土壤质地对地下滴灌灌水器水力要素的影

为研究不同质地土壤中灌水器水力要素的变化规律及其差异,选取灌水器工作压力、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率为因素,分别在粘土、壤土和砂土中采用混合水平均匀设计安排试验.试验结果表明,不同土壤中的灌水器出流规律一致:即当工作压力不变时,灌水器流量在灌水初期略大,而后减小并趋于恒定,这个变化过程仅1～2min;在相同压力下,地下滴灌灌水器流量比地表滴灌小5%～20%,压力越大,二者越接近;灌水器流量随工作压力的增加而增大;土壤因素对灌水器流量有微弱的制约作用,使流量减小.相同条件下,土壤质地越轻,灌水器流量越大;但随着土壤容重和土壤初始含水率的增加,土壤质地越轻,流量减小程度越大.     

反渗透隔膜增压泵隔膜寿命的研究

针对净水机中反渗透隔膜增压泵隔膜寿命短的问题,运用UG软件对隔膜的受力情况进行流固耦合分析,研究隔膜发生破裂的位置及原因。结果表明,隔膜发生破裂的位置位于小腔体内的圆角边界处,隔膜发生破裂的原因之一是节点应力过大。影响隔膜节点最大位移量的是强迫位移值,与流体静压力关系不大;隔膜节点最大位移量与强迫位移成线性关系,比值为1.092;隔膜节点最大应力值与强迫位移也近似线性关系。     

三合泥垫底的防渗水窖

1施工技术（1）三合泥级配与原材料的选配。构成三合泥的主要材料是石灰、纯粘土、砂子和水。质量好的三合泥是级配良好，固结后比重大，不开裂的三合泥。如属纯粘土，其配合比例为：石灰：士：砂一1：1：3～1：1：4，砂子粒径应不大于0．4cm。如条件许可，可接用30％～50％的石灰窑湾、石渣。如当地没有纯粘土，可用普通粘土，但要测其含砂量．以确定砂的比例。三合泥中的土料，以砂质粘土或砂壤1一为宜。这是因为砂土料中的砂粒在三合泥中可起骨架作用，收缩比纯粘土小，也由于‘占们含砂量较大，易于拌和均匀，能保证合理的级配。为保证…     

爆炸冲击载荷下土壤动态本构关系的实验研究

采用拉格朗日曲面拟合实验方法,根据多道记录推算出土壤的本构关系。结果表明：土壤的应力－应变关系具有明显的滞回效应,且粘土的滞回圈比砂土大。土壤的应力－应变关系还表现出波形弥散效应,应力波形图呈双波结构,粘土尤为显著。在爆炸强冲击载荷作用下,土壤表现为具有固定组成的三相物质,其变形机理随土壤深度不同而变化。在装药量为1.3-1.5g/cm^2时,地基表层（0－20cm)具有流体弹塑性,中层（20－60cm）呈粘弹塑性,下层（大于60cm)表现为线性弹性体。     

基于质点振速测量的近场声全息技术

现有的近场声全息技术都是通过在声源近场测量声压来重建和预测声场,并实现声场的可视化.采用同样反映声场特征的质点振速来进行声全息计算,并推出了基于振速测量的近场声全息重建公式,通过仿真验证了该方法的正确性、可行性和有效性.通过与用声压重建的结果相比较,表明本方法的边缘重建精度高的特点;用质点振速重建可以采用更小的全息面来获得同样的重建精度.     

基于可见光谱的不同质地土壤有机质快速测定

在可见光区域内对不同质地土壤(粘土、砂土、壤土)共156个样本的光谱特性进行了研究,并建立了不同质地土壤间有机质含量的互测模型。为了消除土壤质地对有机质含量预测的影响,引入了正交信号处理(OSC)谱图预处理方法。结果表明:粘土和壤土作为建模样本建立的土壤有机质偏最小二乘(PLS)和OSC-PLS校正模型的相关系数分别为0.809和0.823;砂土和壤土分别为0.837和0.734;粘土和砂土相应值分别为0.887和0.823。采用上述模型对另一质地土壤有机质含量进行预测,砂土的相关系数分别为0.572和0.864;粘土的相应值分别为0.555和0.540;壤土的相应值分别为0.643和0.721。预测效果说明OSC预处理可提高不同质地间土壤有机质的互预测能力。     

不同初始含水率砂土水-汽-热耦合迁移数值模拟

地表浅层土壤水热状态是影响发生在该区域物理、生物和化学过程的关键要素。针对地表浅层土壤含水率低、温度变化大的特点,应用Hydrus-1D软件构建热源作用下一维非饱和土壤水-汽-热耦合迁移理论模型,进行砂土不同初始含水率下有无水蒸气迁移的数值模拟研究。结果表明:与仅考虑液态水迁移相比,考虑水蒸气迁移后,砂土含水率迁移加剧,温度上升速度加快;砂土的初始含水率越小,水蒸气迁移对砂土的水分迁移和温度变化影响越大,随着含水率的不断增加,水蒸气迁移对砂土含水率和温度影响的效应逐渐降低直到消失。因此,在低含水率砂土的水热迁移模拟研究中,应考虑水蒸气迁移因素,以提高模拟精度,在含水率较高的砂土中,可忽略水汽的迁移影响,以简化计算。     

基于FLUENT的饲料环模内孔流场分析

环模是饲料加工产业中广泛采用的环模制粒机的核心部件,其中物料在环模孔中的流动状况对饲料制粒成型质量具有重要的影响。本文以加工苜蓿草颗粒为例,利用FLUENT软件分别对两种不同类型的环模内孔进行流场分析,讨论物料经环模压辊作用进入环模孔后模孔内的压力分布及速度变化情况。结果表明:内扩式孔形在入口处压力比直孔小,直孔在入口处应力集中的现象明显;内扩式孔形物料出口速度比直孔大;直孔在临近出口处有应力松弛的现象,而内扩式孔形相当于两次成型,成型质量好。在加工牧草粉体类物料时,环模内扩式孔形优于直孔。此研究为优化环模孔的结构设计提供一定理论参考。     

非水相流体(NAPLs)在黄土中的持留特征研究

试验测定了粘土和砂土二种土壤在不同容重下水气、PCE气和水NAPL的毛管压力与饱和度的关系曲线。研究发现,容重对二种土壤毛管压力与饱和度关系有明显影响,随着容重的增大,束缚水饱和度和进气值或置换压力增加;相同容重下,重壤土的束缚水饱和度大于砂壤土的,而砂壤土残留PCE含量大于重壤土。根据压力与饱和度的关系曲线,三者之间存在一定相关性达到极显著水平。但由于毛管压力与饱和度关系曲线在多相流研究中极为重要,因此在可能的情况下尽可能采用试验手段进行测定。     

微润灌条件下广西山区主要土壤水分运移规律研究

微润灌是广西山区近年来得到较大推广的灌溉技术。在广西山区选择砂土、壤土和黏土等3种典型土壤,并开展微润灌在这三种土壤条件下的土壤水分运移规律研究。试验结果表明:1在地埋黏土、壤土和砂土以及0.10 MPa工作压力条件下,微润管的单米流量分别为0.24、0.31和0.43 L/h,分别为地表自由出流的38.10%、49.21%和68.25%;2微润管在黏土的水分运移形状基本为圆形,砂土和壤土的湿润形状为上小下大的椭圆形;3同等条件下,水分在砂土的水平和垂直向下运移速率最大,壤土次之,黏土最小;4在土箱相同位置,黏土的土壤含水率最大,壤土次之,砂土最小;5根据微润管的土壤水分运移规律,提出微润管在砂土、壤土和黏土的适宜埋深分别为10、15和20 cm。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。