咸阳地区参考蒸散量变化特征及敏感性分析

为了研究咸阳地区作物参考蒸散量变化特征及其影响因素,利用1981—2012年咸阳地区的气象资料,根据Penman-Monteith公式计算参考蒸散量(ET_0),分析咸阳地区的ET_0及主要气象因子的变化趋势,并通过响应曲线和敏感矩阵分析咸阳地区ET_0对气温、日照时数、风速、相对湿度等的敏感性。结果表明:(1)咸阳地区年平均日ET_0整体上处于基本稳定状态,在以2.37 mm/d为平均值、±0.3 mm/d的范围内波动;(2)咸阳地区的年平均气温、最高气温及最低气温均呈显著增长趋势,平均风速与平均相对湿度呈下降趋势;(3)咸阳地区多年日平均参考蒸散量年际变化以及四季变化趋势不明显;(4)气温、日照时数、平均风速的变化与日ET_0呈正比关系,而平均气压和平均相对湿度与日ET_0呈显著负相关,并且平均相对湿度对日ET_0的影响最为明显。该结果对确定咸阳地区的作物需水量有重要指导意义。     

1961—2018年呼伦贝尔市潜在蒸散时空变化特征及其气象因子的响应

本文旨在研究呼伦贝尔市1961—2018年潜在蒸散的时空变化,以期为当地气象生态研究提供基础的理论依据。基于呼伦贝尔1961—2018年16个气象站观测数据,采用趋势分析、M-K突变检验及偏相关系数等方法,从年、季节和年代际尺度分析了呼伦贝尔58年潜在蒸散量的时空变化特征及其原因。结果表明：（1）1961—2018年,呼伦贝尔年平均潜在蒸散量变化在320~771 mm,整体上呈现条带状自东北向西南、东南两个方向递增;夏季潜在蒸散量平均值最高,其次为春季和秋季,冬季最低;（2）年均潜在蒸散以2.3 mm/a的速率增加,并在1998年发生突变,之后增加趋势更加明显;（3）西南部呼伦贝尔草原区和岭东农业区增加趋势明显高于中部大兴安岭林区;（4）呼伦贝尔潜在蒸散的变化主要与风速、水汽压和相对湿度呈现负相关,和平均气温、气压呈现正相关;影响年潜在蒸散的主要因子为相对湿度和平均气温。结合潜在蒸散变化趋势,有针对性的合理规划水资源,对该地区生态环境评估及环境变化有重要的意义。     

辽宁省 1981—2010年潜在蒸散量的变化及生态需水分析

为了能够实时了解辽宁各地区的土壤水分盈亏量,建立辽宁生态需水分析系统,从而科学指导人工增雨作业,利用辽宁省55个站1981-2010年逐日的降水量、风速、气温、气压、相对湿度、日照时数、最低气温、最高气温等气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算了潜在蒸散量,分析了辽宁地区潜在蒸散量的时空变化趋势和特征。结果表明：近30年来,辽宁省各站点潜在蒸散量的年际变化整体呈下降趋势;四季变化中,夏季潜在蒸散量最大,春季和夏季相差不大或略大于夏季,秋冬季较小;空间分布特征表现为自西向东递减。     

福建省地表湿润指数的时空分布特征

笔者利用1971-2004年福建省66个气象站各月平均气温、降水量、风速、气压和相对湿度资料,计算出潜在蒸散量和湿润指数,分析其时空分布特征,并对其变化原因进行探讨。结果表明：过去34年间,福建省湿润指数总体上略有增加,其中在1991-2000年期间最高为2.73,而在2001-2004年期间最低为2.22;福建省湿润指数在空间分布上表现为由东南部沿海向西北部地区逐渐湿润的空间变化趋势;福建省湿润指数变化主要受降水量和潜在蒸散量的影响,日照时数和相对湿度通过对潜在蒸散量的影响,进而都与湿润指数显著相关。通过对福建省地表湿润状况的演变规律及其区域特征的研究,为科学预测福建省未来地表湿润状况提供重要的科学依据。     

云南烟区气象因子与烤烟化学成分的灰色关联度分析

通过采集云南省代表烟区烤烟样品和收集相关地点气象资料,应用灰色关联分析原理分析云南烟区烤烟化学成分与30个气象因子之间关联度。结果表明,云南烟叶质量稳定性和化学成分均衡性较好。碱含量与成熟期的平均气温的关联度最大。总糖含量与旺长期平均日照时数和平均日照全辐射的关联度最大。还原糖含量与气象因子的关联度和总糖基本一致。总氮含量与成熟期平均气温关联度最为密切。钾含量与成熟期平均相对湿度有较高关联度。氯含量与团棵期的平均相对湿度关联度最大。可见,大田期的平均气温、团棵期的平均相对湿度和成熟期平均日照时数是影响烤烟化学成分积累的关键气象因子。     

陇东南“花牛”苹果产量质量与气象因子相关性研究

为了探索苹果生长与气象因子的关系,发展优质高产特色产业,运用陇东南"花牛"苹果产地1981—2016年试验资料及气象资料,建立苹果产量、质量与气象因子相关关系模型。结果表明,影响天水"花牛"苹果产量质量的主要气象因子是热量条件。1981—2016年,随气候变暖,"花牛"苹果含糖量、硬度下降,含酸量上升。含糖量与7—8月平均气温日较差呈显著正相关;含酸量的倒数与7、8、9月平均气温的倒数呈显著负相关;硬度与7、8、9月平均气温的自然对数呈负相关;果型指数与8月中旬平均日照时数呈显著负相关。果实累积重量及果径大小与≥10℃积温相关性显著,可用S型曲线模拟。充分利用气候资源,在果树生长的关键时期加强果园水肥、病虫害、修剪等各项管理,是提高果品产量及商品等级的重要环节。     

阳泉市玉米生育期气象要素变化特征及相关性分析

为研究阳泉市玉米生育期气象要素变化趋势及对玉米产量的影响,采用M-K突变检验、Spearman相关性检验等方法,对2002—2021年阳泉市4—9月6个气象要素的日数据、逐年玉米产量数据进行分析,探讨玉米气象产量与气象要素之间的相关性及作用程度。分析发现,玉米生育期内平均气温、日最高最低气温均呈上升趋势,2018年后平均气温和最低气温增温显著;相对湿度、光照时数呈下降趋势,降水量呈上升趋势,变化趋势均不显著。2002—2021年阳泉市玉米实际产量总体呈现出波动上升的变化趋势,趋势产量表现为先快速增加再缓慢减少,气象产量总体呈缓慢增长趋势,但年际间差异明显。平均相对湿度和最高气温对气象产量影响最大,达到极显著相关水平;其次为降水量和平均气温,为显著性相关;最低气温和日照时数与气象产量相关性不显著。研究结果可为优化本地农业资源结构、促进地区农业可持续发展提供理论支撑。     

黑龙江省双鸭山地区土壤相对湿度气象模型研究

为了定量描述气象因子的协同作用对土壤相对湿度的影响,并对农业旱涝进行定量评估,利用黑龙江省三江平原双鸭山地区1994-2007年各旬气温、降水量、蒸发量、日照时数、土壤相对湿度(10~30 cm)观测资料,基于灰色关联度分析及检验,采用数理统计分析方法(CAR),建立了土壤相对湿度气象因子模型。结果表明：（1）土壤相对湿度与多项气象因子有较好的相关关系,与各气象因子的关联度大小依次为：旬降水量、旬日照时数、旬蒸发量和旬平均气温,降水量与蒸发量在土壤相对湿度变化中占有重要地位,平均气温与日照时数通过蒸发量起作用。（2）模型模拟效果较好,参数物理意义明确,可合理地解释气象因子对土壤相对湿度的影响,也能综合定量地描述气象因子的协同作用对土壤相对湿度的影响程度。10~30 cm各层土壤相对湿度模拟平均误差为7.2%;20 cm、30 cm和10~30 cm土层模拟效果要优于10 cm土层;夏季和秋季模拟效果优于春季,但春季5月份作物播种期模拟效果很好,模拟误差为4.4%。模型可为土壤旱涝定量评估及黑龙江省农业防灾减灾工作提供一定参考。     

基于高斯随机扰动的潜在蒸散敏感性分析

旨在定量分析不同气象要素对潜在蒸散量敏感性大小的时空分布,以期为提高蒸散量计算精度提供依据。以1961年1月1日—2012年12月31日的日观测资料为基础,通过添加高斯分布随机扰动,计算各要素的敏感系数。研究表明：安徽全区年尺度上,日照时数和平均风速的敏感性最高,敏感系数分为0.1258和0.1089;月尺度上,4—9月蒸散量的主要敏感因素为日照时数,10月至次年3月的主要敏感因素为平均风速和实际水汽压。敏感性空间分布不均,淮河以北地区平均风速为主要敏感因素;淮河以南地区则仍是日照时数为主要敏感因素。     

新疆石河子58年气温特征分析

为了给石河子垦区农业可持续发展、合理开展农业生产、气候资源利用等提供气候依据,统计分析了新疆石河子1954—2011年58年来年平均气温、月平均气温、年最高和最低气温气候变化特征。结果表明：年平均气温、月平均气温、年最高和最低气温呈上升趋势;石河子各月平均气温也呈上升趋势;石河子年平均气温突变点是1986年,年最高气温突变点是1976年,年最低气温突变点是1981年,并具有各自的周期特征。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.