Effects of a New-Type Cleaning Agent and a Plant Growth Regulator on Phytoextraction of Cadmium from a Contaminated Soil

In China, great efforts are being made to remediate farmlands polluted by heavy metals. In this study, a soil pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of a new-type cleaning agent, methylglycinediacetic acid(MGDA), and a plant growth regulator(PGR), diethl aminoethyl hexanoate(DA-6), on plant growth and extraction and detoxification of cadmium(Cd) by ryegrass. The results showed that foliar spray of DA-6 alone improved plant growth, with root length and shoot dry biomass increased by 38.5%–58.6% and 71.1%–89.3%, respectively, whereas addition of MGDA alone decreased root length and shoot dry biomass by 10.3%–18.6%and 9.1%–21.8%, respectively. Diethl aminoethyl hexanoate promoted the binding of Cd to cell walls and thus alleviated the toxicity of Cd and/or MGDA to plants. Applications of DA-6 and/or MGDA resulted in a significant increase in Cd extraction efficiency(P 0.05), and the efficiency decreased in the order of MGDA + DA-6 DA-6 MGDA. The treatment of MGDA + DA-6 achieved 2.2%, 1.7%, and 0.8% Cd extraction efficiency by ryegrass in soils spiked with 25, 50, 100 mg Cd kg~(-1), respectively. Therefore,treatment of MGDA + DA-6 could be an efficient method for enhancing phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by ryegrass.     

A review of cadmium sorption mechanisms on soil mineral surfaces revealed from synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Implications for soil remediation

The sorption of cadmium(Cd) is one of the most important chemical processes in soil, affecting its fate and mobility in both soil and water and ultimately controlling its bioavailability. In order to fundamentally understand the sorption/desorption of Cd in soil systems, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) has been applied in numerous studies to provide molecular-level information that can be used to characterize the surface adsorption and precipitation reactions that Cd can undergo. This information greatly improves our current knowledge of the possible chemical reactions of Cd in soil. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms of Cd sorption/desorption at the mineral-water interface based on XAFS studies performed over the past twenty years. An introduction to the basic concepts of sorption processes is provided, followed by a detailed interpretation of XAFS theory and experimental data collection and processing,ending finally with a discussion of the atomic/molecular-scale Cd sorption mechanisms that occur at the soil mineral-water interface. Particular emphasis is placed on literature that discusses Cd adsorption and speciation when associated with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and aluminosilicate minerals.Multiple sorption mechanisms by which Cd is sorbed by these minerals have been found, spanning from outer-sphere to inner-sphere to surface precipitation,depending on mineral type, surface loading, and pH. In addition, the application of complementary techniques(e.g.,113 Cd nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and molecular dynamics simulation) for probing Cd sorption mechanisms is discussed. This review can help to develop appropriate strategies for the environmental remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

茶叶皂角用于提高大豆油-水体系洗脱修复焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃、Cd、Ni的可行性研究

Mixed contaminated brownfield sites have brought serious risks to human health and environmental safety. With the purpose of removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and heavy metals from a coking plant site, an innovative technology for ex-situ washing was developed in the present work. The combination of 15.0 mL L~(-1) soybean oil and 7.5 g L~(-1) tea saponin proved an effective method to extract co-pollutants from soil. After two consecutive washing cycles, the efficiency rates of removal for 3-, 4-,5(+6)-ring, and total PAHs, Cd, and Ni were approximately 98.2%, 96.4%, 92.3%, 96.3%, 94.1%, and 89.4%, respectively. Meanwhile,as evaluated by Tenax extraction method and metal stability indices, the residual PAHs and heavy metals after consecutive washing mainly existed in the form with extremely low bioaccessibility in the soil. Thus, in the soil after two washing cycles, there appeared limited environmental transfer risk of co-pollutants. Moreover, a subsequent precipitation method with alkaline solution and PAHdegrading strain Sphingobium sp. PHE9 inoculation effectively removed 84.6%–100% of Cd, 82.5%–91.7% of Ni, and 92.6%–98.4% of PAHs from the first and second washing solvents. The recovered solvents also exhibited a high recycling effectiveness. Therefore, the combined cleanup strategy proposed in this study proved environmentally friendly, which also played a major role in risk assessment and management in mixed polluted sites.     

Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in soil: Green technology for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Biosurfactants are biomolecules produced by microorganisms, low in toxicity, biodegradable, and relatively easy to synthesize using renewable waste substrates. Biosurfactants are of great importance with a wide and versatile range of applications, including the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Plants may accumulate soil potentially toxic elements(PTEs), and the accumulation efficacy may be further enhanced by the biosurfactants produced by rhizospheric microorganisms. Occasionally, the growth of bacteria slows down in adverse conditions, such as highly contaminated soils with PTEs. In this context,the plant's phytoextraction capacity could be improved by the addition of metal-tolerant bacteria that produce biosurfactants. Several sources, categories,and bioavailability of PTEs in soil are reported in this article, with the focus on the cost-effective and sustainable soil remediation technologies, where biosurfactants are used as a remediation method. How rhizobacterial biosurfactants can improve PTE recovery capabilities of plants is discussed, and the molecular mechanisms in bacterial genomes that support the production of important biosurfactants are listed. The status and cost of commercial biosurfactant production in the international market are also presented.     

An effective planting model to decrease cadmium accumulation in rice grains and plants: Intercropping rice with wetland plants

Cadmium (Cd) pollution affects plant growth and poses a serious threat to food safety and human health.Cadmium-contaminated rice is assumed to be the main source of Cd exposure to humans,with grave health risks.Phytoremediation is an efficient,cost-effective,and eco-friendly approach to minimize Cd accumulation in rice.However,research on the effect of rice intercropping with wetland plants that exhibit great capacity for phytoremediation in decreasing Cd concentrations in paddies is limited.A p...     

基于多元统计学和地统计学的土壤重金属源解析

The main objectives of this study were to introduce an integrated method for effectively identifying soil heavy metal pollution sources and apportioning their contributions, and apply it to a case study. The method combines the principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model and geostatistics. The case study was conducted in an area of 31 km² in the urban-rural transition zone of Wuhan, a metropolis of central China. 124 topsoil samples were collected for measuring the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co). PCA results revealed that three major factors were responsible for soil heavy metal pollution, which were initially identified as “steel production”, “agronomic input” and “coal consumption”. The APCS technique, combined with multiple linear regression analysis, was then applied for source apportionment. Steel production appeared to be the main source for Ni, Co, Cd, Zn and Mn, agronomic input for Cu, and coal consumption for Pb and Cr. Geostatistical interpolation using ordinary kriging was finally used to map the spatial distributions of the contributions of pollution sources and further confirm the result interpretations. The introduced method appears to be an effective tool in soil pollution source apportionment and identification, and might provide valuable reference information for pollution control and environmental management.     

聚环氧琥珀酸对污泥中镉的萃取作用

Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA), as an environmental benign biodegradable chelant, was used to remove heavy metals from the sewage sludge of Shanghai Taopu Wastewater Treatment Plant. The extraction of cadmium (Cd) from sewage sludge using aqueous solution of PESA was studied. It was found that PESA was capable of extracting Cd from the sludge, and the extraction efficiency was dependent on both pH and the concentration of the chelating reagent. The extraction efficiency decreased gradually with increasing of pH, whereas the dependency on pH decreased as the concentration of PESA increased. In the case of the high PESA to total metal ratio, e.g., 10:1, the extraction efficiency reached above 70% within the pH range from 1 to 7. The highest extraction efficiency obtained in the experiment was 78％. By comparing the contents of the heavy metals in sewage sludge before and after the extraction, it was found that the extracted Cd came mainly from the four fractions: acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and water-soluble fractions.     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

澳大利亚农业系统中非点源污染的控制

The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support more stock, grow more monoculture crops, and utilise more marginal soils. This is likely to increase the major environmental impacts of soil degradation, salt, nutrient and sediment contamination of waterways, and greenhouse gas emissions. Australian national water policy continues to focus on land, stream and groundwater salinity issues, although there is now a greater recognition of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture. The general philosophy of policy for dealing with nonpoint source pollution has been towards a voluntary rather than regulatory approach, with state and national governments supporting a range of programs to encourage sustainable agricultural practices. A catchment （watershed） based approach, through the use of integrated catchment management plans, is the primary way that non-point source pollution is addressed at the farm and local level. At an industry level, cotton, grains, meat, sugarcane and dairy amongst others, as well as the Australian fertilizer industry, have responded to non-point source issues by investing in research and development, and developing codes of practice aimed at abating these environmental impacts. Understanding the economic, social, political and cultural contexts of farming as well as the environmental impacts of agriculture are very important in determining the appropriateness of policy responses for Australian farming systems.     

红壤中重金属的复合污染及污染指数

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn and As coexisting in red soil on growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mung bean(Vigna rabiata(Linn.) Wilczek),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.),Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)and aspen(Populus L.).Results showed that rice,mung bean and alfalfa were significantly influenced by combined poollution of the heavy metals,the contents of Pb,Cd and As in rice grains greatly exceeded the National Standards for Food Hygiene of China.Heavy metals at a high concentration seriously retarded growth of mung bean and alfalfa,but not so obviously with slash pine and aspen.The composite index is suggested for evaluating the relativity of combined pollution with heavy metals in soil.     

黔产山银花及其产地土壤重金属含量分析与评价

[目的]探明黔产山银花及其产地土壤重金属污染特征,为山银花品质保障、产地土壤重金属防控及规范化种植提供指导。[方法]以贵州山银花及其产地土壤为供试样品,采用ICP-MS测定重金属铜(Cu)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铬(Cr)的含量,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法进行分析评价,对黔产山银花及土壤重金属污染水平进行探讨。[结果]结果表明:土壤中6种重金属As,Pb,Cd,Cr,Hg和Cu平均含量分别为9.79,14.30,0.10,19.89,0.12和3.81mg/kg,均未超标;根区与非根区土壤的重金属综合污染指数分别为0.46和0.83,污染等级分别处于安全和警戒线。山银花中Cr,As,Cd,Pb,Cu平均含量分别为5.19,0.16,1.87,0.39和6.86mg/kg,Hg未检出;Hg,As,Pb,Cu未超标,而Cd远超出限量值,超标率为100%,山银花对Cd中具有很强的富集效应。[结论]研究区土壤环境质量总体适宜山银花种植。     

Soil versus plant as indicators of agroecosystem pollution by potentially toxic elements

The major route of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) to humans is the intake through food. They enter the food chain principally by plants uptake from the soil and, to a less extent, through foliar deposition. The soil‐to‐plant transfer as part of the biogeochemical cycle of these elements is a complex and hardly predictable process. In this study, we investigated the capability of soils and plants to indicate PTEs inputs in an intermingled urban‐rural landscape of south Italy affected by legal and illegal waste disposal and dumping. For this aim, 172 agricultural soil and plant (edible part) samples were collected in pairs from 47 municipalities and analyzed for 12 PTEs (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl, V, Zn). Soil extractions with 1 M NH₄NO₃ and 0.05 M EDTA pH 7 were applied to assess PTEs bioavailability. Results were examined according to plant species and main soil chemical properties. For Pb and Cd, the soil‐to‐plant transfer factors (TF) and the corresponding soil benchmark concentrations were also investigated. Zinc, Cu, Cd, and Pb were the only PTEs of anthropic origin severely polluting from 10 to 16% of the soils, but only in a very few cases exceeded physiological or EU legal critical values in the edible part of the plants. An evaluation of human risk due to the ingestion of these elements was tried; no risk for consumers for Zn, Cu, and Pb, while for Cd three values slightly exceeded the tolerable daily intake. Therefore, we conclude that crops cultivated in the studied area could represent only a moderate risk for human health. No correlation was found between soil and plant data, which likely highlights different pollution inputs. A large variability characterized the Pb and Cd TF, making it difficult to establish a unique benchmark concentration for the studied agricultural soils.     

河北板蓝根产地土壤-植物中镉铅汞砷含量特征及其污染评价

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤-植物中Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量特征及其在菘蓝中的累积特性,并对板蓝根产地土壤和草药中Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染状况进行了评价,为该地区安全、合理地发展中草药生产提供数据支撑和科学依据。结果表明,安国市和蔚县板蓝根产地土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量差异不大,土壤重金属含量的变异系数在11.70%~97.65%。以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)一级标准值进行评价,综合污染指数评价结果显示45%板蓝根种植区土壤Cd、Pb、Hg、As污染等级为警戒限,其他处于清洁水平;而以《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准值进行评价,种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均0.7,土壤环境清洁。此外,菘蓝地上部(大青叶)Cd、Pb、Hg、As平均含量分别为0.22 mg·kg~(-1)、0.89 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgPbAs;菘蓝地下部(板蓝根)Cd、Pb、Hg、As含量均值分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)、0.57 mg·kg~(-1)、0.04 mg·kg~(-1)、0.26 mg·kg~(-1),对重金属的富集能力表现为CdHgAsPb。所有菘蓝样品中Pb、Hg、As含量均未超出《药用植物及制剂进口绿色行业标准》(WM2—2001),大青叶9.09%样品中Cd超标,且Cd平均污染指数0.7,属警戒限污染等级。因此,在中药材GAP(良好的农业规范)产地环境质量评价时,除板蓝根产地土壤完全符合土壤环境质量二级标准外,也不应忽视板蓝根和大青叶吸收和累积重金属的自身特性。     

Alternative Washing Protocols for Releasing Metals Deposited on Leaf Surfaces

This study was performed to test suitable washing protocols for removing potentially toxic elements (PTE) deposited on leaves of plants from metal mine tailings. Two experiments were performed; with five and four treatments, respectively. In both cases, a non-washed treatment was included too. All the washing protocols significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced PTE concentrations in leaves of Dalea bicolor and Aliona choisyi. A. choisyi leaves had higher PTE concentrations than those of D. bicolor. From the first experiment, the concentration of lead (Pb, mg/kg) in unwashed leaves of A. choisyi was 715; while in the washed leaves treatments, it was in the range of 142–308. For cadmium (Cd) it was 23 vs the range of 7–18, for copper (Cu) it was 210 vs the range of 35–115 and for zinc (Zn) it was 3398 vs the range of 777–380, respectively. The single use of water does not remove all PTE deposited in leaves and conduces to overestimation of PTE leaf concentrations. Washing effectiveness varied according to PTE, plant species and treatments, but not the time of washing. Cd was the least removed from leaf surface (up to 69%), while Cu and Zn were the most removed from D. bicolor leaves (98% to 100%). Treatments involving the use of diluted HCl and sodium hexametaphosphate had the highest removal of Pb and Zn, while diluted HCl was effective to release Cd and Cu from leaves. The conscious washing procedure before chemical analysis leaf PTE concentration might significantly modify PTE concentration and the perception of plant accumulation.     

Evaluation of Different Approaches for Respiratory Quotient Calculation and Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Respiratory Quotient Values of Hydrocarbon Bioremediation

Blechnum orientale L. is a traditional, medicinal fern found in China. To assess the characteristics of heavy metals and As accumulation, the fronds, roots, and the rooting soils of this fern were sampled from urban, suburban, and rural woodlands across Guangdong Province in southern China. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in both the fern and its rooting soils were separately detected by ICP-MS. Contamination levels of woodland rooting soils were also assessed using both a single pollution index and the Nemerow pollution index. Both the metal concentrations and the pollution index showed that soils from urban, suburban, and even rural woodlands were adversely contaminated by As, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Based on transfer factor, B. orientale had good translocation of As, Hg, and Mn, but poor translocation of Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn from the roots to the fronds. This result suggests that this fern could be an excluder to latter metals. Despite the significantly higher levels of metals in the roots as compared with the fronds, the low bioaccumulation factor suggests that this fern has a weak capacity for metal accumulation.

     

黔西煤矿区周边土壤重金属形态特征、污染评价及富集植物筛选

[目的]研究黔西某煤矿区周边土壤重金属污染情况、重金属形态潜在风险及其周边重金属富集植物,为当地的重金属污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用潜在生态风险评价及模糊数学法的两种评价方法(单因素决定模型和加权平均模型)对煤矿区及非煤矿区土壤进行重金属生态风险评价,对影响土壤肥力的土壤理化指标进行检测,利用风险评估编码法对重金属形态进行分析,并采用生物富集系数法对煤矿区周边富集重金属植物进行筛选。[结果]煤矿区Hg,Cd,As,Zn,Cr及Ni平均值含量分别是背景值的2.47,3.65,2.00,1.23,1.74,1.69倍。煤矿区潜在生态危害趋势为:CdHgAsNiCrPbZn。模糊数学法单因素决定模型评价显示,非煤矿区污染大于煤矿区,加权平均模型则反之。煤矿区Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb及Zn潜在风险指数分别为69.17%,7.97%,8.24%,40.10%,45.29%,53.70%及29.90%。蜈蚣草对As富集系数大于1.00,火棘、构树、盐肤木、马桑、凤尾蕨及金丝梅等对Cd富集系数大于1.00,马桑及白蒿对Pb富集系数大于1.00。[结论]煤矿区存在重金属污染,以Cd,As,Hg较为严重。煤矿区周边土壤中重金属对环境构成的潜在风险顺序为:CdPbNiMnZnCuCr。对当地而言,蜈蚣草可作为煤矿区周边修复As污染的先行植物,凤尾蕨可作为修复Cd污染的先行植物,马桑可作为修复Pb污染的先行植物。     

Effects of combinations of heavy metal pollutants on Cuscuta reflexa

The effects of combinations of Hg, As, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr on the variables of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. in natural condition were studied. All of the combinations of heavy metals tested decreased Hill reaction activity, chlorophyll and protein contents and increased tissue permeability over control values. The effects were best visible with the treatments of (As + Cd + Pb + Hg + Cu + Cr) and (As + Cd + Pb + Hg + Cu), followed by (As + Cd + Pb + Hg), (As + Cd + Pb), and (As + Cd). The degree of inhibition or increase by combinations of heavy metals is much higher due to synergism as the observed effects exceed the summed amount. The general order of sensitivity was As > Cd > Pb > Hg > Cu > Cr (absolute metal concentration).     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Montenegrin coast: a 10-year review

Purpose

Heavy metals are among the most common environmental pollutants, which can be introduced into coastal areas from natural and anthropogenic sources, and thereby possibly impact marine organisms and human population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pollution level of Montenegrin coastal sediments by determining the concentrations of 10 metals and metalloids (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) during one whole decade.

Materials and methods

Sediment samples were collected from 11 sites along the Montenegrin coast during the 2005–2016 exposure to different levels and sources of anthropogenic impact. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total element concentrations in the sediment. Mineralized samples were analyzed for Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Hg. Pollution status was evaluated using the contamination factor, pollution load index, and geo-accumulation index, as well as statistical methods, such as Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and cluster analysis (CA).

Results and discussion

This study showed that concentrations of individual metals at some locations were extremely high. The metal concentrations (in mg kg^?1) ranged as follows: Fe 1995–45,498; Mn 135–1139; Zn 10–1596; Cu 3.8–2719; Ni 2.94–267; Pb 0.1–755; Cr 2.5–369; Cd 0.1–5.4; As 0.1–39.1; and Hg 0.01–14.2. The calculated concentration factor and pollution load index indicates enrichment by either natural processes or anthropogenic influences. The geo-accumulation index value (Igeo) showed that one location was strongly or extremely polluted (3.78?<?Igeo ≤?6.15) with Hg in all investigated years, while extreme Igeo values for four bioactive elements, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn, were found in only a few single samples.

Conclusions

On the basis of the obtained values, it can be concluded that generally higher metal contents were distributed in Boka Kotorska Bay sites, although some extreme values were also recorded at the locations outside of the Bay. Geo-accumulation index and pollution load index showed that the metal levels were high enough to pose risk to the ecosystem.

     

Effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in Phyllostachys praecox stands

Phyllostachys praecox is a bamboo species cultivated for edible shoots under intensive management. However, the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in bamboo soils is not clear under the intensive management for a long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in bamboo stands subjected to intensive management. Soil samples were collected from a chronosequence of bamboo stands which had been cultivated for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 years in Lin''an, Zhejiang Province of China. Eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) present in the soil were selected, and their potential pollution risk was evaluated by chemical speciation analysis. Possible heavy metal sources were explored using multivariate and cluster analysis. Our results showed that Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd contents in the soil increased with the cultivation time, while Ni, Cr, Pb, and As levels were similar among all stands. Furthermore, the bioavailabilities of all analyzed heavy metals increased with the cultivation time. Multivariate and cluster analysis showed that sources of Ni, Cr, Pb, and As were likely lithogenic in origin, whereas input of Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd was mainly due to cultivation practices. Current bamboo management strategies raised the potential risks of heavy metal pollution in bamboo shoots in the long term. Soil acidification in P. praecox stands induced by intensive cultivation should be controlled since it stimulated and improved the bioavailability of heavy metals. Appropriate management strategies should thus be adopted to ensure safe and sustainable production of bamboo shoots.