Amino acid composition of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) and the prediction of dietary requirements for essential amino acids

Embryo somatic tissues, non‐somatic yolk‐sac materials, and whole, individual fingerlings (age 0+) of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), as well as a commercial trout diet, were analysed for a wide spectrum of amino acids. Analytical material consisted of prefeeding swim‐up fry that were separated into discrete yolk sac and somatic embryo tissue samples. Amino acid concentrations in fry somatic tissue and whole fingerlings were generally very similar to each other, but were lower than those measured in yolk materials. Higher correlations were observed between the majority of specific amino acid concentrations in the trout diet when compared with fingerling data (r² = 0.91) and fry somatic tissue data (r² = 0.89), than when correlated with fry yolk sac material (r² = 0.76). These results indicate that the essential amino acid profiles of fry somatic tissue and whole fingerlings are closer to that of a commercial feed than they are to the endogenous profiles found in the embryonic yolk sac material itself. The dietary ratios of individual essential amino acids were also compared with the total essential amino acid concentrations (A/E ratios) in whole fingerling tissues, and these ratios could be used to accurately estimate the apparent essential amino acid requirements of Arctic charr. The rationale for using carcass amino acid composition data to estimate the dietary essential amino acid requirements of Arctic charr is discussed.     

Amino acids composition difference and nutritive evaluation of the muscle of five species of marine fish, Pseudosciaena crocea (large yellow croaker), Lateolabrax japonicus (common sea perch), Pagrosomus major (red seabream), Seriola dumerili (Dumeril's amberjack) and Hapalogenys nitens (black grunt) from Xiamen Bay of China

A study was conducted to investigate the muscle amino acid profiles of five species of marine fish, Pseudosciaena crocea (large yellow), Lateolabrax japonicus (common sea perch), Pagrosomus major (red seabream), Seriola dumerili (Dumeril's amberjack) and Hapalogenys nitens (black grunt). These carnivorous fishes, all of which belong to the Perciforms, were sampled from Xiamen Bay. Chemical analysis shows significant difference (P < 0.01) among the five species in the muscle total amino acids (TAA). Lateolabrax japonicus has the highest level of TAA in muscle tissues. Significant difference in muscle total essential amino acid (TEAA) and total non‐essential amino acid (TNEAA) were also found among the five species. Lateolabrax japonicus has the highest TEAA level, and H. nitens has the highest level of TNEAA level. Significant difference (P < 0.01) existed in specific EAA except for lysine (P > 0.05). The significant difference (P < 0.05) of the A/E ratios [(each essential amino acid content/total essential amino acid content including cystine and tyrosine) ×1000] based on the essential amino acid composition of muscle tissue from the five species were found in lysine, histidine, methionine, cystine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and arginine, except for threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. These differences indicate that the amino acids profile is species specific for the five species and their essential amino acid requirements are greatly different although they were fed similar feed. In contrast to the reference amino acid profile recommended by FAO/WHO, muscle proteins of each fish were all rich in lysine, the S‐containing amino acids and threonine, but histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were deficient for children's diets. The first limiting amino acid was histidine for P. crocea and L. japonicus, valine for P. major and H. nitens, leucine for S. dumerili. The amino acid score was 66.8, 76.7, 78.4, 84.0 and 95.7 for P. crocea, L. japonicus, P. major, H. nitens and S. dumerili, respectively. In the adult human diet the muscle protein of the five species of marine fish can almost fulfil the requirements of all essential amino acids except for the histidine of P. crocea and L. japonicus and thus can serve as supplemental source of protein in cereal‐based adults diets if we reinforce the histidine correspondingly. Therefore, increasing the proportion of marine fish in the diet of the people in the area where paddy rice and wheat are the main protein sources is an effective way to enhance the nutrition value of food and improve the nutrition status of the developing countries. Moreover, all of five marine fish species contained a comparatively high content of glutamic acid and arginine, which are beneficial to the patients under such conditions as trauma, burn injury, massive small‐bowel resection and renal failure.     

Estimating the quantitative essential amino acid requirements of striped bass Morone saxatilis, using fillet A/E ratios

In order to determine the essential amino acid requirements (EAA) of striped bass Morone saxatilis , fillets were analysed to ascertain the relative amino acid concentrations for determining A/E ratios ((EAA/total EAA) × 1000)). Analysis of the striped bass fillets yielded the following concentrations of essential amino acids (g kg^–1) and A/E ratios, respectively: arginine, 12.5, 115; histidine, 5.1, 47; isoleucine, 8.0, 74; leucine, 17.1, 157; lysine, 20.2, 186; methionine + cysteine, 9.2, 85; phenylalanine + tyrosine, 16.0, 147; threonine, 9.8, 90; tryptophan, 1.9, 18; and valine, 9.1, 84. In two experiments, diets with graded levels of EAA were fed to striped bass weighing 111 ± 3 g and 790 ± 122 g per fish, respectively. In both experiments, the dietary A/E ratios were maintained in the same relative concentrations as determined in the striped bass fillets. Statistical analysis of weight gains, feed conversions and nitrogen balance indicated significant differences ( P  < 0.05) between treatments. Non-linear regression analysis of the response criteria pooled from both experiments yielded the following estimates of dietary EAA requirements (g kg^–1 dry diet) when digestible energy equalled 13.39 MJ kg^–1 diet: arginine, 14; histidine, 6; isoleucine, 9; leucine, 19; lysine, 22; methionine + cysteine, 10; phenylalanine + tyrosine, 17; threonine, 11; tryptophan, 3; and valine, 10. The use of fillet A/E ratios allows for the rapid estimation of quantitative EAA requirements and the development of species specific diets for new aquaculture species. The data presented here are the first to simultaneously describe all the dietary EAA requirements for M. saxatilis.     

发酵桑叶替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、脂质代谢与抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中用发酵桑叶分别替代0、15%、30%鱼粉,再对30%鱼粉替代水平饲料补充晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,配制成4种等能等氮(CP 42%,GE 18 MJ/Kg)的实验饲料,分别表示为D_1、D2、D_3和D4,饲喂大口黑鲈(初始体质量10 g)8周,研究发酵桑叶替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,发酵桑叶替代30%鱼粉会显著降低大口黑鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率(SGR)、脏体比(VSI)和肝体比(HSI),补充晶体氨基酸(CAA)后会明显改善大口黑鲈的生长性能。各实验组蛋白质效率、饲料系数、摄食率、肥满度以及全鱼常规组成均无显著差异。发酵桑叶替代30%鱼粉会显著降低大口黑鲈血清总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量,提高HDL-C/CHO和HDL-C/LDL-C比值。随发酵桑叶替代水平的增加,大口黑鲈血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高。研究表明,发酵桑叶替代适宜水平鱼粉不会影响大口黑鲈的生长,而替代鱼粉水平过高会显著抑制大口黑鲈的生长,但可以改善大口黑鲈的脂质代谢和机体抗氧化能力。饲料中补充晶体氨基酸可以提高桑叶的利用率,促进大口黑鲈生长。     

Digestibility of nutrients and amino acids of different protein sources in practical diets by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802)

This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, calcium, phosphorus, and essential and non‐essential amino acid availability of animal and plant protein sources in practical diets for the carnivorous fish, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (8.0±0.5 g; 10.0±0.3 cm). Fish were conditioned to accept artificial feed and those stocked in plastic cages were fed pelleted test diets. Diets contained 30% of the ingredient tested mixed with 70% of a reference ration (RD) containing 40 g 100 g^?1 of crude protein, 19.85 kJ g^?1 crude energy, and 0.5% of chromic oxide. Cages were then transferred to cylindrical, conical‐bottomed aquaria (200 L) where the faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. All the tested ingredients had high ADCs for protein and lipid; ADCs of amino acids of varying protein sources showed significant differences (P<0.01). Plant protein sources did not significantly influence the ADCs of diets. The results allow the inference that the availability of amino acids in plant and animal protein sources varies considerably.     

饲料中添加复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响

为研究饲料中添加由桑叶黄酮、栗木单宁和桑叶多糖组成的复合植物提取物对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏、肠道健康的影响,实验设计3个处理组,每组4个重复,分别投喂添加0、0.1%、0.2%复合植物提取物的等氮等脂饲料(J0、J1、J2),养殖周期为56 d。结果显示,与J0组相比,J2组大口黑鲈的末均重、增重率及特定生长率分别显著提高8.34%、11.24%和5.88%;3组大口黑鲈机体粗脂肪、水分、粗灰分、钙和总磷,肥满度、脏体比均无显著差异,粗蛋白含量随着复合植物提取物添加量的增加呈上升趋势,与J0组相比,J2组显著提高5.61%;J1和J2组肝体比显著降低9.10%～10.28%,血清白蛋白含量和白蛋白/球蛋白值显著提高8.28%～12.62%和13.56%～23.73%,J2组血清球蛋白含量显著降低9.47%,J1和J2组血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和血糖含量分别显著降低31.25%～46.88%、7.69%～12.54%和20.90%～22.40%;J1和J2组胆固醇和甘油三脂含量呈降低趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈升高趋势;J1和J2组肝脂空泡化程度显著...     

Amino acid composition of edible parts of three-year-old experimental scaly crossbreds of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus 1758)

The aim of this study was to compare the amino acid (AA) composition of edible parts of three experimental groups of carp, i.e. a pure line of Přerov scaly carp (PS), a hybrid line of Přerov scaly carp and Northern mirror carp (PS × M72), and a hybrid line of Přerov scaly carp and Ropsha scaly carp (PS × ROP), with the quality of the edible parts of control hybrids of Hungarian and Northern mirror carp (M2 × M72) in harvest size (K₃). A comparison between the controls (M2 × M72) and experimental carp (PS, PS × M72, PS × ROP) showed that their muscle tissues contained the same amounts of 10 AA [essential amino acids (EAA): Thr, Val, Leu, Phe, Lys, His; non‐essential amino acids (NEAA): Asp, Gly, Ala, Tyr] of the 16 AA determined. Glu, Asp, Lys and Leu were the AA with the highest muscle concentrations. The total EAA_sum and NEAA_sum contents in the fastest‐growing PS × ROP hybrid, in spite of specific differences found (P<0.05: Arg, Met; P<0.01: Pro), were practically identical to those found in the control group of M2 × M72 mirror carp. PS × ROP hybrid female and male muscle tissues differed (P<0.05) only in Met and Ala levels. Hard roes of experimental female carp (PS, PS × M72, PS × ROP) contained the largest quantities of Glu and Val, and that of control female carp (M2 × M72) the largest quantities of Glu and Gly. Hard roes of PS × ROP hybrids contained the largest quantities (P<0.01) of EAA_sum (52.44±0.19%). Compared with hard roes, soft roes from all groups of carp contained more EAA_sum (PS × ROP: 55.03±0.26%). The two most abundant AA in soft roes were Lys and Arg. The most abundant AA in the hepatopancreas in all carp groups were Glu, Asp, Leu and Arg. Hepatopancreas EAA_sum levels in experimental carp (PS, PS × M72, PS × ROP) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in controls (M2 × M72).     

Nutritional evaluation of live food organisms and commercial dry feeds used for seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili

To improve the nutritional quality of live foods and dry feeds ordinarily used for the seed production of amberjack Seriola dumerili, the nutrient contents of rotifers, Artemia nauplii and commercial feeds used in two larval production stations were evaluated. For comparison of the nutrient contents, artificially produced larvae, wild-caught juveniles and wild zooplankton samples were also analyzed. The proportions of 22∶6n-3 in the polar lipid of the cultured larvae increased by feeding the dry feeds. The taurine contents of the cultured larvae reflected the contents of their foods (rotifers<dry feed<Artemia nauplii). The taurine content and the proportion of 22∶6n-3 in Acartia spp. were higher than in foods fed to the larvae. These parameters in the wild juveniles were higher than the cultured ones. The A/E ratios [(each essential amino acid/total essential amino acids)×1000] of the total amino acids of the live foods and dry feeds were similar to those of the cultured larvae, except for the lower ratios of histidine, arginine, threonine and lysine in the live foods. The mucosal folds of the intestine of the cultured larvae did not show typical signs of dietary phospholipid deficiency. These results suggest that requirements of nutrients such as 22∶6n-3 and taurine should be determined for mass production of amberjack seeds.     

Quantifying contributions to tournament catches among resident,stocked and hybrid black basses (Micropterus spp.)

Millions of Florida bass, Micropterus floridanus Lesueur, are stocked annually into populations of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacepède, to increase trophy fish abundance. However, little effort has related the role that resultant hybrids make to angler catches. Largemouth bass were sampled from an important recreational fishery subject to extensive Florida bass stocking to address the hypothesis that anglers capture Florida bass, largemouth bass and hybrids at rates equivalent to their overall abundance in the population. Fin clips obtained from tournament angling events (n = 348) and boat‐mounted electrofishing sampling (n = 219) were screened at 38 species‐diagnostic markers and individuals were assigned to genealogical classes using Bayesian clustering algorithms. No significant differences were identified between angler and electrofishing catches providing evidence that hybridised individuals stemming from a long‐term stocking programme may constitute an important contribution to tournament angling catch.     

野生菊黄东方鲀与养殖菊黄东方鲀肌肉品质比较

为比较野生菊黄东方鲀与养殖菊黄东方鲀肌肉的品质,采用常规生化方法测定并分析了其肌肉中营养成分及部分氨基酸的含量.结果表明,野生组菊黄东方鲀肌肉中的粗脂肪含量显著高于养殖组(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于养殖组(P<0.05);16种氨基酸中,野生组有6种氨基酸含量显著高于养殖组(P<0.05),而其他氨基酸含量则无...     

Recent advances in European sea bass and gilthead sea bream nutrition

European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata) are amongst the most important finfish speciescultured in the Mediterranean region. Production of these species isnowadays a well-controlled process, but knowledge of their nutritionalrequirements is still very limited. Nevertheless, a considerable amountof data has been accumulated in recent years, and the purpose of thispaper is to review the recent advances on the nutritional requirementsof sea bass and sea bream. The optimum protein to energy ratio of thediets of sea bass and sea bream seem to be higher than for salmonids,and there is some evidence that high dietary lipid levels have nobeneficial effects on fish performances. Although the essential aminoacid requirements were estimated by the ideal protein method, data basedon the dose-response method is only available for a few amino acids.Essential fatty acid requirements were estimated for sea bream juvenilesbut data is lacking for sea bass. Vitamin and mineral requirements ofthese species are practically unknown. Although the importance ofbroodstock nutrition on gonadal development, spawning and egg quality isrecognized, few studies were done to elucidate these aspects. The recentdevelopment of microparticulate diets for larvae will contribute to theaccurate evaluation of their nutritional requirements.     

Effect of catch-and-release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

Catch‐and‐release angling is popular in many parts of the world and plays an increasingly important role in management of recreational fisheries. Although the magnitude of catch‐and‐release mortality is well documented for many species, potential sublethal effects have been little studied. An experiment was conducted to assess directly the effects of catch‐and‐release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède. Angling mortality was 0.00 ± 0.092% for largemouth bass caught on plastic grubs. There was no difference (P = 0.57) in weight gain between caught and uncaught fish over a 40‐day angling and recovery period. Although catch‐and‐release angling appears to have no effect on largemouth bass growth, previous studies documented sublethal effects on growth and reproduction in other species, suggesting that the occurrence and magnitude of sublethal effects vary among species.     

加州鲈肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)cDNA的克隆和序列分析

肌肉生长抑制素是抑制肌肉生长和发育的生长调控因子。对运用RT-PCR和RACE技术从加州鲈成鱼肌肉总RNA中扩增得到的MSTN cDNA全序列进行了序列分析。结果表明,加州鲈MSTN cDNA全长为1626bp,其开放阅读框为1 134bp,共编码377个氨基酸,前面的22个氨基酸为信号肽,中间有四个氨基酸(RARR)为蛋白水解加工位点;该基因总共有13个半胱氨酸残基,后面9个在蛋白水解加工位点之后的C端生物活性区,与其它脊椎动物比较,它们的位置完全一致,对该基因的结构和功能非常重要。与GenBank中已知的条纹狼鲈、金鲷、斑马鱼、虹鳟、斑点叉尾鮰、人、猪、鸡、鸽MSTN的ORF相比较,核苷酸序列同源性为63%~94.4%,氨基酸同源性为61.4%~96%,特别是在C端生物活性区氨基酸同源性为88.1%~100%,高度的保守性反映了该基因受到了高度的进化限制以及功能的重要性。加州鲈MSTN基因的克隆为研究该基因打靶和鱼类肌肉发育调控机理奠定了基础。     

云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交“云龙斑”肌肉营养成分分析及品质评价

对云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"肌肉营养成分进行分析和品质评价,为其种质营养学鉴定及配合饲料的研制提供基础数据资料。采用常规方法,依据国家标准,对3种石斑鱼肌肉中的水分、蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸和10种矿物元素的组成与含量进行了测定和评价。云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"石斑鱼肌肉中粗蛋白含量分别为19.6%、18.4%和19.4%;3种石斑鱼氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸指数、鲜味氨基酸总量分别为(15.54%、14.72%、15.99%)、(6.86%、6.41%、7.04%)、(75.19、74.93、77.96)和(5.57%、5.3%、5.73%)。3种石斑鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量分别为4.2%、10.1%和4.5%,脂肪酸种类丰富,并且含有大量的多不饱和脂肪酸,其比例符合理想脂肪酸的标准。3种石斑鱼肌肉中矿物元素种类丰富,5种常量元素K、Ca、Na、Mg、P和5种微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se均有检出,其中杂交"云龙斑"的Na、K、Cu含量略高,另外几种矿物元素含量居于父母本之间。研究表明,云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"氨基酸种类齐全、比例适宜,人体必需氨基酸含量较高,是优质的蛋白源,同时含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸,且矿物元素种类齐全,是具有较高食用价值的优良海水养殖品种。其中杂交"云龙斑"在一些营养指标中明显高于其父母本,显现出一定的杂交优势。     

养殖博氏鱼芒肉营养成分的分析及评价

采用国家标准方法测定湖北英山博氏(鱼芒)肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素含量.结果表明,博氏(鱼芒)肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的含量分别为75.36％±1.07％、17.90％±0.43％、5.13％±0.18％和0.98％±0.09％;18种氨基酸总量为(69.01±0.07) g/100 g(干重),其中5种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41.70％,8种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的48.68％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值为95.06％;粗脂肪中含24种脂肪酸,油酸含量38.41％±0.29％最高,单不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的42.68％±0.10％,n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值为1.48;矿物质元素中钾含量最高,为(1 118.51±30.67) mg/100 g(干重),微量元素中,铁、锌含量最高,分别为(1.19±0.10)和(1.18±0.05)mg/100 g(干重).与其它鱼类相比,博氏(鱼芒)肉蛋白质质量较高,氨基酸组成比例均衡,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,有较高的营养价值.     

Diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers (Gobiomorus dormitor) and introduced predatory fishes in a Puerto Rico reservoir

Abstract –  Native fish species coexist with introduced species in Puerto Rico's freshwater systems, yet competition between these species has not been evaluated. We examined the extent of diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers Gobiomorus dormitor and introduced largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and peacock bass Cichla ocellaris in a Puerto Rico reservoir. Bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in feeding habits, whereas peacock bass were exclusively piscivorous at all sizes collected in this study. Biologically significant diet overlap was observed between large bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass, but not between large bigmouth sleepers and peacock bass, or between large largemouth bass and adult peacock bass. No significant diet overlap in any species combination was observed in small or medium size classes. Better understanding of the ecology of these coexisting predators should lead to improved conservation of bigmouth sleepers, and improved fisheries management for all three predatory species.     

Production performance of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and water quality variation in monoculture,polyculture and integrated culture

A 74‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the production performance and water quality variation in three types of farming system for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The tested aquaculture models included monoculture of largemouth bass (MC), polyculture of largemouth bass, gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (PC), and integrated culture of largemouth bass, gibel carp, silver carp and freshwater pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii (IC). The ratio of largemouth bass, gibel carp and silver carp was 30:2:1 in the PC model, and the ratio of largemouth bass, gibel carp, silver carp and mussel was 30:2:1:5 in the IC model. The largemouth bass were fed with formulated feed twice daily. No significant differences were found in weight gain and yield of largemouth bass, total fish yield, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) utilization efficiencies, N and P wastes, pH, nitrite, nitrate, reactive phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, primary productivity among the MC, PC and IC models. The ammonia was lower, while the dissolved oxygen was higher in the PC tanks than in the MC tanks. These results suggest that the environment situation was better in the PC tanks relative to that in the MC tanks. The present study reveals that the PC model should be a way to optimize the aquaculture model for commercial largemouth bass farming.     

Effects of Methyltestosterone on Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

The effectiveness of 30 or 50 mg of 17 ∝-methyltestosterone/kg diet for periods of 4, 6, or 10 weeks starting when the fish were 25 mm TL for sex-reversal of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, was evaluated. Fish were subsequently dissected to determine gonadal morphology and histology. Five of the six trials produced significantly (P < 0.05) altered sex ratios based on gonadal differentiation. Data with two-year-old largemouth bass indicated a low number of spermiating individuals among methyltestosterone- treated fish.     

山东沿海养殖和野生双齿围沙蚕营养成分比较及饵料安全性评价

为全面评估养殖和野生双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)作为亲虾饵料的营养价值和安全性,本研究分别对山东沿海养殖和野生双齿围沙蚕的基本营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量、常见重金属含量和白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)及对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)携带情况进行了检测和对比分析。结果表明,养殖沙蚕的脂肪含量显著高于野生沙蚕中含量(P0.05),粗蛋白、水分、灰分含量无显著性差异(P0.05);两种沙蚕中的对虾必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)均在40%左右,对虾必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)均在60%以上,符合FAO/WHO关于高品质蛋白的标准,依据两组沙蚕的氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS),养殖沙蚕的第一限制氨基酸含量高于野生沙蚕含量;养殖沙蚕的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)和高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量分别为(66.15±3.77)%和(54.11±2.58)%,均显著高于野生沙蚕的含量[(56.13±6.60)%、(43.28±5.50)%](P0.05);对常见重金属铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)的检测发现,养殖沙蚕重金属的含量明显低于野生沙蚕的含量(P0.05),且野生沙蚕中As的含量严重超标;在对虾常见携带病毒WSSV和IHHNV检测中,养殖沙蚕均呈现阴性,而野生沙蚕IHHNV呈现阴性,WSSV呈现阳性,说明野生沙蚕可能携带WSSV。从营养价值、饵料安全性以及生态环境保护角度考虑,养殖双齿围沙蚕作为亲虾饵料的效果明显优于野生双齿围沙蚕。     

野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉营养品质的比较分析

对黑斑蛙肌肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素进行测定,旨在比较分析野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉的营养品质。试验结果表明,养殖黑斑蛙肌肉粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量高于野生黑斑蛙,水分含量则低于野生黑斑蛙,但两者间差异不显著( P >0.05);野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉除谷氨酸和酪氨酸外的氨基酸含量均无显著性差异( P >0.05);野生黑斑蛙肌肉的总氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量高于养殖黑斑蛙。根据氨基酸评分和化学评分结果,野生和养殖黑斑蛙肌肉中赖氨酸含量相对较高,第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为70.25和72.42。野生黑斑蛙饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于养殖黑斑蛙( P <0.05),而养殖黑斑蛙肌肉的多不饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量均高于野生黑斑蛙( P >0.05)。野生与养殖黑斑蛙肌肉14种矿物元素中,锌、铝和硒含量有显著差异( P <0.05),重金属元素(砷、镉、铅)含量均在限量范围以内。由此可知,养殖黑斑蛙营养组成价值接近于野生黑斑蛙。