Effect of topical 1% atropine sulfate on intraocular pressure in normal horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of topical 1% ophthalmic atropine sulfate on intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive horses. Animals Studied Eleven clinically healthy horses. Procedures IOP was measured bilaterally twice daily, at 8 AM and 4 PM, for 5 days. No medication was applied for the first 2 days of the study. Thereafter, one eye of each horse was treated with 0.1 mL of topical 1% atropine sulfate ointment twice daily (7 AM and 7 PM) for 3 days. The contralateral eye served as a control. In eight of the horses, an additional IOP reading was taken 3 days following cessation of the atropine treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the IOP of control vs. treatment eyes in the pretreatment period, days 1 and 2 (P = 0.97 and 0.55, respectively). During the treatment period, treated eyes of 10 of the horses had significantly lower IOP than control eyes (P = 0.03). The mean IOP reduction in treated eyes, relative to untreated eyes, was 11.2%. One horse had a significant rise in IOP in the treated eye compared to the remaining study animals. The IOP of control eyes did not vary significantly over the observation period (P = 0.27). There was no significant variation in IOP between the 8 AM and 4 PM measurement (P = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Topical 1% atropine sulfate causes a small, but significant decline in IOP in most ocular normotensive horses. Because topical atropine may elevate IOP in some horses, it should be used with caution in the treatment of glaucoma in this species.     

Effect of topical ophthalmic latanoprost on intraocular pressure in normal horses

The ocular effects of latanoprost ophthalmic solution were evaluated in two studies, with eight horses in each study. One eye of each horse was treated with latanoprost ophthalmic solution once daily for 5 days, and the opposite eye received a control solution of sterile eyewash. Intraocular pressure and pupillary diameter were measured daily for 5 days after treatment. Latanoprost had no significant effect on intraocular pressure or pupillary diameter in normal horse eyes compared with control eyes in these studies. Placement of an eyelid nerve block resulted in significantly lower intraocular pressure.     

Effects of mydriatics on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the normal feline eye

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of various mydriatics (1% atropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 0.5% tropicamide, 10% phenylephrine) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size (PS) in normal cats. ANIMALS STUDIED: The mydriatics were tested in 10 adult ophthalmoscopically normal European Domestic Short-haired cats. Procedure Single-dose drug studies were divided into placebo (vehicle of phenylephrine), 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% tropicamide, 1% cyclopentolate and 1% atropine. After measurement of IOP and pupil size (PS) at 8 a.m. on the first day, one drop of the tested drug was applied to one randomly selected eye. The IOP and PS were measured for a minimum of 36 h until the pupil returned to pretest size. RESULTS: Ten per cent phenylephrine had no significant effect on IOP, and the effect on the pupil size was minimal (相似文献   

Effects of twice daily application of 2% dorzolamide on intraocular pressure in normal cats

The effect of the topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, dorzolamide, on intraocular pressure in cats was studied. The intraocular pressure of both eyes of eight healthy cats was measured using applanation tonometery (Tono-Pen) during two phases: control and treatment. Both eyes were treated with 2% dorzolamide twice a day during the treatment phase. Application of dorzolamide resulted in a significant decrease of intraocular pressure over the treatment phase. By the fourth and fifth day of treatment, the mean intraocular pressure (+/- standard deviation) was 9.7 (+/- 1.5) mmHg, whereas the mean (+/- standard deviation) for the last 2 days of the control period was 12.2 (+/- 2.0) mmHg. Based on this study, dorzolamide is a potentially effective treatment for glaucoma in cats, significantly lowering intraocular pressure.     

The effect of topical administration of atropine sulfate on the normal equine pupil: influence of age, breed and gender

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, breed and gender on vertical pupil diameter (VPD) following a single dose of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye. Animals studied Thirty‐two horses of various ages, breeds and genders were included. The horses had no history or clinical signs of ophthalmic disease. All horses studied had darkly pigmented irides. Procedures Two milligrams of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution was topically administered as a single dose in the right eye of each horse on Day 0. The VPD (mm) was measured in both eyes using digital calipers prior to treatment and every 24 h after administration for 2 weeks (Days 1–14). Duration of effect on VPD was then calculated for treated and untreated eyes. Data were also analyzed for effect of age, breed and gender on mean VPD, maximum VPD and time to maximum VPD. Results The VPD in the treated eye was significantly elevated compared to baseline measurements and compared to the untreated eye at all time points. Arabians had a greater mean VPD at Day 0 and on several days following treatment. Females had greater mean VPD compared to males on 5 out of 15 days. Conclusions Duration of mydriasis after administration of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye is greater than 14 days. Horses of the Arabian breed and female horses may be more sensitive to effects of cholinergic blockade in the eye.     

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in exercising Thoroughbreds: preliminary results with pre-exercise medication

Thoroughbreds with a confirmed history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) were treated pre-exercise with atropine sulfate, cromolyn, ipratropium or furosemide. Atropine prevented EIPH in 3 of 3 trials in 1 horse, while having no significant effect on bleeding status in the other 2 horses. Pre-exercise treatment with cromolyn had no significant effects in the 3 horses. Pre-exercise treatment of ipratropium was apparently responsible for preventing EIPH in 17 out of 18 trials in 2 horses. The pharmacologic properties of ipratropium in the horse have not been studied, but based on human investigation it seems most probable that its bronchodilator effects are responsible for preventing EIPH in the 2 horses. Furosemide administered in different dosages and time intervals prior to exercise did not prevent EIPH in these 3 horses.     

Effects of topical administration of 0.005% latanoprost solution on eyes of clinically normal horses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of 0.005% latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) of eyes of clinically normal horses and establish the frequency of adverse effects of drug administration. ANIMALS: 20 adult clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE: IOP was recorded (7, 9, and 11 AM; 3, 5, and 7 PM) on days 1 and 2 (baseline), days 3 to 7 (treatment), and days 8 to 9 (follow-up). Latanoprost was administered to 1 randomly assigned eye of each horse every 24 hours during the treatment period, following the 7 AM IOP recording. Pupil size and the presence or absence of conjunctival hyperemia, epiphora, blepharospasm, blepharedema, and aqueous flare were recorded prior to IOP measurement. RESULTS: IOP was reduced from baseline by a mean value of 1.03 mm Hg (5%) in males and 3.01 mm Hg (17%) in females during the treatment period. Miosis developed in all treated eyes and was moderate to marked in 77% of horses, with the peak effect observed 4 to 8 hours after drug administration. Conjunctival hyperemia, epiphora, blepharospasm, and blepharedema were present in 100, 57, 42, and 12% of treated eyes, respectively, 2 to 24 hours following drug administration. Aqueous flare was not observed at any time point. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although IOP was reduced with every 24-hour dosing of latanoprost, the frequency of prostaglandin-induced adverse events was high. Because recurrent uveitis appears to be a risk factor for glaucoma in horses, topical administration of latanoprost may potentiate prostaglandin-mediated inflammatory disease in affected horses.     

Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of a compounded 0.2% solution of terbinafine following topical ocular administration to normal equine eyes

Objective To determine the transcorneal penetration and systemic absorption of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution following repeated topical administration to normal equine eyes. Sample population Six healthy adult horses with normal ocular examinations. Procedures One eye of each horse received 0.2 mL of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution every 4 h for seven doses. During the 1 h following administration of the final dose, multiple peripheral blood samples were obtained, and a single aqueous humor (AH) sample was collected at the end of the hour. AH and plasma concentrations of terbinafine were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stability of the formulation was assessed with HPLC analysis over a 14‐day time period. Results Terbinafine was not detected in the AH or plasma of any horse at any time point. No signs of ocular irritation or systemic toxicity were noted in any horse at any time point. The solution was stable over 14 days. Conclusion Topical ocular administration of compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution does not result in detectable AH or plasma levels following administration to normal equine eyes, suggesting its use for deep corneal or intraocular fungal infections in equine ophthalmology may be limited.     

Effects of the topically applied calcium-channel blocker flunarizine on intraocular pressure in clinically normal dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of the topically applied calcium-channel blocker flunarizine on intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal dogs. ANIMALS: 20 dogs. PROCEDURES: Baseline diurnal IOPs were determined by use of a rebound tonometer on 2 consecutive days. Subsequently, 1 randomly chosen eye of each dog was treated topically twice daily for 5 days with 0.5% flunarizine. During this treatment period, diurnal IOPs were measured. In addition, pupillary diameter and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were evaluated. Serum flunarizine concentrations were measured on treatment day 5. Intraday fluctuation of IOP was analyzed by use of an ANOVA for repeated measures and a trend test. Changes in IOP from baseline values were assessed and compared with IOPs for the days of treatment. Values were also compared between treated and untreated eyes. RESULTS: A significant intraday fluctuation in baseline IOP was detected, which was highest in the morning (mean +/- SE, 15.8 +/- 0.63 mm Hg) and lowest at night (12.9 +/- 0.61 mm Hg). After 2 days of treatment, there was a significant decrease in IOP from baseline values in treated (0.93 +/- 0.35 mm Hg) and untreated (0.95 +/- 0.34 mm Hg) eyes. There was no significant treatment effect on pupillary diameter or MAP. Flunarizine was detected in serum samples of all dogs (mean +/- SD, 3.89 +/- 6.36 microg/L). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Topically applied flunarizine decreased IOP in dogs after 2 days of twice-daily application. This calcium-channel blocker could be effective in the treatment of dogs with glaucoma.     

Effects of injection of botulinum toxin type B into the external anal sphincter on anal pressure of horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects on anal pressure of horses after local injection of the external anal sphincter with Clostridium botulinum toxin type B. ANIMALS: 11 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Peak and resting anal sphincter pressures were measured with a custom-made rectal probe that was connected to a pressure transducer. Pressures were measured before treatment and after injection with botulinum toxin type B (BTB) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Dose titration with 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,500 U of BTB was completed. Physical changes, behavior, and anal pressure were recorded for each horse. RESULTS: Injection of 1,000 U of BTB caused a significant reduction in peak anal pressure from days 2 to 84, compared with pressure in control horses. Maximal effect of the toxin was observed within the first 15 days after injection, followed by a slow return to baseline during the 168-day period. Injection of 2,500 U of BTB in the anal sphincter in 1 horse resulted in lethargy, generalized weakness, and dysphagia for 14 days. Adverse clinical effects were not observed in horses after injections with 500, 1,000, or 1,500 U of BTB. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The effect of focal intramuscular injection of BTB in horses is similar to that reported for other species. However, horses appear to be more sensitive to BTB, compared with other species, and clinical signs of botulism may develop at doses exceeding 1,500 U. Injections of BTB in the external anal sphincter of mares may be useful to reduce incisional dehiscence after repair of perineal lacerations.     

Effect of high PaCO2 and time on cerebrospinal fluid and intraocular pressure in halothane-anesthetized horses

The effects of different arterial carbon dioxide tensions (PaCO2) on cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in 6 male halothane-anesthetized horses positioned in left lateral recumbency. Steady-state anesthetic conditions (1.06% end-tidal halothane concentration) commenced 60 minutes following anesthetic induction with only halothane in oxygen. During atracurium neuromuscular blockade, horses were ventilated, and respiratory rate and peak inspiratory airway pressure were maintained within narrow limits. The CSFP and IOP were measured at 3 different levels of PaCO2 (approx 40, 60, and 80 mm of Hg). The PaCO2 sequence in each horse was determined from a type of switchback design with the initial PaCO2 (period 1), established 30 minutes after the commencement of steady-state anesthesia, being repeated in the middle (period 3) and again at the end (period 5) of the experiment. Measurements taken from the middle 3 periods (2, 3, and 4) would form a Latin square design replicated twice. The interval between each period was approximately 45 minutes. Data from periods 2, 3, and 4 indicated that CSFP (P less than 0.05) and mean systemic arterial pressure increased significantly (P less than 0.05) with high PaCO2. Mean central venous pressure, heart rate, and IOP did not change significantly during these same conditions. Measurements taken during periods 1, 3, and 5 were compared to assess the time-related responses to anesthesia and showed a significant increase in CSFP, a significant decrease in mean central venous pressure, and a small (but not statistically significant) increase in mean systemic arterial pressure.     

Application of the 51Cr-EDTA urinary recovery test for assessment of intestinal permeability in the horse

Altered intestinal permeability is implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse equine medical conditions including alimentary laminitis and protein-losing enteropathies associated with parasitic infection. The aims of this study were to assess the feasibility of applying the 51Cr-EDTA absorption test for the assessment of intestinal permeability in the horse, and to apply this test in horses with experimentally induced alterations in gastrointestinal function. Four healthy ponies were administered 36 MBq of 51Cr-EDTA via naso-gastric tube, and urine samples were collected into polythene bags strapped to the pony's abdomen. Total urine voided every 6 h was collected during each test, and 1 ml samples were taken for measurement of gamma-radiation. Urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA was measured following intravenous atropine sulphate or bethanecol, and following 22 and 46 days of administration of 250,000 third-stage cyathostome larvae. There was no significant difference in urinary 51Cr-EDTA recovery following the control treatment, and following atropine or bethanecol administration, but significant increases were detected in the animals with experimental cyathostome infection consistent with increased permeability of the intestinal membrane. Motility modifying agents (bethanecol and atropine) did not affect absorption of 51Cr-EDTA, suggesting that subtle changes in motility might not affect the ability of this test to detect altered intestinal permeability. The finding of increased urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA in ponies with cyathostome infection suggests that 51Cr-EDTA may be a useful marker for assessment of intestinal permeability in the horse.     

Cardiovascular Effects of Amphetamine in the Horse

Each of nine horses was treated with amphetamine alone, with atropine alone, and with amphetamine and atropine in combination. Cardiac effects of these drugs were studied by electrocardiography during resting and exercising states and immediately after exercise.

Although each treatment increased heart rate significantly during the resting state, only the amphetamine plus atropine treatment increased heart rate significantly during exercise. Decrease in heart rate immediately after exercise differed significantly for each treatment; the most rapid decrease in heart rate was found after the amphetamine treatment.

Amphetamine caused second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block in each horse during the postexercise period. Amphetamine also caused ectopic beats either during or immediately after exercise in six horses. Second-degree AV block was not found when atropine was used alone or when used in combination with amphetamine. Fewer ectopic beats were found when atropine was used with amphetamine.

Heart rate responses indicated that the direct effect of amphetamine was greater than the reflex effect at rest and during exercise; the opposite was true during postexercise. Second-degree AV block during the postexercise period was attributed to vagotonia due to baroreceptor stimulation. Release of norepinephrine by amphetamine probably caused many of the ectopic beats by increasing automaticity of subordinate pacemakers.

     

Effects of 0.005% latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure in healthy dogs and cats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of daily topical ocular administration of latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy cats and dogs. ANIMALS: 9 domestic shorthair cats and 14 dogs. PROCEDURE: Latanoprost solution (0.005%) was administered topically to 1 eye (treated) and vehicle to the other eye (control) of all animals once daily in the morning for 8 days. Intraocular pressure was measured twice daily for the 5 days preceding treatment, and IOP, pupillary diameter, conjunctival hyperemia, and blepharospasm were measured 0, 1, 6, and 12 hours after the first 4 treatments and 0 and 12 hours after the final 4 treatments. Measurements continued twice a day for 5 days after treatment was discontinued. Aqueous flare was measured once daily during and for 5 days after the treatment period. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure and pupillary diameter were significantly decreased in the treated eye of dogs, compared with the control eye. Mild conjunctival hyperemia was also detected, but severity did not differ significantly between eyes. Blepharospasm and aqueous flare were not detected in either eye. Intraocular pressure in cats was not significantly affected by treatment with latanoprost. However, pupillary diameter was significantly decreased in the treated eye, compared with the control eye. Conjunctival hyperemia, aqueous flare, and blepharospasm were not detected in either eye. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Once-daily topical ocular administration of latanoprost solution (0.005%) reduced IOP in healthy dogs without inducing adverse effects but did not affect IOP in healthy cats. Latanoprost may be useful for treating glaucoma in dogs.     

Effects of topical administration of 1% brinzolamide on intraocular pressure in clinically normal horses

Reasons for performing study: Only few drugs with limited efficacy are available for topical treatment of equine glaucoma. Objective: To evaluate the effect of topical administration of 1% brinzolamide on intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal horses. Methods: Healthy mature horses (n = 20) with normal ocular findings, were studied. The IOP was measured 5 times daily (07.00, 11.00, 15.00, 19.00 and 23.00 h) over 10 days. On Days 1 and 2, baseline values were established. On Days 3–5 one eye of each horse was treated with one drop of 1% brinzolamide every 24 h immediately following the 07.00 h measurement. On Days 6–8 the same eye was treated with 1% brinzolamide every 12 h (07.00 and 19.00 h). Measurements on Days 9 and 10 documented the return of IOP to baseline values. Statistical analysis of the data was performed. Results: In the treated eye a significant decrease in IOP compared to baseline values was noted during both the 24 and 12 h dosing periods (P<0.001). During the once‐daily treatment protocol an IOP reduction of 3.1 ±1.3 mmHg (14%) from baseline was recorded. During the twice‐daily protocol a total IOP reduction of 5.0 ± 1.5 mmHg (21%) was achieved. Conclusion: Intraocular pressure was significantly decreased by 1% brinzolamide in a once‐daily and a twice‐daily treatment protocol in normotensive eyes. These findings suggest that brinzolamide might also be effective in horses with an elevated IOP. Potential relevance: This drug may be useful for treatment of equine glaucoma.     

Effects of topical administration of timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in cats

Effects of topical administration of a single dose of timolol maleate, a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter were evaluated in the normotensive eyes of 10 clinically normal cats over 12 hours. Mean (+/- SEM) normal IOP was 17.1 (+/- 1.1) mm of Hg and diurnal fluctuation was observed, with the highest IOP seen in the evening. Mean (+/- SEM) normal pupil diameter was 10.1 (+/- 0.5) mm. Topical treatment with 0.5% timolol resulted in reduction of IOP in treated and nontreated eyes. This effect was time-dependent and was first observed at 6 hours after treatment. Mean reduction of IOP was 22.3% in the treated eye and 16.3% in the nontreated eye. The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. Mean reduction of pupil diameter was 38.7%. A contralateral effect on pupil diameter was not seen in the nontreated eye. Topical administration of timolol maleate results in a reduction of IOP in treated and contralateral eyes, which supports the use of timolol for treatment of glaucoma in cats. In addition, the treated eye becomes miotic. This effect may indicate beta-adrenergic inhibition or alpha-adrenergic activation of the iris sphincter muscle. beta-Adrenergic blockade would then result in miosis.     

Ocular and multicentric lymphoma in a young racehorse

A 6-year-old thoroughbred gelding was presented with a history of blepharospasm and opacity in the OS of 1 weeks' duration. Ophthalmic examination findings were consistent with acute uveitis in the OS, and traditional treatment was initiated with systemic antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, topical mydriatics, and corticosteroids. During the total treatment period of 4 weeks response to treatment was weak and the horse developed further problems such as cellulitis of the right hind limb with fever and eventually weight loss and dependent edema. Blood work was indicative of liver disease. Abdominal sonography revealed severe splenomegaly and slight hepatomegaly, and a liver biopsy confirmed malignant T-cell lymphoma. The horse was euthanized due to deteriorating general condition and subsequently underwent postmortem examination. Necropsy and histologic examination revealed a multicentric lymphoma with involvement of spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and OU.
The findings in this case demonstrate that the differential diagnosis of intraocular and systemic lymphoma should be considered in any horse presenting with anterior uveitis, especially when uveitis is unresponsive to treatment and when additional systemic signs of illness such as lethargy, fever, weight loss, or dependent edema arise.
Cytological examination of aqueous humor may provide a rapid diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma in eyes with clinical uveitis.     

Postprandial arterial vasodilation in the equine distal thoracic limb

The effects of feeding on blood flow to the equine foot are poorly understood. In a temperature-controlled room, duplex Doppler ultrasonographic observations were made pre- and postprandially of the lateral proper palmar digital artery of 5 horses, randomly assigned to twice and 4 times daily feeding in an unbalanced 2 period crossover design. Arterial diameter and blood velocity were measured over 4 h and additional observations made of heart rate, blood pressure, total plasma protein, packed cell volume, plasma glucose and insulin. There was no effect of the feeding regimen on any variable. Postprandially, there were significant increases in arterial diameter, blood velocity, total plasma protein, plasma glucose and insulin; the other variables were unchanged. It appeared that the normal postprandial response was an increase in blood flow to the foot. The value of ultrasonography for noninvasive investigation of the peripheral vasculature of the conscious horse was established; and in the future it may have a role in the diagnosis of vascular diseases of the foot.     

Effect of head position on intraocular pressure in horses

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of head position on intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses. ANIMALS: 30 horses. PROCEDURES: Horses were sedated with detomidine HCl (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were applied bilaterally with 2% lidocaine HCl. The corneas of both eyes were anesthetized with ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine solution. Intraocular pressures were measured with an applanation tonometer with the head positioned below and above heart level. The mean of 3 readings was taken for each eye at each position for data analysis. The effect of head position on IOP was assessed and generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for the correlation from repeated measures of the same eye and intereye correlation from the same horse. RESULTS: Of the 60 eyes, 52 (87%) had increased IOP when measured below the heart level. A significant difference (mean +/- SE, 8.20 +/- 1.01 mm Hg) was seen in the mean IOP when the head was above (17.5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg) or below (25.7 +/- 1.2 mm Hg) heart level. No significant effect of sex, age, or neck length on IOP change was found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Head position has a significant effect on the IOP of horses. Failure to maintain a consistent head position between IOP measurements could potentially prevent the meaningful interpretation of perceived aberrations or changes in IOP.     

Confirmed Datura poisoning in a horse most probably due to D. ferox in contaminated tef hay

Two out of a group of 23 mares exposed to tef hay contaminated with Datura ferox (and possibly D. stramonium) developed colic. The 1st animal was unresponsive to conservative treatment, underwent surgery for severe intestinal atony and had to be euthanased. The 2nd was less seriously affected, responded well to analgesics and made an uneventful recovery. This horse exhibited marked mydriasis on the first 2 days of being poisoned and showed protracted, milder mydriasis for a further 7 days. Scopolamine was chemically confirmed in urine from this horse for 3 days following the colic attack, while atropine could just be detected for 2 days. Scopolamine was also the main tropane alkaloid found in the contaminating plant material, confirming that this had most probably been a case of D. ferox poisoning. Although Datura intoxication of horses from contaminated hay was suspected previously, this is the 1st case where the intoxication could be confirmed by urine analysis for tropane alkaloids. Extraction and detection methods for atropine and scopolamine in urine are described employing enzymatic hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).