荷包红鲤对9种饲料原料中蛋白质的表观消化率

为研究荷包红鲤对不同饲料原料的消化率,以便经济合理地利用现有蛋白资源,为配制优质、高效的饲料提供参考,在22±1℃水温下,以0.5%Cr2O3为指示物,按照70%基础饲料+30%试验饲料的配制方法配制成不同试验饲料,测定平均体重为150±10 g的荷包红鲤对鱼粉、玉米、大豆、酒糟粉、麦麸、米糠、次粉、EM发酵稻草粉和EM发酵松针粉等共9种饲料原料中粗蛋白的表观消化率。结果表明:荷包红鲤对鱼粉的蛋白质表观消化率为94.77%,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);对米糠的蛋白质表观消化率仅为80.07%,显著低于其它各组。因此,建议在荷包红鲤配合饲料中不用或少用米糠。     

肉毒碱对鲤夏花鱼种饲料脂肪消化率的影响

用分别添加了0、50、100、150、200、250mg/kg饲料纯肉毒碱的饲料饲养相同的鲤夏花鱼种，比较鱼对每种饲料脂肪的消化率。结果表明：肉毒碱具有明显的促进鲤饲料脂肪消化的作用，并且添加量在100mg/kg时促消化作用最好。     

鲤鱼饲料蛋白质的表观消化率与真消化率

鱼类饲料蛋白质消化率的测定,主要是采用添加氧化铬饲料的间接测定方法。用氧化铬测定的方法比较容易,并有较多优点,所测得的消化率为蛋白质表观消化率。作者在以前的报告中曾做过关于鲤鱼的代谢性氮和内因性氮排汇量的报导。表观消化率由于鱼的代谢性氮排泄量的影响含有误差,所以在测定时,鱼的氮摄取量越低,表观消化率的代谢性氮排泄量的影响就愈大。     

甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的消化率

运用消化生理方法,测定甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的消化率。结果表明,甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的消化率分别为:86.99％、80.4％、65.30％。     

团头鲂对7种饲料的蛋白质、氨基酸及磷的表观消化率

本实验以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为指示剂,研究分别以鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、花生粕、棉粕、酒精糟及其残液干燥物(DDGS)和菜粕作为蛋白饲料,将这7种饲料原料与基础日粮按照3:7的比例组成实验日粮,观测团头鲂(Megalalobrama amblycephala Yih)对这7种饲料的干物质、粗蛋白、氨基酸及总磷的表观消化率.实验鱼初始体质量为(296.54±1.71)g,分别投喂相应的实验饲料5周后采用自排法收集粪便.结果表明,7种饲料原料的干物质、蛋白质、总氨基酸以及总磷的表观消化率的范围分别为53.65%～77.48%、78.66%～93.63%、80.12%～94.83%、3.21%～48.02%.其中粗蛋白及总氨基酸的表观消化率均以菜粕最高;花生粕、豆粕与鱼粉相接近;肉骨粉最低.磷的表观消化率以DDGS最高,菜粕和肉骨粉最低,其他4种原料的磷的表观消化率范围为11.81%～29.10%.由此可见,菜粕、豆粕、花生粕可作为团头鲂优质的植物蛋白源,在实际生产配方中可部分替代鱼粉.DDGS蛋白消化率高于肉骨粉,且磷的表观消化率较高,也可作为一种优质的鱼用饲料原料.     

甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质,脂肪,碳水化合物的消化率

运用消化生理方法，测定甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质，脂肪，碳水化合物的消化率，结果表明，甲鱼对配合饲料中蛋白质，脂肪，碳水化合物的消化率分别为：８６．９９％，８０．４％，６５．３０％。     

草鱼对27种饲料原料中氨基酸的表观消化率

本试验以0.5％Cr2O3为指示物,按照“70％基础饲料 30％试验原料“的饲料配制方法,在可控条件的室内循环养殖系统中用2龄草鱼种（体重150-200g）对常用的饲料原料的氨基酸表观消化率进行测定。试验选用了进口鱼粉、国产鱼粉、蟹粉、肉粉、肠衣粉、酵母、菜饼、黄菜粕、菜粕、双低菜籽粕、豆粕、膨化大豆、芝麻饼、棉粕、玉米胚芽粕、玉米蛋白粉和酒糟粉共17种商品蛋白质饲料原料,玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟、稻谷、药渣共10种能量饲料原料,得到了每种原料的16种氨基酸的表观消化率。表观消化率主要规律表现为：草鱼对原料蛋白质消化率高时对氨基酸的总消化率也高,如对鱼粉、豆粕的消化率高;对玉米类原料如玉米蛋白粉、玉米渣、玉米的氨基酸消化率较低,而对小麦类原料如小麦粉、麦麸、次粉等的消化率相对较高;在植物饼粕类中,草鱼对豆粕和菜粕的消化率较高,而对棉粕的消化率则相对较低;对同种原料的16种不同的氨基酸的表观消化率也有很大的差异,这种差异的规律性较差。     

草鱼对九种饲料的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率

本试验采用外源指示剂 (Cr2 O3) ,测定了草鱼种对玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟和稻谷九种能量饲料的干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率。试验结果表明 :草鱼对九种能量饲料的干物质表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦 (88 17% ) >标粉(79 39% ) >玉米 (77 5 7% ) >麦麸 (6 2 6 7% ) >玉米糟 (6 2 6 1% ) >次粉 (6 1 6 4% ) >大麦(5 9 97% ) >稻谷 (5 1 2 1% ) >米糠 (4 7 41% ) ;粗蛋白表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦(87 0 6 % ) >米糠 (76 36 % ) >麦麸 (73 2 0 % ) >次粉 (71 5 3% ) >玉米糟 (70 99% ) >标粉(6 7 0 3% ) >玉米 (6 4 5 43% ) >稻谷 (6 4 33 % ) >大麦 (5 9 36 % ) ;粗脂肪表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦 (82 49% ) >玉米糟 (78 32 % ) >标粉 (75 2 2 % ) >玉米 (73 0 9% ) >稻谷(5 8 99% ) >次粉 (5 3 2 2 % ) >麦麸 (5 2 42 % ) >大麦 (5 0 0 9% )。     

罗非鱼饲料中海带渣含量对氨基酸表观消化率的影响↑（*）

罗非鱼饲料中海带渣含量对氨基酸表观消化率的影响ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＬＡＭＩＮＡＲＩＡＲＥＳＩＤＵＥＳＯＮＡＰＰＡＲＥＮＴＤＩＧＥＳＴＩＢＩＬＩＴＹＯＦＡＭＩＮＯＡＣＩＤＳＩＮＤＩＥＴＯＦＯＲＥＯＣＨＲＯＭＩＳＮＩＬＯＴＩＣＵＳ甘纯玑彭时尧施木田（福建农业...     

Effect of fungal fermentation on apparent digestibility coefficient for dry matter,crude protein and amino acids of various plant protein sources in Penaeus vannamei

Four commercial solvent‐extracted oilseed meals/cakes, viz. soybean meal (SBM), groundnut oil cake (GNC), rapeseed meal (RSM) and sunflower oil cake (SFC), were fermented with fungus Aspergillus niger, and its effect on apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was studied in Penaeus vannamei. Reference diet and eight experimental diets containing 700 g/kg reference diet and 300 g/kg test ingredient with 5 g/kg chromic oxide were formulated. Each diet was randomly allotted to three tanks containing ten shrimps. Shrimps were adapted to the experimental diets for a week, and faeces were collected using Falcon tube from second week onwards. The ADC of all the ingredients significantly (p < .05) increased with fermentation and the increase being higher in SBM (78.46%–91.71%) for dry matter and in SFC (71.51%–87.02%) for protein. Analysis of variance showed that the ADC of both dry matter and protein significantly (p < .05) differed in treatments (p = <.001) and ingredients (p = <.001). The average ADC of ingredients was ranked as SBM > GNC > RSM > SFC. The most digestible essential amino acid (EAA) in fermented ingredients was methionine in SBM, arginine in GNC, valine in RSM and histidine in SFC. A better improvement in amino acid digestibility was observed in fermented SFC. Results indicated that P. vannamei efficiently digests fermented ingredients compared to unfermented ones.     

Measurement of digestibility in agastric fish based on stripping method – apparent nutrient,energy and amino acid digestibilities of common feed ingredients for carp diets (Cyprinus carpio)

Apparent nutrient, energy and amino acid (AA) digestibilities of wheat starch (WS), corn starch (CS), pea protein concentrate (PPC), soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten meal (CGM) and soybean meal (SM) were assessed indirectly in common carp by applying the marker‐based indicator method. Each test diet consisted of 70% reference diet and 30% test ingredient. Stripping as faeces collection technique was applied to obtain faecal material two times a day for 9 weeks. Apparent digestibilities of ingredients (ADIs) for crude protein (CP) were higher in SM (79.5 ± 5.1%) and SPC (75.2 ± 4.8%) than in CGM (59.2 ± 6.6%). Regarding ADIs of individual AAs, SM and SPC always showed higher values than CGM and PPC. ADIs for crude carbohydrates in CS (90.4 ± 2.2%), WS (88.8 ± 2.0%) and CGM (82.3 ± 3.9%) exhibited higher amounts than in SM (26.3 ± 1.0%). Evaluated apparent digestibilities indicate that in particular SM and SPC are good protein and CGM, WS and CS are promising carbohydrate sources to be included in diets for common carp. A strong correlation between ADI_CP and ADI_AA was determined. Stripping used for digestibility measurement in carp was found to be a viable method as conventional passive faeces collecting techniques such as sedimentation or sieving.     

两种水温条件下团头鲂对7种蛋白源饲料表观消化率的比较

采用由30%待测蛋白源饲料原料和70%基础饲料组成的试验饲料,以三氧化二钇(Y_2O_3)作外源指示剂,添加量为0.05%,以平均体重(34.38±1.06)g的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)幼鱼作研究对象,在30℃和25℃两种水温条件下比较研究其对鱼粉(FM)、豆粕(SBM)、菜粕(RSM)、棉粕(CSM)、酵母浸粉(YEF)、肉骨粉(MBM)和花生粕(PNM)7种蛋白源饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、总能(GE)、总氨基酸(TAA)及必需氨基酸(EAA)的表观消化率。结果显示:水温30℃时,酵母浸粉的干物质、总能、粗蛋白和必需氨基酸的表观消化率最高;水温25℃时,原料干物质和总能的表观消化率最高的为鱼粉,粗蛋白、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高的为豆粕。在两个水温下,原料干物质、粗蛋白、总氨基酸和必需氨基酸的表观消化率最低的均是肉骨粉,总能的表观消化率最低的是棉粕。在30℃时团头鲂对蛋白源饲料原料各营养成分的表观消化率高于25℃时,且酵母浸粉在两个水温下各营养成分的消化率差异显著(P0.05)。在30℃时,酵母浸粉的各养分表观消化率较高,但其氨基酸平衡性较差,需适量添加蛋氨酸,满足团头鲂对氨基酸的需求;在25℃时,豆粕和鱼粉各养分表观消化率较高,可作为团头鲂饲料的优质蛋白源饲料原料。肉骨粉在两个水温下均表现出最低表观消化率,需搭配其他饲料适量使用。     

牛磺酸对鲫鱼蛋白质消化吸收的影响

选用牛磺酸作为饲料添加剂,以0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的剂量将牛磺酸添加到基础饲料中,以基础饲料为对照饲喂鲫鱼(45￣52g)15d后,测定蛋白质消化吸收率。结果表明:牛磺酸可以显著提高鲫鱼对蛋白质的消化吸收率(P<0.05),其中,添加0.60%组效果最佳,比对照组提高6.65%。蛋白质消化率的提高,是牛磺酸促进鱼体生长速度加快的主要原因之一。     

The digestibility of nutrient sources for common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus

The apparent digestibility of protein, fats, carbohydrate and energy within three feed ingredients (wheat, barley and corn) for common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, was studied, using chromic oxide as a dietary marker. Each experimental diet consisted of a mixture of the test ingredient and 50% basal diet (containing 50% soybean meal, 35% wheat meal, 10% soybean oil, plus 5% vitamins, egg yolk, guar and chromic oxide). It was found that in wheat meal the protein had an apparent digestibility of 92%, and the lipid an apparent digestibility of 80%. The apparent digestibility of corn was 81% for protein and 90% for lipid, while for barley the figures were 73% and 67%, respectively. For apparent digestible energy, the figures were 12.39 kJ g^?1 for wheat, 6.69 kJ g^?1 for barley and 9.32 kJ g^?1 for corn.     

Effects of feeding time,water temperature,feeding frequency and dietary composition on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding time (daytime vs nighttime feeding), dietary fat content (8 and 20%), feeding frequency (trout 1–3 times/day, carp 2–7 times/day), water temperature (trout 18 and 11°C, carp 25 and 17°C), on the apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout and common carp. The feeding time had little effect on the macronutrient digestibility in both species. In trout, starch digestibility decreased with the decrease of water temperature and with increase of feeding frequency, but in carp, increase of the feeding frequency markedly decreased the macronutrient digestibility and phosphrrus absorption of the high fat diet. Fat digestibility of the beef tallow diet decreased relative to the pollock oil diet in carp, without affecting the phosphorus absorption. Inclusion of raw starch, the digestibility of which was lower than that of gelatinized starch, increased the phosphorus absorption in carp. These results suggest that reduction of water temperature and increase of feeding frequency notably decreased starch digestibility in trout while in carp, the effects of feeding frequency and water temperature on macronutrient digestibility and phosphorus absorption are notable for a high fat diet.     

Effects of dietary coated protease on growth performance,feed utilization,nutrient apparent digestibility,intestinal and hepatopancreas structure in juvenile Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, feed utilization, whole‐body proximate composition, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and hepatopancreas structure of juvenile Gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (mean weight 8.08 ± 0.18 g). Six diets were prepared, including a positive control diet (dietary protein 350 g/kg, PC), one negative control diet (dietary protein 33 g/kg, NC) and four protease supplementations diets, which were 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg protease NC diet. After 12 weeks of diet feeding in indoor recycle aquarium tanks, no significant difference (p > .05) was found on growth performance between fish fed diet with 75–600 mg/kg protease and the PC group. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the specific growth rate of fish fed 300 mg/kg protease increased significantly (p < .05), as well as protein efficiency ratios (p < .05), while feed conversion was the opposite (p < .05). The nutrient digestibility of crude protein and lipid was higher (p < .05) in fish fed 150 mg/kg protease diet than the PC diet. Whole‐body proximate composition of fish was not affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and albumin were significantly affected by dietary protease (p < .05), while the content of total protein, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum was not affected (p > .05). Foregut muscular thickness was thinner (p < .05), when the fish fed diets supplementation of protease in 150 or 600 mg/kg diet than the NC diet. Protease activities in hepatopancreas and foregut were higher (p < .05), in the fish fed 150 or 300 mg/kg protease diet than the fish fed the PC diet, but those in the mid‐ and hindgut were not significantly affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatments. Based on the regression analysis of weight gain rate, the optimal dietary inclusion level of protease was 400 mg/kg in the diet for juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

The effect of dietary protein level on the apparent digestibility coefficient of two selected feed ingredients for Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus L.

The effect of dietary protein level on the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of meat and bone meal and rapeseed meal for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. was examined. Three reference diets were formulated to contain 240 (RD24), 350 (RD35) and 450 (RD45) g kg^?1 crude protein, and chromic oxide was added at 10 g kg^?1 in the reference diets as an inert indicator. Six test diets were formulated by mixing one of the reference diets with each test ingredient at a ratio of 70:30. Fish (initial body weight 101.0 ± 0.6 g) were fed reference diets for 3 days and then fed test diets in the following 4 days cyclically for 4 weeks. Faeces of fish fed each reference diet or test diet was collected from the third day of each diet conversion. Dietary protein level significantly affected the ADC of protein and energy of reference diets, test diets and test ingredients. The ADC of protein and energy of meat and bone meal and rapeseed meal was the highest when these ingredients were mixed with diet RD35. The scope of variation in the ADC of protein and energy of meat and bone meal was 8% (from 69.9% to 78.3%) and 8% (from 70.2% to 78.0%), and the scope of variation in the ADC of protein and energy of rapeseed meal was 4% (from 79.8% to 83.3%) and 5% (from 56.0% to 60.7%) when the dietary protein level was increased from 300 to 480 g kg^?1. This indicates that the ADC of protein and energy of meat and bone meal and rapeseed meal for Nile tilapia varied considerably at different dietary protein levels.     

蛋白能量比对中华绒螯蟹蛋白酶活力和饲料消化率的影响

于１９９９年６～７月收集中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）粪便,用酸不溶灰分法测定中华绒螯蟹对饲料的消化率,同时测定其胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶活力。结果表明,蛋白质能量比（Ｐ／Ｅ）２８．９３ｍｇ／ｋＪ水平对中华绒螯蟹胃、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性明显高于Ｐ／Ｅ２７．３０ｍｇ／ＫＪ和３０．３１ｍｇ／ＫＪ水平饲料蛋白南、脂肪、能量和总表观消化率分别为８２．５７％、７７．５９％、８３．９４％和９６．９