饲料中菜粕和棉粕的不同配比对异育银鲫生长性能、血浆生化指标和棉酚残留的影响

为考察不同菜粕和棉粕的水平组合对异育银鲫生长、饲料利用、血浆指标和棉酚残留的影响,配制了菜粕∶棉粕(菜粕与棉粕之和为60%)分别为5∶0、4∶1、3∶2、2∶3、1∶4和0∶5的6组试验饲料,投喂平均体重为5.6 g的异育银鲫8周。结果表明,随着饲料中棉粕含量升高和菜粕含量减少,异育银鲫的增重率、饲料效率、特定生长率呈现先上升后下降趋势,其中菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2组的鱼生长最佳,增重率和饲料系数分别为505.6%和1.33,具有最高的肥满度和最低肝体比;菜粕∶棉粕为5∶0组的鱼生长最差,增重率和饲料系数分别为430.1%和1.52,具有最低的肥满度和最高的肝体比。各组成活率,肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。菜粕∶棉粕为5∶0组鱼的血浆谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力相对于菜粕∶棉粕分别为3∶2和2∶3组显著增加(P＜0.05);菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2组鱼的血浆碱性磷酸酶活力在各组中最高(P＜0.05);血浆中总蛋白在各组间差异不明显(P＞0.05)。对异育银鲫肌肉和肝脏分析发现,游离棉酚含量随着饲料中棉粕含量的升高而升高(P＜0.05)。本研究表明,在配方中菜粕和棉粕总量为60%的情况下,菜粕∶棉粕为3∶2时异育银鲫的生长性能最佳,具有最高的增重率和最低的饲料系数,过高的菜粕或棉粕均会降低鱼体的生长性能,使鱼体血浆ALT和AST活力升高。     

棉酚对金鱼、罗非鱼的毒性作用初探

用乙酸棉酚含量为１‰的鱼粉饲料分别饲喂性成熟的金鱼和二月龄尼罗罗非鱼。四个月后，试验组金鱼、罗非鱼与对照组鱼在体重增长、饲料效率、特定生长率、性腺重及性重比（性腺重／鱼体重）方面的差异不明显，表明饲料中棉籽饼水平的棉酚含量（０．０３％～０．０５％），既不影响这两种鱼的正常摄食和生长，也不影响其正常的性成熟和繁殖。     

棉酚毒性研究的回顾

棉酚是存在于棉属植物中的一种黄色多酚型毒素.就棉酚对人类、畜禽以及水产动物的毒性进行了概述,着重阐述了棉酚对鱼类的毒性及棉籽饼粕饲料在水产养殖中的利用问题.     

棉酚毒性研究的回顾

棉酚是存在于棉属植物中的一种黄色多酚型毒素.就棉酚对人类、畜禽以及水产动物的毒性进行了概述,着重阐述了棉酚对鱼类的毒性及棉籽饼粕饲料在水产养殖中的利用问题.     

饲粮中不同铜水平对产蛋鸡的生产性能及蛋品质的影响

选择五水硫酸铜作为饲料添加的铜源,以产蛋鸡(高峰期)作为试验动物,研究日粮中添加60mg/kg的铜对产蛋高峰期的海兰褐壳蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质的影响。试验选取40周龄的海兰褐壳蛋鸡104只,设两个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复13只鸡。2个处理组分别为对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组饲喂基础日粮+硫酸铜52mg/kg,试验结果表明(1)与对照组相比,处理组能够提高产蛋鸡的各个生产性能指标,日产蛋重、产蛋率、料蛋比、日采食量均有上升趋势(P>0.05);(2)与对照组相比,处理组的蛋形指数差异不显著(P>0.05),蛋壳的厚度有变厚趋势(P>0.05),蛋白、蛋黄重以及蛋白蛋黄的比值差异不显著(P>0.05),破软蛋率有下降的趋势(P>0.05)。     

用稻谷代替玉米饲喂生长鸡的试验效果

试验主要是探讨稻谷、玉米为主要能量来源的饲粮对不同品种生长鸡生长性能的影响。各品种鸡(三黄鸡和灵山麻鸡)被随机分成3组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组),Ⅰ组为玉米日粮组;Ⅱ组为稻谷取代日粮中玉米的42.86%组Ⅲ组为稻谷日粮组。结果表明:整个试验期成活率、增重差异均不显著(P>0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的肉料比分别为:2.89、3.00、3.03,每千克增重成本依次为:4.50、4.41、4.06,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组料肉比依次上升3.81%和4.840%,每千克增重成本依次下降0.09元和0.44元。说明用稻谷代替玉米作为生长鸡的能量饲料是可行的。     

日粮中添加蜂花粉饲喂生长育肥猪的试验效果

日粮中添加不同比例蜂花粉的3个试验组生长育肥猪的日增重依次为640.7±65g、690．4±74g、687．1±62g,对照组为601．5±71g,2组和3组与对照组差异极显著（P＜0．01）,1组与对照级差异显著（P＜0.05）,饲料利用率分别比对照组提高1．8％、4.4％、2.4％,经济效益分别比对照组提高5．7％、13．6％和7.2％。     

生长猪日粮中添加植酸酶的效果研究

用一个饲养试验和一个消化试验研究了１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ植酸酶对生长猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响。饲养试验将１６头４５ｋｇ左右的长白ｘ荣昌Ｆ１杂交公猪随机分为２组，每组８个圈，每圈１头，分别喂给基础日粮、基础日粮＋１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ植酸酶两种日粮。饲养试验开始后第２１ｄ采用全收粪法进行预试期７ｄ和正试期５ｄ的消化试验。结果表明：在４５ｋｇ左右生长猪日粮中添加１０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ植酸酶，日增重提高８．１５％（Ｐ＜０．０５），饲料效率改善４．１８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；生长猪日粮添加植酸酶对干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维的表现消化率分别提高１．１８％、２．７１％。５．０９％和１．５８％，统计上差异均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。钙和磷的表观消化率分别提高１９．２２％和６８．００％，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

几种添加剂产品对产蛋鸡作用效果的研究

选择220日龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡约两万只,随机分为4组进行饲养试验,分别添加富康酸、富维达和富保维他到基础日粮中,通过测定产蛋鸡的生产性能,比较3种添加剂的效果。结果表明:在日粮中添加富康酸,饮水中添加富保维他或富维达对提高产蛋性能、降低料蛋比、减少不合格蛋数量均有明显的效果。其中,富康酸对提高产蛋率效果最好;富保维他在提高蛋合格率、蛋重,减少软壳蛋方面的使用效果最好。     

Effect of natural free gossypol and gossypol‐acetic acid on growth performance and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of free gossypol from glanded‐cottonseed meal (G‐CSM) (natural free gossypol) or gossypol‐acetic acid on growth performance, body composition, haematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Soya bean meal‐based diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg^?1 free gossypol from G‐CSM or gossypol‐acetic acid were fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Neither sources nor levels of dietary gossypol significantly influenced the final weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and survival of channel catfish. Similarly, whole‐body proximate composition, haematological parameters (red blood cell, white blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit), serum protein concentration, macrophage chemotaxis ratio, phagocytic activity and antibody production against E. ictaluri 21‐day postinfection were not significantly affected at either dietary sources or levels of gossypol. Gossypol concentrations of liver were linearly related to dietary level of gossypol but the retention rate varied dependent on sources of the dietary gossypol. At dietary gossypol levels of 400 or 800 mg kg^?1, total gossypol concentrations in liver of fish fed dietary gossypol from G‐CSM were significantly higher than those of fish fed the corresponding levels of gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid. The (+)‐isomer of gossypol was predominantly retained in liver regardless of dietary sources of gossypol. The ratio of (+) to (?) gossypol isomers in liver decreased with increasing dietary concentrations of gossypol. Serum lysozyme activity of fish fed dietary gossypol levels of 200 mg kg^?1 or higher, either from G‐CSM or gossypol‐acetic acid, was significantly higher than that of the control. At a level of 800 mg kg^?1 diet, gossypol from G‐CSM stimulated significantly higher lysozyme activity than gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid. Fish fed diets containing 400 mg kg^?1 gossypol or higher from G‐CSM or 800 mg kg^?1 gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid had significantly increased superoxide anion (O) production. However, neither the sources nor the levels of dietary free gossypol influenced the resistance of juvenile channel catfish to E. ictaluri challenge.     

黄海中南部鳀鱼各发育阶段对浮游动物的摄食

对1999～2001年在黄海中南部采集的鯷鱼(Engraulis japonicus)消化道进行了分析。产卵场的鯷鱼仔稚鱼和越冬场的成鱼都是主要在白天摄食，胃饱满指数白天明显高于夜间。鯷鱼消化道中的食物团几乎全部由浮游动物组成。鯷鱼偏好的食物随鯷鱼长度的增加而变化。桡足类和它们的卵子、幼体是最大的优势类群。体长小于10mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的卵和无节幼体；体长11～20mm的鯷鱼仔稚鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体和原生动物；叉长21～30mm的鯷鱼主要摄食纺锤水蚤等小型桡足类和甲壳类的蚤状幼体；叉长41～80mm的鯷鱼主要摄食桡足类的桡足幼体；叉长81～90mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤和桡足幼体；叉长91～100mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸刺水蚤、真刺水蚤等较大的桡足类；叉长101～120mm的鯷鱼主要摄食中华哲水蚤、胸剌水蚤、太平洋磷虾、细长脚域；叉长大于121mm的鯷鱼主要摄食太平洋磷虾和细长脚Song。     

饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类生长及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响

为研究饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类生长、血浆生化指标、肝/肌糖原的影响及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响,本实验以不同食性的吉富罗非鱼、卵形鲳鲹和军曹鱼为研究对象,糊精为糖源,三种鱼各设置低、中、高（CL、CM、CH;吉富罗非鱼：20%、30%、40%;卵形鲳鲹：13%、26%、39%;军曹鱼：12%、24%、36%）3个不同饲料糖添加水平,依次为进行8周的饲养实验并进行葡萄糖注射实验。结果显示：饲料中不同糖水平对吉富罗非鱼成活率没有显著影响（P>0.05）;饲料系数随饲料糖水平的升高呈现先下降后升高趋势,以CL组最高（P<0.05）;增重率与特定生长率最高值均出现在CH组中,显著高于CL组（P<0.05）。卵形鲳鲹和军曹鱼CH组存活率均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）;而增重率与特定生长率则均为CM组显著最高（P<0.05）;三种鱼饲料系数随着饲料糖水平的升高呈现先下降后升高趋势,均以CM组最低,分别为1.47（吉富罗非）、1.61（卵形鲳鲹）和1.49（军曹鱼）。饲料中不同糖水平对不同食性鱼类糖代谢相关生化指标有不同程度的影响。随着饲料中糖水平的上升,罗非鱼CH组糖代谢指标均显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。卵形鲳鲹和军曹鱼CH组血糖、胰岛素、肝/肌糖原、甘油三酯均为最高;军曹鱼CM组肝/肌糖原和甘油三酯均显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。葡萄糖耐受实验结果显示注射葡萄糖后：（1）卵形鲳鲹组和罗非鱼组在1 h血糖水平达峰值（P<0.05）,并且均在12 h恢复到注射前水平;而军曹鱼组在3 h达血糖峰值后直至24 h才回到注射前水平。（2）军曹鱼组与罗非鱼组血浆胰岛素水平缓慢上升,至3 h达最高水平（P<0.05）,而卵形鲳鲹组在1 h内显著下降（P<0.05）。（3）卵形鲳鲹组与罗非鱼组肝糖原水平缓慢上升,分别在3 h、6 h达峰值（P<0.05）,而军曹鱼组在1 h内呈下降趋势。（4）罗非鱼组与卵形鲳鲹组甘油三酯水平分别在3 h、6 h达峰值（P<0.05）,而军曹鱼组在1 h内显著下降（P<0.05）。本研究表明,饲料糖水平对对三种食性鱼类生长、糖代谢生化指标、葡萄糖利用和耐受能力具有不同程度的影响,杂食性罗非鱼可比肉食性鱼类更好地利用膳食糖物质。葡萄糖耐受能力则以杂食性吉富罗非鱼为最强,卵形鲳鲹次之,军曹鱼葡萄糖耐受能力最低。     

Effects of replacement of fishmeal with cottonseed protein concentrate on the growth,intestinal microflora,haematological and antioxidant indices of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) (free gossypol < 7.9 mg/kg) in the diets on the growth, intestinal microflora, haematological and antioxidant indices of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Six diets were designed: fishmeal diets (FM) which contained 340 g/kg fishmeal, as well as five CPC diets, each with differing CPC concentrations (120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 g/kg) to replace the fish meal. The weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) showed no significant difference among groups (p > .05) with the dietary CPC level ranged from 0 to 360 g/kg. Serum cholesterol (CHO) of C36 and triglyceride (TG) levels of C36 and C12 were significantly higher than the FM (p < .05). Total protein (TP) levels of C12 were significantly lower than the FM (p < .05). Among the treatments, C36 had higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) than FM (p < .05). From the data analysis of 16s sequencing, with increasing CPC concentration, the proportion of harmful microbial taxa (Proteobacteria and Vibrio) increased. The results of this study support that CPC products are acceptable in practical diets for golden pompano. And the optimal dietary CPC replacement of golden pompano was estimated to be 259.3 g/kg.     

不同投喂频率下草鱼对5种非粮蛋白源利用效率的比较

采用双因素正交试验(3ｘ5)评估了草鱼在3种投喂频率下对豆粕(美国)、乙醇梭菌蛋白、黄粉虫、小球藻、棉籽蛋白粉的利用效率。以5种原料为单一蛋白源配制5种等氮等能饲料,在池塘网箱(1mｘ1.5mｘ1.5m)中,分别以投喂频率(2次/d、3次/d和4次/d)投喂初始体质量~80g的草鱼8周,考察草鱼的生长性能,全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及血清生化指标。研究结果表明：黄粉虫试验组(2次/d)草鱼表现出最低的生长性能;豆粕(4次/d)和乙醇梭菌蛋白(3次/d和4次/d)试验组草鱼表现出最高的生长性能;投喂频率与蛋白源对草鱼的末重,饲料系数,蛋白质效率和增重率有交互作用(P＜0.05)。除小球藻试验组,各试验组草鱼的终末体质量和蛋白质效率随着投喂频率的增加而增加。不考虑蛋白源,投喂频率为4次/d的草鱼生长性能显著高于2次/d。 不考虑投喂频率,黄粉虫和棉籽浓缩蛋白组的增重率和蛋白质效率显著低于豆粕、乙醇梭菌蛋白和小球藻三组(P＜0.05),饲料系数则表现出相反的趋势(P＜0.05)。不同的投喂频率下,五种蛋白源对草鱼的形体指标(肝体比、脏体比、肥满度)和全鱼和肌肉的基础营养成分均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。投喂频率对草鱼血清的碱性磷酸酶和葡萄糖有显著影响(P＜0.05),投喂2次/d的碱性磷酸酶的活性显著高于投喂3次/d和投喂4次/d(P＜0.05),投喂4次/d试验鱼的葡萄糖含量显著高于投喂2次/d和3次/d(P＜0.05)。黄粉虫试验组草鱼血清中的谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著高于豆粕组和小球藻组(P＜0.05)。本试验条件下,以生长性能为评价指标,草鱼适宜的投喂频率为3~4次/d,草鱼对五种蛋白源饲料的利用能力为：乙醇梭菌蛋白=豆粕=小球藻>棉籽浓缩蛋白>黄粉虫。     

不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟幼鱼生长、体成分和生化指标的影响

为探讨大杂交鲟(Huso dauricus♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)适宜投喂率和投喂频率,本实验分别设计了5个投喂率(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%)和5个投喂频率(1次/d、2次/d、3次/d、4次/d和5次/d),研究不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟生长、体成分和生化指标的影响。投喂率实验中鱼初重(335.87±0.82)g,投喂频率实验中鱼初重(334.77±1.06)g,养殖周期为10周。结果表明,随着投喂率升高,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比、肥满度,肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肝粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05),血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和胃蛋白酶活性均显著升高(P0.05);饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉水分含量均显著降低(P0.05);全鱼粗脂肪含量,血清总蛋白、白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,肠脂肪酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势(P0.05)。随着投喂频率增加,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率无显著差异(P0.05);1次/d投喂频率组脏体比、肥满度和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),2次/d投喂频率组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。不同投喂频率对实验鱼除血清葡萄糖含量以外的其他血清生化指标和胃肠消化酶活性或含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上结果认为,在300～600g大杂交鲟的养殖过程中日投喂率在1.2%～1.6%,投喂频率为2次/d比较适宜。     

Effects of different feeding regimes on juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegilii) survival,growth, digestive enzyme activity,body composition and feeding costs

The objective of this study was to establish a proper feeding regime for juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegilii) intended for stock enhancement. We used a combined experimental design to assess the effects of different feeding rates (1%, 3% and 5% body weight per day (BW/day)) and feeding frequencies (apparent satiety or restricted feeding 1 to 3 times daily) on survival, growth, digestive enzyme activity, body composition and feeding costs over 50 days, from newly weaned (initial average weight 1.5 ± 0.2 g) to release size. The results showed that feeding rate significantly affected fish growth, feed utilization and body composition. The highest feed conversion ratio was at 3% BW/day. Increased feeding rates resulted in enhanced growth and higher body lipid content, but this was also accompanied by decreased contents of moisture, protein and ash. With feeding to apparent satiety, increased feeding frequency resulted in higher growth performance and enhanced intestinal lipase activity but decreased gastric protease activity. There were no growth improvements or effects on digestive enzyme activity and body composition with increasing feeding frequency (from one to three times daily) under a fixed‐quantify feeding (3% BW/day). Feed costs increased with increasing feeding rates or apparent satiety feeding frequencies and were associated with shorter growth times to reach a suitable size for release. Our study suggests that a feeding rate of 3% BW/day is the best feeding regime for proper growth and reduced feed costs in juvenile black rockfish before releasing for stock enhancement.     

潮间带垒石蒙网养鲍技术研究

1994年4月～1995年10月,在4个岩礁区共设置136个石垛,放养壳长1．3～3．0cm鲍苗55．1万只,进行潮间带垒石蒙网养鲍试验。对场址选择、放养密度、规格、投饵方法等进行了研究。结果：产商品鲍19．254t,平均亩产1397．8kg,平均壳长6．81cm,平均个体重39g,成活率89．6％,实现产值693.144万元、利润352.81万元。专家鉴定认为,养殖方式为国内首创,技术水平属世界先进。