缺磷对不同作物根系形态及体内养分含量浓度的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以水稻、 小麦、 玉米和大豆为试验材料,研究了短期缺磷（2周）诱导根表沉积铁氧化物是否为水稻特有的性质,以及缺磷对不同作物根系形态及其吸收钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜、 锌营养元素的影响。结果表明,供磷和缺磷处理并没有影响小麦、 玉米和大豆3种作物根系的颜色,而缺磷处理水稻根表沉积了铁氧化物而呈红（黄）棕色,且铁氧化物不均匀地富集在根细胞壁的孔隙中; 缺磷促进了水稻,小麦,玉米和大豆根系的生长,分别比供磷处理伸长了11%、 11%、 20%和11%（P0.05）。此外,缺磷胁迫下水稻根表铁氧化物增强了钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在根表的富集而成为其进入根系的缓冲层。缺磷处理水稻根中铁浓度明显高于供磷处理（P0.05）,而地上部铁的浓度仅为磷营养正常水稻植株的18%,这说明缺磷诱导的铁氧化物促进了根系对铁的吸收但抑制了铁由根系向地上部的转运。短期缺磷对其他养分在水稻根中和地上部的浓度没有明显影响。对于其他 3 种作物,短期缺磷没有明显影响钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在其根表富集及在植物体内的浓度。因此,在供试的4 种作物中,由于磷胁迫诱导根表形成铁氧化物是水稻特有的性质,铁氧化物的沉积可促进铁的吸收但抑制了铁向地上部的转运,而短期缺磷并没有影响其他3种作物对钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌养分的吸收和转运。     

水稻根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收磷的影响

本文采用营养液培养方法研究了根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收磷的影响。结果表明，水稻报表的铁氧化物胶膜随营养液中Fe2+浓度的增加而增加。铁氧化物胶膜可富集生长介质中的磷，根表铁膜数量越多，富集的磷量也越多。根表铁股可促进水稻对磷的吸收，但这种促进作用的大小依赖于根表铁膜数量。根表铁膜数量为24570mp／kg时，促进作用达到最大，此后随着铁膜数量的增加，水稻吸收磷的数量下降，但仍高于根表没有铁膜的水稻。因此，水稻根表形成的铁氧化物胶膜在一定程度上是一个磷富集库，对水稻吸收磷起促进作用。在此过程中，缺铁条件下水稻根分泌物中的植物铁载体对淀积铁氧化物胶膜的水稻根系吸收磷没有明显的作用。     

不同铁形态对水稻根表铁膜及铁吸收的影响

通过溶液培养试验研究了FeCl2?4H2O和FeCl3?6H2O对水稻根表铁膜数量及铁吸收的影响。结果表明,FeCl2处理时水稻根表铁膜浓度是FeCl3处理的197%～233%。利用EDTA-BPDS对铁膜形态分析看出,根表铁膜中Fe3+占85%～92%,Fe2+占8%～15%。水稻天优998根表铁膜数量显著高于培杂泰丰,其铁吸收是培杂泰丰的115%～138%。两种铁形态处理明显提高水稻的根系活力,其中,FeCl2处理时水稻根系活力增加24%～69%,FeCl3为16%～54%。FeCl2处理时水稻根系SOD、POD和CAT活性分别增加11%～32%、15%～30%和30%～31%,但FeCl3处理没有明显影响。上述结果表明一定浓度铁处理明显增加水稻根表铁浓度和铁吸收;与FeCl3处理相比,FeCl2处理能提高根系抗氧化酶活性,增加水稻的铁吸收和根表铁膜数量。     

硅铁施用对水稻生长及磷吸收的影响

为探讨硅铁施用对水稻生长和磷吸收的影响,指导合理施肥、提高磷素利用率,利用水培试验研究了不同浓度铁(0、0.5、1、2 mmol·L~(-1))预处理下施加不同浓度硅(0、1、4 mmol·L~(-1))对水稻生长及磷吸收的影响。结果表明,低浓度的铁预处理对水稻SPAD、株高、根长和地上部干质量无显著影响,而高浓度的铁预处理下,这些指标则显著降低(P0.05)。中低浓度铁处理下施硅在一定程度上增加了水稻株高、根长和地上部干质量,但未达到显著水平(P0.05)。铁预处理显著增加了水稻根表铁膜的厚度及根表铁膜中的磷含量(P0.05),施硅则显著降低了0.5 mmol·L~(-1)和1 mmol·L~(-1)铁预处理的水稻根表铁膜的厚度(P0.05)。铁预处理对水稻根部的磷含量无显著影响,但显著降低了地上部磷的含量(P0.05)。施硅对水稻根和地上部的磷含量无显著影响。研究表明,施铁处理显著诱导了根表铁膜的出现,增加了铁膜中的磷含量并且显著降低了地上部的磷含量;施硅在一定程度上缓解了水稻生长中的铁毒害现象,并且能够改变根表铁膜厚度,减少根冠比,从而影响水稻磷的吸收转运。     

氮、磷、钾营养胁迫对黄芪幼苗根系活力及根系导水率的影响

以膜荚黄芪为试验材料,通过室内1/2Hoagland全营养液、1/2Hoagland缺N(-N)、缺P(-P)和缺K(-K)营养液控制营养水平,进行水培试验,比较在营养胁迫情况下黄芪幼苗根系活力、根系导水率和叶绿素含量的变化。结果表明:与全素营养(CK)相比,缺素条件下黄芪根系活力、根系导水率及叶绿素含量降低,根面积减少,根冠比差异显著。-N和-P处理对根系导水速率影响极显著。     

根系氧化力不同的水稻品种磷锌营养状况的研究

采用琼脂培养和土壤培养试验研究了根系氧化能力不同的水稻品种磷、锌的营养状况。 结果表明, 在选用的 5 个水稻品种中, 根系氧化力较高的品种 LR-2、TZ88-145 和 YY-1, 其根表铁膜数量明显高于根系氧化力较弱的品 种KZ89-113 和KZ89-112。 根系氧化能力高, 根表形成的铁膜数量多, 富集的磷、锌数量也多, 反之则少。 这就构成 了“ 根系氧化力不同的水稻品种—根表形成的铁氧化物胶膜数量不同—富集在铁膜上的磷、锌数量不同—水稻的 磷、锌营养状况不同” 的连锁关系。     

水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase对缺磷的反应

用两相法分离了供磷（+P）和缺磷（-P）营养下水稻苗期根系的细胞膜,并测定了细胞膜上H+-ATPase的水解活性,以期阐明水稻根系细胞质膜上H+-ATPase对不同缺磷的反应机制。结果表明,缺磷的水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase的水解活性和H+-ATPase的Vmax, Km均低于正常供磷的植物;缺磷的水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase最佳pH值为 6.0,而正常供磷植物的为pH 6.4左右;Western Blot结果说明,缺磷水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase酶浓度与正常供磷植物相似。本试验结果还说明,缺磷水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase活性低的原因并不是因为其单位细胞膜上的H+-ATPase酶分子数量小于正常供磷的植物,而是缺磷水稻根系细胞膜上H+-ATPase的同工酶的组成供磷植物相比发生了变化。这很可能是缺磷胁迫下水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase的一种适应机制。     

铅污染土壤中根表铁膜对宽叶香蒲利用磷的影响

为研究铅污染土壤中根表铁膜对宽叶香蒲（Typha latifolia L.）磷利用效率的影响,利用根袋培养方法在两个Fe2+水平（20、100 mg/L）下诱导根表形成铁膜的宽叶香蒲移栽于土壤中,经4个Pb2+浓度（0、100、500、1000 mg/kg）处理后淹水培养4周,分析根表铁膜和植物体内磷含量。结果表明,地上部生物量随着铅污染强度的增加呈降低趋势但差异不显著（P0.05）;低铁（20 mg/L）诱导处理的地上部和地下部生物量分别比相应高铁（100 mg/L）诱导的高3.5%～19.6%和7.6%～39.8%,且铁对地上部生物量的影响达到极显著差异（P0.01）。根表铁膜量随铅污染程度的增加而下降;高铁诱导处理宽叶香蒲的新根形成的铁膜量以及其吸附的磷均高于低铁诱导处理的植株。除1000 mg/kg铅处理外,低铁诱导后植株中磷的含量均比高铁诱导的植株高。本试验条件下,铅污染土壤中植物利用磷为低铁膜量大于高铁膜量。     

水稻根系细胞膜H+-ATPase对缺磷的反应

用两相法分离了供磷（＋P）和缺磷（-P）营养下水稻苗期根系的细胞膜,并测定了细胞膜上H^＋-ATPase的水解活性,以期阐明水稻根系细胞质膜上H^＋-ATPase对不同缺磷的反应机制。结果表明,缺磷的水稻根系细胞膜H^＋-ATPase的水解活性和H^＋-ATPase的Vmax,Km均低于正常供磷的植物;缺磷的水稻根系细胞膜H^＋-ATPase最佳pH值为6．0,而正常供磷植物的为pH6．4左右;Western Blot结果说明,缺磷水稻根系细胞膜H^＋-ATPase酶浓度与正常供磷植物相似。本试验结果还说明,缺磷水稻根系细胞膜H^＋-ATPase活性低的原因并不是因为其单位细胞膜上的H^＋-ATPase酶分子数量小于正常供磷的植物,而是缺磷水稻根系细胞膜上H^＋-ATPase的同工酶的组成与供磷植物相比发生了变化。这很可能是缺磷胁迫下水稻根系细胞膜H^＋-ATPase的一种适应机制。     

根表铁氧化物和缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响

在人工光照植物培养室中采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同镉浓度条件下,水稻根表沉积的铁氧化物及缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响。结果表明：（１）水稻根只的铁氧化物对其生长介质的镉有富集作用,并在一定程度上能促进水稻对镉的吸收。水稻生长的铁营养状况不同,则地上部镉含量不同,地上部镉含量达到最大峰值时根表铁氧化物的数量也不同。（２）当根表铁氧化物数量一定时,随着营养液中镉浓度的增大（镉的处理浓度为０、０．０     

硒(Ⅳ)预处理下根表铁膜对水稻幼苗吸收和转运汞的影响

采用水培试验的方法研究硒(Se,Ⅳ)预处理下,根表铁膜对水稻幼苗吸收和转运汞(Hg)的影响。将水稻幼苗置于Se0和Se0.5(mg L-1)培养液中培养2周,再用4种不同浓度的Fe2+溶液(0、25、50和100 mg L-1即Fe0、Fe25、Fe50、Fe100)诱导水稻根表形成不同数量的铁膜,随后置于0.3 mg L-1的Hg Cl2培养液中继续培养72 h。结果表明,根表铁膜对水稻幼苗生长无显著影响,但硒可以增加其生物量。碳酸氢钠―柠檬酸三钠―连二亚硫酸钠(DCB)提取液(即根表铁膜)中含铁比例(57.3%~96.2%)显著高于水稻幼苗地上部(1.1%~17.5%)和根部(2.7%~25.9%),水稻幼苗的大部分铁被积累至DCB提取液中。随着根表铁膜数量的增加,根和地上部汞含量均显著降低。在Fe50和Fe100处理中,硒的加入显著减少了地上部和根部的汞含量,也显著降低了汞的分配系数,Se(Ⅳ)预处理能明显提高铁膜固持汞的量。综上所述,Se(Ⅳ)预处理和根表铁膜均能阻碍水稻幼苗对汞的吸收和向地上部的转运,减轻水稻汞胁迫,从而起到保护水稻避免汞毒害的作用。本研究对于提高汞污染区稻米质量和保证粮食安全具有一定的现实意义。     

硅缓解水稻根系铁毒害

Silicon (Si) can enhance the resistance of plants to many abiotic stresses. To explore whether Si ameliorates Fe2+ toxicity, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate whether and how Si detoxifies Fe2+ toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Results indicated that rice cultivar Tianyou 998 (TY998) showed greater sensitivity to Fe2+ toxicity than rice cultivar Peizataifeng (PZTF). Treatment with 0.1 mmol L-1 Fe2+ inhibited TY998 root elongation and root biomass significantly. Reddish iron plaque was formed on root surface of both cultivars. TY998 had a higher amount of iron plaque than PZTF. Addition of Si to the solution of Fe treatment decreased the amount of iron plaque on root surface by 17.6% to 37.1% and iron uptake in rice roots by 37.0% to 40.3%, and subsequently restored root elongation triggered by Fe2+ toxicity by 13.5% in the TY998. Compared with Fe treatment, the addition of 1 mmol L-1 Si to the solution of Fe treatment increased xylem sap flow by 19.3% to 24.8% and root-shoot Fe transportation by 45.0% to 78.6%. Furthermore, Si addition to the solution of Fe treatment induced root cell wall to thicken. These results suggested that Si could detoxify Fe2+ toxicity and Si-mediated amelioration of Fe2+ toxicity in rice roots was associated with less iron plaque on root surface and more Fe transportation from roots to shoots.     

不同土壤的还原状况对铁镉形态转化和水稻吸收的影响

采用土壤-蛭石联合培养,以填充蛭石的网袋模拟根际,置于红壤、水稻土、盐土中后淹水栽培水稻13 d.试验结果表明,水稻栽培期问,红壤、水稻土、盐土pH变化范围分别为6.05 ～6.78、6.47 ～7.33、6.42 ～7.44;有机质处理下,除红壤根际pH明显升高外,其余土壤根际和非根际pH均有所下降.各土壤对照根际Eh保持在233 ～ 385 mV;有机质处理使根际Eh下降,同时也导致除盐土外的非根际Eh上升.土壤还原溶解Fe与蛭石吸附Fe的90％以上均米自铁锰氧化物结合态铁(Oxide-Fe)组分,与溶液Eh、pe+ pH均有显著相关性,表明两表面同为Fe的氧化还原反应,但方向相反.水稻根表Fe膜的形成与根际氧化还原状况有关,在对照根际(高Eh)环境下,根表Fe含量随pH升高而降低,在有机质处理根际(低Eh)环境下则随pH升高而升高;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍Fe的吸收,在水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进Fe吸收.根表Cd含量与根内Cd、地上部Cd有显著正相关;在红壤中,根表Fe膜阻碍了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收;水稻土和盐土中,根表Fe膜促进了水稻Cd的吸附和吸收.     

Visualisation of oxidizing power of rice roots and of possible participation of bacteria in iron deposition

The oxidizing power of rice roots was observed in narrow transparent root boxes containing different media. Plants precultivated in nutrient solution were embedded in semisolid agar medium to observe oxidation of ferrous iron cations and leuco methylene blue as well as solubilization of ferrous sulfide. In the presence of ferrous sulfate reddish brown coloration due to formation of ferric oxide/hydroxide was observed around the roots and on the root surface during one day of incubation. When agar medium blackened by ferrous sulfide was used, the root zone became transparent. Within a few hours leuco methylene blue was oxidized to methylene blue on and near the roots. Furthermore, seedlings were grown in agar medium containing ferrous sulfide inoculated with soil filtrate. Besides diffuse ferric iron precipitation, iron was also deposited on spherically shaped structures in the rhizosphere and near the agar surface as well as in slimy layers appearing on the root surface. The spherical structures and slimy layers were obviously bacterial colonies extending with time. As the roots grew old, parts of them turned black. In the rhizosphere, black spots occurred resembling colonies of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Rice was also grown in sand supplemented with nutrients and iron sulfide. While root growth was straight in agar, it was twisted in the sand medium. Again, heavy ferric iron deposition occurred on the root surface. On older root parts the lateral roots became blackish. The results suggest participation of bacteria in ferric iron deposition in the rhizosphere of rice.     

一种定量测定水稻根系氧化力的新方法

根系氧化力大小与根表铁膜数量密切相关,铁膜以Fe3+ 形态为主。本文根据水稻根表铁膜数量,探讨了一种测定水稻根系氧化力的新方法。首先,在水稻根系所在溶液中加入定量硫酸亚铁(Fe2+),处理1天后,水稻根系将一部分Fe2+ 氧化成Fe3+,剩余Fe2+ 用H2O2滴定,得滴定值A。然后,用H2O2滴定没有种植水稻的硫酸亚铁溶液,得滴定值B。根据不种植与种植水稻H2O2的消耗量,滴定值之差(B-A),即为水稻根系氧化力。该方法要求Fe2+ 浓度大于0.8 mmol/L,过氧化氢消耗量与Fe2+ 浓度成正比(R2 = 0.999 2)。测定过程中,应先加显色剂邻菲罗啉,然后加入磷酸。该方法在不损伤水稻根系情况下可定量测定水稻根系氧化力。     

Formation of manganese oxide plaque on rice roots in solution culture under varying pH and manganese (Mn2+) concentration conditions

Roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) exposed to 25, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations of manganese (Mn²⁺) in solution culture at pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 for 48 hours developed visible brown coatings (plaque) of oxidized Mn. Most plaque was deposited on a region of the root 1–6 cm long above the root tip. Manganese in root plaque was removed by dithionite‐bicarbonate‐citrate extraction and internal root Mn released by pressure digestion. Concentrations of Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean concentrations of Mn in plaque exceeded concentrations of Mn remaining in roots after the DCB wash in all treatment conditions. Concentrations of plaque and internal Mn increased with increasing pH and Mn²⁺ concentration in the treatment solution. Significant positive correlations existed between plaque and internal Mn concentrations at high pH. A larger percentage of total root metal remains in Mn plaqued roots after DCB treatment than has been previously observed in similarly treated iron (Fe) plaqued roots.     

Tropical Rice Cultivars from Lowland and Upland Cropping Systems Differ in Iron Plaque Formation

In iron toxic wetlands, ferric hydroxide is commonly deposited on rice roots. This study aims to to evaluate the differences in iron plaque formation in rice cultivars from different cropping systems. Thirty days old seedlings of Brazilian rice cultivars from the lowland cropping system (‘BRS Atalanta’ and ‘Epagri 107’) and upland cropping system (‘Canastra’) or both systems (‘BRSMG Curinga’) and the cultivar ‘Nipponbare’ were exposed to iron excess [4 mM iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄.7H₂O)] for seven days in nutrient solution. It was observed iron plaque formation and ruptures of the root epidermal cells. The lowland cultivars showed higher Fe content in iron plaque. Iron stain was detected in the root hairs, epidermis, hypodermis, and exodermis. The root exodermis may be contributed to prevent the deposit of iron in the cortex of the lowland cultivars and in the cultivar ‘BRSMG Curinga’. It was observed in plants with iron plaque formation significant reductions in the shoot content of phosphorous, manganese and magnesium due to different causes. The differences in iron plaque formation among the cultivars might be an indicative of variations in exodermis selectivity, root oxidative capacity, and iron nutrition mechanisms.