白蜡窄吉丁(鞘翅目:吉丁甲科)的生物防治研究进展

白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Faimaire原分布在东北亚国家,包括俄罗斯远东地区,在原产地由于为害不重而受关注度不高,因此没有被列入世界各国危险性有害生物监测重点名单之中。但自21世纪初其传入美国和加拿大之后,已造成重大灾害,成为迄今为止北美地区危害性最大和造成经济损失最为严重的外来入侵森林害虫。由于该害虫的高度隐蔽性,在传入地的早期检测非常困难,发现该虫的地点往往其种群已经定殖多年,因此根除策略难以奏效。美国在白蜡窄吉丁入侵初期进行的根除策略失败后迅速启动了生物防治计划。通过国际合作研究,美国从中国引进了3种寄生性天敌:白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂Spathius agrili Yang、白蜡吉丁啮小蜂Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang和白蜡吉丁卵跳小蜂Oobius agrili Zhang & Huang,经大量人工繁殖后在林间进行了释放,现已在当地成功建立了天敌种群,开始发挥越来越重要的控制作用。本文对最近10多年来白蜡窄吉丁生物防治方面的研究进展进行了回顾和简要综述,希望对我国同类蛀干害虫的研究工作有所启示。     

白蜡窄吉丁及其寄生性天敌的耐寒性

分别测定了天津和长春市的白蜡窄吉丁及其主要寄生性天敌白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂和白蜡吉丁啮小蜂越冬时期的耐寒性。结果表明，白蜡窄吉丁的过冷却点在-26．38～-23．04％之间，冰点在-21．72～-11．64％之间；白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的过冷却点为-26．28℃，冰点为-22．50℃；白蜡吉丁啮小蜂的过冷却点为-24．48℃，冰点为-21．87℃。结合当地的气候条件探讨了白蜡窄吉丁及其天敌可能的地理分布范围，并认为越冬对种群数量的影响较小。     

白蜡窄吉丁自然种群变化的关键因子研究

为了解影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群的关键因子,本研究对影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群的所有生物和非生物因素进行了主成分分析,并进一步拟合了白蜡窄吉丁幼虫数量与寄主植物、树干胸径的关系。结果显示,寄主植物抗性是影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群最主要的因素,中国本土白蜡树种水曲柳的受害情况远低于美国栽培品种绒毛白蜡,且不同寄主植物间的幼虫数量差异显著;林分结构的影响作用次之,白蜡纯林的受害程度高于混交林。年极端低温、年极端高温、幼虫期和卵期的寄生率对白蜡窄吉丁的影响作用也比较重要。研究结果为生产上采用栽培抗性树种和在合适时期释放天敌控制白蜡窄吉丁的为害提供了理论依据。     

利用图象对白蜡窄吉丁的自动识别

本文利用计算机视觉技术对昆虫图像进行提取数据处理技术。将白蜡窄吉丁昆虫图像用计算机进行数学形态特征提取，对计算机通过图像自动识别该虫进行了研究。     

检疫性有害生物——桦铜窄吉丁

桦铜窄吉丁是我国进境检疫性有害生物,也是EPPO预警的有害生物。该虫以幼虫在多种桦树皮蛀道为害,取食韧皮部,阻碍水分和养分运输,严重影响桦树林的生长,降低桦木材市场价值。本文主要介绍了桦铜窄吉丁的地理分布、寄主、形态特征、生物学特性、经济影响、防治措施等内容。该虫在我国尚无分布,深入研究该虫的为害特点和扩散途径等,对防治该虫有重要意义。     

从进境德国白橡锯材上截获窄吉丁(非中国种)

本文介绍了舟山口岸从德国进口锯材中首次截获窄吉丁(非中国种)Agrilus biguttatus(Fabr.)、A.sulcicollis Lac.和A.angustulus,对其分类地位、寄主与分布、成虫主要鉴定特征等方面作了详细介绍,以对口岸检疫提供资料参考.     

封面说明：白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariaeYang et Yao

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariaeYang et Yao是杨忠岐发现和发表的肿腿蜂新种,该蜂群集寄生于白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis中老龄幼虫、预蛹和蛹上,后来也发现其寄生危害白蜡的咖啡脊虎天牛Xylotrechus grayii幼虫。     

柑橘暴发性害虫-柑橘窄吉丁研究初报

柑橘窄吉丁幼虫在柑橘树树体内蛀食危害,成虫取食嫩叶或叶柄。幼虫有5龄,1～5龄幼虫头部口上片最大宽度分别为:0.12,0.21,0.32,0.51 mm和0.78 mm。在浙江省象山地区柑橘窄吉丁一年有2个成虫发生期,第1高峰期在5月份,成虫出孔期比较集中,成虫产卵发育到老龄幼虫并钻入木质部越冬;第2高峰期在8月下旬到10月下旬,成虫出孔期分散,长达60 d以上,成虫产卵发育至低龄幼虫在韧皮部越冬。成虫羽化孔为典型的D形。末龄幼虫进入木质部后身体以3∶7(头尾)对折,化蛹前身体明显缩短。文章对研究结果进行了讨论,并指出了今后深入研究内容和方向。     

警惕澳大利亚林木害虫澳柏松小吉丁传入我国

澳柏松小吉丁为一种广泛分布于澳大利亚的林木害虫,寄主为柏科的澳柏属及柏木属植物。近期上海口岸多次从澳大利亚进境原木中截获澳柏松小吉丁。其寄主柏木属植物在我国分布范围广,该种在我国未有分布,具潜在入侵风险,应得到各口岸重视,警惕该种入侵。本文对其形态特征、生物学特性及入侵风险等内容进行了综述,为澳柏松小吉丁的识别提供参考。     

人工繁育白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的最适温度条件

为明确温度对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao寄生情况、子代生长发育和繁殖的影响,在室内21、24、27、30和33℃共5个恒温条件下,以麻竖毛天牛Thyestilla gebleri幼虫为寄主,测定了不同温度下白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率,产卵前期、卵、幼虫、茧蛹和整个幼期阶段的发育历期、发育速率、子代数量以及性比等生物学参数。结果显示,随着温度的升高,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对寄主幼虫的寄生率和寄生成功率有所提高,寄生率在30℃时达到最高,为100%,寄生成功率在27℃和30℃均达到最高,为93.33%;当温度超过30℃时,二者均分别下降至73.3%和60%。随着温度升高,子代数量从58头/窝（21℃）显著增多至91.14头/窝（30℃）;当温度高于30℃时,羽化数量开始大幅度下降至52.5/窝（33℃）。在21~33℃范围内,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的产卵前期随温度升高呈递减趋势;幼虫、茧蛹及整个幼期阶段的发育速率均随着温度的升高而加快,而卵的发育速率在27℃时最快。表明人工繁殖白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的最适温度范围为27~30℃,研究结果为提高该蜂的人工繁育效率以及优化野外释放策略提供了重要依据。     

Foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins following direct stem injection into white and green ash trees for control of emerald ash borer

BACKGROUND: Azadirachtins are natural insecticides derived from the neem tree. The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an exotic invasive insect pest that infests various ash tree species and has the potential for significant economic, aesthetic and ecological impacts throughout North America. The initial translocation and foliar residue dynamics of azadirachtins were examined following direct injection into white and green ash trees growing in urban scenarios as a potential control for EAB. RESULTS: Substantial concentrations of azadirachtins A and B [mean maxima > 0.98 mg kg^?1 fresh weight (f.w.)] were observed within 2 days of injecting a specifically designed formulation of azadirachtins. Foliar residues declined exponentially through time, with half‐life estimates ranging from 5.1 to 12.3 days. At the time of leaf senescence, foliar residue levels approximated 0.01 mg kg^?1 f.w., strongly mitigating the potential effects of non‐target biota in soil or aquatic compartments. CONCLUSION: The magnitude and duration of exposures observed in this field study were considered to be above the thresholds required for biological effectiveness against both larval and adult life stages of EAB. Results support the use of azadirachtins as an environmentally acceptable systemic insecticide for control of EAB and protection of high‐value ash trees in urban environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Occurrence of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis in Russia and its potential impact on European forestry

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis , is a beetle native to East Asia where it is considered a minor pest, preferentially attacking weakened or dying ash trees. It was first discovered in North America in 2002 and has since become one of the most serious invasive insect pests, killing millions of healthy ash trees in urban and forested settings. Similar damage is now occurring in the region of Moscow, Russia, which causes serious concern for Europe. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on A. planipennis in Asia and North America, provide new information on its occurrence in the region of Moscow and Eastern Russia and make recommendations for research and management strategies in Europe.     

警惕检疫性害虫大洋臀纹粉蚧在中国大陆扩散

大洋臀纹粉蚧(Plaanococcus minor)是一种近年来入侵我国大陆的检疫性害虫,原仅记载于我国台湾,2008年以来在广西、广东、海南、云南等地被陆续发现.该虫食性杂,为害超过250种水果、经济作物、花卉和园林植物.本文介绍了大洋臀纹粉蚧的基本信息、为害特点、生物学特性、地理分布、寄主范围、国内扩散趋势、口岸截...     

辣椒新害虫--瘤缘蝽发生为害的调查研究

2001年7月,笔者在咸宁温泉发现1半翅目害虫严重为害辣椒,在未防治情况下,暴发成灾,导致绝收,2005年发生较重,局部成灾。经鉴定,该害虫为瘤缘蝽[Acanthocoris casber(Linnaeus)]。通过资料查阅,除《江西植保》2001年第2期有过关于瘤缘蝽的生活史及防治方面的简短报道外,再未见其他更详细的报道。为便于开展瘤缘蝽的监测与防治,笔者于2001～2005年对瘤缘蝽发生与为害进行了调查和观察。现报道如下。1形态特征成虫:长10"5～13"5 mm,宽4"0～5"1 mm,褐色。触角具硬粗毛。前胸背板及后足腿节有许多瘤突。前胸背板侧缘稍向内曲,侧角突出,其上具显…     

Melanaspis corticosa: a new insect pest of olive trees in Europe

The presence of the South African Obscure Scale, Melanaspis corticosa (Brain) (Hemiptera, Diaspididae), was detected infesting olive trees, in Portugal. The identity of the scale insect was confirmed based on both morphological and molecular studies. Until now, this species was only known in a few African countries, including Guinea, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. This is the first record of this species in Europe and in the Palearctic region. The scale was observed in 15 different locations, in the Algarve, since its first detection at the end of 2016. Samples were collected between 21 December 2016 and 10 March 2022, covering all seasonal periods. Most of the sampling sites resulted from private requests from farmers and proprietaries received by the Plant Protection Division of the Regional Directorate of Agriculture. Although it is considered a polyphagous species, it was not observed in other plant species, besides olive trees. The actual dispersion in the region suggests that M. corticosa became established and has been expanded its distribution since its arrival. This scale insect is a potential injurious pest of olive trees and needs to be studied to clarify its pest status and develop effective pest management strategies.

     

烤烟田新害虫--灰地种蝇

灰地种蝇[Delia platura(Meigen)]群众称根蛆、土蛆,是蔬菜上的主要害虫。过去本地未见该虫在烤烟田为害。近年来,为防治青枯病、黑胫病、根黑腐病等土传病害,本县大力推广先进的漂浮式育苗方法,即用珍珠岩颗粒加生物肥做基质的育苗方法,对防治土传病害起了很大作用。但是,漂浮     

植物检疫性有害生物名单相互关系研究

植物检疫性有害生物名单对植物检疫工作具有指导意义。本文概述了我国植物检疫性有害生物名单的发展历程及框架体系,介绍了部分植物检疫工作发达国家现有名单情况。对进境植物检疫性有害生物名录、全国农业植物检疫性有害生物名单、全国林业检疫性有害生物名单以及外来入侵物种名单内容间的关系进行比较研究。我国各名单存在交叉的有害生物50种(属)。探讨了名单不足之处,提出使名单内容科学合理的建设性意见。