番茄果实呈香组分及其代谢途径研究进展

整理了关于番茄果实呈香组分的组成及其代谢途径的相关资料,以香气活力值大于1为标准,对番茄果实中200多种挥发性组分的香气活力进行排序和筛选,确定顺-3-己烯醛、β-紫罗酮、己醛、β-大马酮、1-戊烯-3-酮、2,3-甲基丁醛、反-2-庚烯醛、苯乙醛、6-甲基-5-庚基-2-酮、顺-3-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯等11种组分是番茄果实主要呈香成分,分别来源于脂肪酸代谢途径、氨基酸代谢途径和类胡萝卜素代谢途径;进而综述了上述呈香组分在脂肪酸代谢途径、氨基酸代谢途径和类胡萝卜素代谢途径中的形成过程,确定脂肪酸代谢途径是影响番茄果实特征风味的关键过程,其中脂肪氧合酶和乙醇脱氢酶在脂肪酸代谢途径中对呈香组分的形成具有重要作用。     

番茄抗坏血酸合成代谢研究进展

抗坏血酸是重要的抗氧化剂,对植物生长发育具有调控作用。本文对番茄中抗坏血酸合成代谢的主要途径、抗坏血酸合成代谢相关酶及基因、番茄抗坏血酸合成代谢的调控等方面进行了简要综述,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

景天酸代谢植物分子生物学研究进展及应用潜力

景天酸代谢（crassulacean acid metabolism,CAM）植物在夜间固定CO2且具有较高的水分利用效率的碳集中机制（carbon concentratingmechanism）。将CAM光合作用途径“搬进”C3作物中提高C3作物水分利用效率以增强其抗旱性（即CAM工程化）,在未来农业中具有重要的应用潜力。系统认识CAM植物光合作用途径及其相关调控机理,是开发和利用CAM光合作用途径的重要理论基础。目前,组学和分子生物学的发展大大促进了CAM植物相关研究。CAM途径关键基因及其功能逐渐被揭示,10多种CAM植物基因组被破译,转录因子、激素、mi RNA、lnc RNA、可变剪切、DNA甲基化等多种因素参与CAM途径调控过程。本文中主要对CAM植物分子生物学和组学研究进展进行综述,包括CAM植物生理特性研究、CAM植物组学资源、CAM途径相关基因及其调控等,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

石斛属植物光合碳同化途径研究综述

石斛属是兰科大属,其光合作用碳同化途径依种群差异、环境变化而表现为不同程度的景天酸代谢特征。研究植物光合作用碳代谢途径的传统方法是气体交换的方式,然而对于具有景天酸代谢特征的植物来说,由于受到气孔开闭的限制,以气体交换方法测定光合作用显然存在巨大缺陷。叶绿素荧光探针因其非损伤、高效率、不受气孔限制而显示出独特优势,是研究景天酸代谢植物的利器。结合扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微技术,可以对石斛属植物的介于C3和景天酸代谢之间的多种碳同化类型进行系统深入地研究。     

稀土对番茄扦插生根的影响

稀土是镧系元素及其性质相近的钪和钇等 17种金属元素的总称,对改善植物的生理代谢、生长、繁殖、品质以及产量具有积极的作用〔1, 2〕。番茄用侧枝扦插繁殖,对缩短秋延后番茄育苗时间,以及节约种子、降低成本、对稀有材料的保存利用具有实际意义。有研究S3307对番茄生根具有促进作用〔3〕,但稀土对番茄扦插生根的作用未见报道,笔者就此进行研究,以期为稀土在番茄扦插育苗中的应用提供依据。1　材料与方法1. 1　材料　供试番茄为花溪红,供试稀土为河南商丘稀土微肥厂生产的常乐—益植素。1. 2　方法　2003年 1月 15日于温室电热温床中…     

研究揭示番茄成熟过程中影响果实品质的代谢物变化和调控

2022年1月,《Molecular Horticulture》在线发表了德国马普学会分子植物生理学研究所与华中农业大学合作的综述论文,具体介绍了番茄果实成熟期与果实品质(外观、风味、营养等)相关的代谢途径,包括叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、细胞壁、中央及次生代谢等及相关代谢途径的调控网络,包括转录及转录后调控,翻译及翻译后调控和表观遗传水平;并基于已发表的果实成熟期高分辨率时空转录组数据,对果实品质的代表性基因进行了权重基因共表达分析。     

植物内生菌次生代谢产物对设施番茄生长的影响

以番茄为试材,分别在缓苗后期、现蕾期和坐果期喷施植物内生菌次生代谢产物,在坐果期喷施后的10、20、30d时,比较分析了番茄形态及生理生化等各项指标,以探究其对设施番茄生长特性和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:次生代谢产物可明显促进番茄生长和缓解低温对番茄植株造成的伤害,株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽比对照组均有不同程度的提高;处理组丙二醛(MDA)含量分别比对照组低15.00%、7.35%和14.29%。叶绿素含量分别比对照组高13.27%、15.00%和19.57%。可溶性糖含量分别比对照组高8.46%、27.59%和43.93%。可溶性蛋白质含量分别比对照组高10.45%、12.54%和14.69%。说明植物内生菌次生代谢产物具有较好的应用前景。     

GC-MS和UPLC技术对黄色樱桃番茄果实品质性状与挥发性物质分析

以4种黄色樱桃番茄为试材,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪法对番茄的果实挥发性物质和糖酸进行了测定,同时采用液相色谱仪法对其果实的主要营养性状,包括抗坏血酸含量、番茄红素含量和Beta-胡萝卜素含量进行了测定,研究了番茄重要品质指标以及挥发性物质之间的相互关系,以期为番茄品质鉴定改良和品质育种提供参考依据。结果表明:黄色樱桃番茄中主要的糖是果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,主要的有机酸是苹果酸、丁二酸和柠檬酸。黄色樱桃番茄果实中的挥发性物质有52种以上,其中醇类、醛类、酮类和酯类物质构成了番茄果实挥发性物质的主要成分。在4份黄色樱桃番茄中均检测到的挥发性物质有16种。对4份番茄材料聚类结果表明,来自相同代谢途径的挥发性物质大多数在一个聚类亚群。对主要营养指标和16种挥发性物质的主成分分析结果表明,前2个主成分的累积方差贡献率达到82.907%以上。     

研究发现番茄果实中叶绿素代谢调节基因

正番茄果实成熟过程中伴随着叶绿素的降解及类胡萝卜素和类黄酮的积累。来自重庆大学的科研团队在研究中发现,SlMYB72基因在调节叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮代谢方面具有重要作用,为园艺作物改善果实营养提供了潜在的靶点。相关成果于2020年5月发表在《植物生理学》杂志。番茄基因SlMYB72属于转录因子R2R3-MYB亚家族,位于细胞核内,具有转录激活活性。科研团队发现,SlMYB72基因的下调导致果实颜色不均匀,即在未成熟和成熟的绿色果实     

氮钾互作对番茄叶片碳氮代谢及产量和品质的影响

在温室基质栽培条件下,以番茄材料A20为试材,采用2因素5水平响应面中心复合设计,研究不同的氮钾营养组合处理对番茄单株产量、果实品质及叶片碳氮代谢产物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着氮营养的增加(74～414 mg · L~(-1)范围内),番茄叶片碳氮代谢产物和酶活性均呈先上升后下降趋势;随着钾营养的增加(101～525 mg · L~(-1)范围内),番茄叶片糖含量和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)活性呈增加趋势,而氮代谢产物和蔗糖合成酶(SS)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性呈先上升后下降趋势。通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现,氮钾营养是影响番茄叶片氮代谢和碳代谢的主要因子,氮钾互作对叶片游离氨基酸含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性影响显著。相关性分析显示番茄产量、品质与叶片碳氮代谢之间具有较高的相关性,氮钾共同作用于番茄叶片的碳氮代谢过程,进而影响番茄产量和品质。综合分析试验结果,当营养液氮营养为300～350 mg · L~(-1)、钾营养为370～520 mg · L~(-1)时,番茄叶片碳氮代谢旺盛,产量和品质达到较高水平。     

Effects of air humidity and K/Ca ratio in the nutrient supply on growth and postharvest characteristics of cut roses

Single node cuttings with one mature leaf were taken from the rose cv. Baroness and rooted in water culture. The rooted plants were grown in nutrient solutions and subjected to two levels of relative air humidity (RH): high (90%) and moderate (70%), in combination with high (12/1), medium (1/1) and low (1/5) K/Ca ratios in the nutrient solution. High RH plants accumulated less Ca in leaves and flowers than moderate RH plants. Roses grown at moderate RH had a longer postharvest life than high RH roses, irrespective of the K/Ca ratio of the nutrient solution. In general, a high K/Ca ratio had a negative impact on postharvest life. When grown at a high K/Ca ratio the ornamental value declined rapidly, mainly due to the appearance of necrotic petals as well as chlorotic and necrotic areas on the leaves. Bent neck occurred only with high RH plants but changes in the K/Ca ratio had no differential effect. Dry spots and brittle leaves were observed on high RH roses, and the occurrence increased with increased K/Ca ratio in the nutrient solution. Stomatal conductance increased in parallel with increases in RH and K/Ca ratio when measured on intact roses placed in dry air (40% RH).     

Gaseous ethanol penetration of plant tissues positively effects the growth and commercial quality of miniature roses and dill

The effects of an ethanol based nutrient-supplemented solution on the growth and flowering of potted miniature roses and biomass production of dill sprayed either onto the leaves or applied in gaseous form are reported here. In addition, the uptake of ¹⁴C-radiolabelled ethanol by radish was studied. Our findings show that ethanol might partially be taken up through plant stomata, and the radiolabelled carbon was translocated to other parts of the treated plant, especially newly emerging leaves. Translocation appeared to be more rapid during light periods as compared to dark periods. Foliar application of ethanol appeared to induce chlorosis in the dill plants in some cases. In contrast, gaseous ethanol treatments showed no adverse effects, and instead increased the biomass of dill plants and miniature roses. Furthermore, gaseous ethanol improved the commercial quality of miniature roses by increasing the number of flowers per plant and prolonging the flowering time of those flowers. These results further support the practice of spraying ethanol during light periods through high pressure sprayers, which produce a mist of very tiny droplets with high surface area. This method mimics a vapor phase which infiltrates plant tissues without wetting leaf surfaces.     

谷胱甘肽对切花月季‘Samantha’失水胁迫耐性的影响

采用外源谷胱甘肽（GSH）及其生物合成关键酶γ–谷氨酰半胱氨肽合成酶（γ-ECS）的专一抑制剂丁胱亚磺酰胺（BSO）分别处理切花月季‘Samantha’花枝基部,以提高或降低花瓣中的GSH含量,研究GSH对月季切花失水胁迫耐性的影响,以及花瓣中抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环对失水胁迫的响应。结果表明：提高花瓣中GSH的含量,明显提高了失水胁迫24 h后切花的复水率,延长了瓶插寿命;相反,BSO预处理降低了花瓣中的GSH含量,从而降低了切花的失水胁迫耐性。GSH预处理在明显提高失水胁迫和复水期间花瓣中GSH总含量和还原型GSH含量的同时也提高了抗坏血酸（AsA）的含量;AsA-GSH循环中两个关键酶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性也明显高于胁迫对照,并且MDA的含量明显降低。BSO预处理则产生相反的效果。这些结果表明,GSH能够通过提高AsA-GSH循环的抗氧化能力来增强月季切花的失水胁迫耐性。     

Water loss and postharvest characteristics of cut roses grown at high or moderate relative air humidity

Single node cuttings with one mature leaf were taken from the rose cv. Baroness and rooted in water culture. The rooted stems were kept in water culture and subjected to one of the two levels of relative air humidity (RH) (high: 90%, moderate: 70%) in climate chambers. Morphological characteristics, dry weight (DW), osmotic concentration, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content in the pedicel and vase life behavior were studied, as well as water loss. Only negligible differences in growth and morphology were found. No clear difference in lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content in pedicels was found between moderate and high RH grown roses. Uncontrolled water loss was characteristic for leaves from high RH roses. Base treatment with AgNO₃ improved vase life of high RH roses from 7 to 12 days. Moderate RH roses lasted on average 15.5 days, and vase life was only slightly improved with the use of AgNO₃. Preservative solutions caused crispy areas between the veins and brittle leaves on roses grown at high but not at moderate RH. A 10% lower osmotic concentration in leaves and flowers was found in roses grown at high RH, as compared to moderate RH. It is concluded that the shorter postharvest life of high RH flowers is mainly due to malfunctioning stomata.     

乙烯对不同切花月季品种开花和衰老的影响

 以研究乙烯在月季切花开花和衰老进程中的作用为目的, 以14 个切花月季品种为试材, 首先探讨了乙烯和乙烯抑制剂处理对切花开花和衰老进程的影响。结果表明: 乙烯和乙烯抑制剂处理对不同乙烯变化类型切花月季品种的开花和衰老进程有不同的影响效果, 类似非跃变型切花‘唐娜小姐’表现出典型的非跃变型切花的特征, 但是类似跃变型品种和类似末期上升型品种却有复杂的表现, 分别表现为促进、抑制和不敏感。在此基础上, 探讨了乙烯和乙烯抑制剂处理对类似跃变型品种‘萨蔓莎’和‘红衣主教’、类似非跃变型品种‘唐娜小姐’以及类似末期上升型品种‘黄金时代’乙烯生成量的影响。结果表明: ‘萨蔓莎’和‘红衣主教’分别表现为乙烯的自我催化和自我抑制。乙烯和乙烯抑制剂处理对类似非跃变型品种‘唐娜小姐’的乙烯生成量无影响。类似末期上升型品种‘黄金时代’, 表现为典型的负反馈调节。这些结果说明月季切花对乙烯的反应非常复杂, 在开花衰老进程中呈现不同乙烯变化类型的品种对乙烯的反应差别很大, 不能简单地根据内源乙烯生成量的变化动态对不同的切花月季品种进行类型划分。     

The Response to CO2 Enrichment of Capillary-Watered Single-Truss Tomatoes at Different Plant Densities and Seasons

CO₂ enrichment advanced the date of first anthesis, promoted earlier cropping and shortened the duration of harvest for single-truss tomatoes sown in December and, to a lesser extent, for those sown in July. It also prevented arrested development of the flowers of a December-sown crop growing in poor light.

CO₂ caused increases in marketable fruit yield that were greatest for a mid- July sowing and least for a mid-December sowing. The increases obtained from plants sown in mid-December were independent of population density. For a mid-July sowing the increases in yield of ripe marketable tomatoes were 33% and 17% at population densities of 10 and 25 plants/m² respectively. Increases in total marketable fruit weight caused by CO₂ resulted from an increase in the number of fruits attaining marketable size and an increase in the average weight of individual fruits.

Some of the advantages of producing fruit on single-truss tomatoes grown in shallow capillary-watered beds are mentioned.     

The effect of sucrose on the flower bud opening of ‘Madelon’ cut roses

Complete flower bud opening is characterised by an increase in the petal area, and by enhanced dry and fresh weights of the petals. The import of dry matter into the petals is used for osmotic, biosynthetic and respiratory demands. However, flowers of ‘Madelon’ cut roses frequently fail to open completely under postharvest conditions. An aqueous solution containing 45 mM sucrose induces proper flower bud opening, even when the cut roses have been exposed initially to a sucrose-free solution for 48 h. This points to a requirement for a supply of organic matter from source tissue to the flower as main sink. This conclusion is confirmed by the observation that complete flower bud opening can also be achieved without any addition of sucrose by a reduction in the number of participating petals. Replacing two-thirds part of the 45 mM sucrose by an isomolalic amount of KNO₃ does not affect the flower opening process, implying that a considerable amount of the added sucrose is claimed for osmoregulation. The role of added sucrose and the contribution of the endogenous storage pool in the process of flower bud opening is discussed.     

纳米银对瓶插月季切花乙烯作用的拮抗效应

 以月季‘影星’（Rosa hybrida‘Movie Star’）切花为试材,用5、10和30 mg · L^-1纳米银（nano-silver,NS）溶液,0.5 mmol · L^-1硫代硫酸银（silver thiosulfate,STS）溶液和去离子水（对照）分别预处理花枝（长为25 cm）基端2 h后再移至去离子水中瓶插,之后用10 μL · L^-1外源乙烯处理24 h,观测切花瓶插期间的观赏品质,瓶插寿命,花径和花枝鲜样质量等指标的变化。结果表明：乙烯处理可加快切花失水凋萎及叶片脱落,并抑制花朵开放,而NS处理可显著减轻乙烯处理的不利影响,其中以30 mg · L^-1 NS处理效果最佳,该处理月季切花的瓶插寿命比乙烯处理延长7 d。另外,取月季切花的花朵（带5 cm花茎,无叶）进行上述试验,进一步证实乙烯处理可抑制花朵开放,而NS处理可显著减轻乙烯对花朵开放的抑制作用。     

Application of treated wastewater for cultivation of roses (Rosa hybrida) in soil-less culture

No information is available today concerning the effect of irrigation with secondary treated sewage water on growth, production or quality of roses or other cut flowers. In the present study we investigated the effect of irrigation with treated sewage water on roses cultivated in two soil-less medium, perlite, an inert mineral medium and Choir (coconut fibers), an organic medium of high ion absorption capacity. During 12 months of exposure to the treated water, the visible appearance of the plants, their growth, the quantity and size of the flowering stems and their postharvest performance were not affected by the irrigation treatments. Contents of macroelements in the leaf tissues were unaffected by the irrigation with the secondary treated sewage water. At the same time, Cl contents increased 47% in perlite and 73% in Choir grown plants reaching levels characteristic of exposure to moderate salinity. Mn, Cu and B contents increased as well under cultivation in both perlite and Choir under irrigation with treated sewage water. On the other hand, contents of Fe, Zn, Mo and Al, were similar in all treatments. In all treatments contents of all the examined micro and macroelements were within the range accepted for proper plant function.     

African spider flower (Cleome gynandra L./Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq.) as a red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) repellent in cut-flower rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cultivation

Companion planting of Cleome gynandra, of Kenyan origin, in beds of cut-flower roses reduces significantly red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) infestation without any detrimental effect on productivity or flower quality. The level of reduction is dependent upon the density of the C. gynandra plants with 15 plants in a 1.8 m² bed (8.3 plants m²) being the most effective, planted either around the bed perimeter or within the rows of roses. The relatively high density of C. gynandra plants required may limit the direct application of this technology in export-focused, greenhouse rose production yet may be of significant value as a supplement to other mite-control strategies. The potential benefits of such companion planting for growers of field roses and those involved in some domestic markets are also evident. Research into the nature and extraction of the active, volatile mite-repellant components of C. gynandra is indicated.