东岔林场中幼林抚育措施

中幼林抚育是国家财政补贴政策支持下实施的一个林业项目工程,其目的是在培育符合可持续经营要求的优质森林,提高森林综合功能。小陇山东岔林场位于秦岭北坡,属渭河峡谷区,森林资源垂直分布明显,极具代表性,经2a中幼林抚育试点,提出中幼林抚育调查方法、区划、抚育措施等技术要求,可供读者参考。     

建设生态文明 发展自主特色产业

甘肃省小陇山林业实验局东岔林场位于西秦岭北坡，森林经营面积42．6万亩．渭河峡谷地貌，属大陆性季风气候，相对湿度65％。土壤以褐色林木为主，棕壤次之，受地形和气候影响，林区植物种类垂分布丰富，     

南江峡谷不同森林类型土壤理化指标对比研究

通过对南江峡谷不同部位不同森林类型土壤理化指标对比研究,结果表明:(1)南江峡谷喀斯特森林不同部位土壤密度呈底部中部顶部的趋势,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度以及土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量的变化趋势与密度的变化趋势相反。有机质量、阳离子交换量、全氮量、全钾量以及水解氮量、有效磷量和速效钾量呈底部中部顶部的,全磷量在峡谷中部的森林土壤最低。峡谷底部至顶部土壤综合质量指数呈递增趋势;(2)峡谷顶部喀斯特森林土壤密度低于非喀斯特森林土壤,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度以及土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量的变化呈喀斯特森林土壤高于非喀斯特森林土壤。全氮量、全磷量、全钾量、水解氮量和速效钾量高于非喀斯特森林,有机质量、阳离子量和有效磷量低于非喀斯特森林,土壤综合质量指数呈喀斯特森林高于非喀斯特森林。     

八大重点区域绿化工程启幕 渭河近堤林带绿化率先启动 全省渭河近堤绿化工作会议在咸阳召开

3月6日,全省渭河近堤绿化林带建设现场会在咸阳召开。西安、咸阳、宝鸡、渭南、杨凌5市（区）及沿渭21个县（市、区）的绿化委员会主任、水利局长、林业局长,其它各市林业局的主要负责同志参加了会议。与会代表参观了咸阳城区渭河近堤绿化现场、秦都区城市森林绿化现场、兴平市田阜乡渭河绿化现场、武功县周武大桥绿化现场。     

我国西南高山峡谷林区森林防火研究

根据我国西南高山峡谷林区的地形、植被和该区域森林防火的重要性,经过多次实地调研,结合目前该区森林防火存在的问题,提出了发展大型飞机森林航空消防、以水灭火、加强人工增雨雪技术和加强卫星监测森林火灾。     

云杉(Picea asperata Mast)天然中幼林地位指数表的编制与应用

森林立地质量的高低对林木产量影响很大,一切森林经营工作和估计林木生长潜力,对不同立地必须分别对待。过去少采用划分不同更新经营等级,但它只能从定性方面反映出立地类型,不能确切地评价森林立地质量和估计林木生产潜力。为了改变人工更新“千篇一律,砍杉栽杉,砍桦栽桦”等现象,必须制定出我省高山主要更新树种立地质量分类和评价的统一标准,做到按立地质量来分别组织经营,以充分发挥林地生产力,提高更新绿化效果。为此,1984年对云杉集中分布区松潘管辖的热务、(月章)腊两区从高山峡谷到高原丘陵的近     

美国的森林经营与森林认证现状及对我们的启示

美国是世界上森林经营水平较高的国家之一,从国家林业计划、森林生态系统经营、可持续经营标准和指标等方面分析了美国森林可持续经营状况,并介绍了美国森林经营及森林认证的有关情况,借鉴美国森林可持续经营的经验,提出了我国森林可持续经营和森林认证的对策。     

木兰林管局森林经营类型划分及其管理途径

森林经营类型的划分,及其森林经营措施和森林经营管理类型的确定,是森林经营方案的核心内容。本文针对河北省木兰林管局所处区位条件、森林资源基础和任务,利用最新进行的二类调查资料,按照森林经营主导任务和现实森林类型,将木兰林管局划分为6种森林经营类型组和相应的26种具体的森林经营类型。从不同森林经营类型、森林经营目标出发,结合现有经营技术水平,提出了不同森林经营类型主要经营技术措施和管理途径。并就森林经营方案有效实施,提出了进一步完善森林资源管理政策、构建森林经营方案为核心的管理体系,以及加强森林经营管理人员能力的对策建议。     

森林经营规划编制体系的探讨

森林经营规划编制是森林经营工作的重要内容,为指导区域森林经营工作科学有序开展及森林经营方案编制提供主要依据。针对我国森林经营规划编制体系不完善、森林经营工作无遵循等情况,国家林业局组织编制了全国森林经营规划,并对省级、县级森林经营规划编制工作提出要求。文章就我国森林经营规划编制体系进行探讨,从国家级、省级、县级3个层面分析我国森林经营规划编制指导思想及关键技术,以及新时期我国森林经营工作的重点及发展方向,为各地编制森林经营规划、科学进行森林经营管理提供参考。     

基于近自然经营理念的腾冲县新岐社区森林经营类型组织

分析了新岐社区森林资源现状和森林经营需求,探讨了基于近自然经营的理念和森林多功能经营的思想,以经营目标、经营周期、立地质量、主要技术特征为依据,把新岐社区林地组织成为了4个森林经营类型组11个森林经营类型,并制作了森林经营类型图,以期为新岐社区村级森林经营方案编制及社区今后的森林经营提供参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.