灌木性果树。原产欧洲、亚洲、美洲等地,分布于寒带及温带各国。前苏联、波兰、匈牙利、英国、美国等有大面积栽培。树莓在     

树莓发展现状与前景(上)

1树莓和黑莓概况 树莓(Raspberries)和黑莓(Blackberries)是重要的小果型经济灌木,被誉为新兴的第三代果树.树莓和黑莓同属于蔷薇科(Rosaceal)悬钩子属(Rubus),但分属于不同的亚属-树莓亚属(Ideobatus)和黑莓亚属(Eubatus).二者主要的区别是:树莓亚属的聚合果成熟时与花托分离,黑莓亚属果实与花托不分离.     

树莓果及其发酵产品挥发性成分的分析

树莓(Rubus idaeus)为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)悬钩子属(Rubus)多年生落叶果树或常绿灌木、小乔木.由于其果实色泽诱人,风味独特,营养丰富,被称作第三代水果(刘建华等,2004).树莓既可生食,又适宜加工制成果汁、果酒等,市场开发前景广阔(和加卫等,2005;徐怀德等,2004).目前我国树莓栽培区域主要分布在黑龙江南部、吉林东南部及晋、鲁、冀、陕、京、辽等地区.     

树莓和黑莓

树莓和黑莓为蔷薇科（Rosaceae）悬钩子属（Rubus）的一类浆果类经济果树植物，具有结实早，聚合果营养成分丰富，尤其是Ve和SOD（过氧化物歧化酶）含量为水果之最，被称为“第三代果树”。树莓和黑莓多数为灌木，复叶，小叶3～5枚；茎直立、匍匐或攀缘，有刺或无刺；一般二年生结果枝结果后死亡，所以采收果实时可以连同枝条一同采下；替换枝和根蘖芽丰富，新分枝第二年结果；聚合果红色、紫色、黄色、黑色、白色，多为圆锥状果序。树莓和黑莓喜光，两性花，可以自花传粉。一般离地面60～150厘米高茎干部位的结果枝产量最高。植株寿命约…     

树莓和黑莓的生物学与生态学特性

树莓和黑莓为蔷薇科(Rosaceae)悬钩子属(Rubus)的浆果类灌木树种.一般把聚合果成熟时与花托分离的种类称为“树莓”(Raspberry),把聚合果成熟时与花托不分离的种类称为“黑莓”(Blackberry).树莓和黑莓果味酸甜、口感好,含有丰富的营养成分,因而被称为“第三代果树”.近年来,随着我国与世界贸易的接轨、转移,树莓和黑莓外贸出口栽培基地的建设迅速在国内兴起,先后从国外引进了许多优良的品种,已在黑龙江、江苏等地建立了万亩生产基地,但是仍然不能满足市场的需要,为了适地适树、合理布局,更好地发展树莓和黑莓产业,现将树莓与黑莓的生物学、生态学特性总结如下.     

树莓和黑莓的生物学与生态学特征

树莓和黑莓为蔷薇科 (Rosaceae)悬钩子属 (Rubus)的浆果类灌木树种。一般把聚合果成熟时与花托分离的种类称为“树莓”(Raspberry) ,把聚合果成熟时与花托不分离的种类称为“黑莓”(Blackberry)。树莓和黑莓果味酸甜、口感好 ,含有丰富的营养成分 ,因而被称为“第三代果树”。近年来 ,随着我国与世界贸易的接轨、转移 ,树莓和黑莓外贸出口栽培基地的建设迅速在国内兴起 ,先后从国外引进了许多优良的品种 ,已在黑龙江、江苏等地建立了万亩生产基地 ,但是仍然不能满足市场的需要 ,为了适地适树、合理布局 ,更好地发展树莓和黑莓产业 ,现将树…     

新疆适生优良树莓品种及栽培技术

树莓为蔷薇科悬钩子属植物,俗称托盘,山莓果,悬钩子.东北及新疆地区称其为马林果.中草药称其为覆盆子,人工培育的栽培品种在园艺学上称其为树莓.所以在果树分类学中分属于树莓属,而在植物分类学中分属于悬钩子属,树莓按其果实特点可分红莓和黑莓两大类.树莓浆果酸甜可口而且有香味,宜加工饮料、果汁、果酒、果酱、罐头等系列食品.由于树莓含有丰富的黄铜类、VE、SOD、r-氨基丁酸等抗衰老物质,从而逐渐被运用于医学、化妆品等领域.     

平原地区树莓引种试验及栽培

树莓为蔷薇科（Rosaceae）悬钩子属（Rubus）的一类浆果类经济果树植物，结实早，聚合果营养成分丰富，尤其是Ve和SOD（过氧化物歧化酶）含量为水果之最，红树莓还被誉为预防癌症的“红宝石”，因此，树莓被称为“第三代果树”。树莓不耐酷暑，喜阴凉，在伊犁主要是山区栽植。2001年，新疆农业大学树莓课题组在伊犁州平原地区进行了引种栽培试验。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.