γ-干扰素对金黄色葡萄球菌性临床型乳房炎的疗效研究

本试验选取32只3~4 kg健康泌乳家兔,通过人工造模的方法诱发其乳腺发炎,建立金黄色葡萄球菌性临床型乳腺炎模型。然后随机分为A(γ-干扰素)、B(乳酸环丙沙星)、C(γ-干扰素和乳酸环丙沙星)、D (生理盐水)4个治疗组,每组8只,于造模后6、18 h各投药一次。各组分别在造模前1 h和造模后4、12、24、36、48、72 h采集血液0.5 mL、血清1 mL,进行白细胞总数、血清钙离子含量和炎性细胞因子测定(ELISA),研究其治疗效果。结果显示:①外周血白细胞总数组间对比,A、B组在造模后12~48 h内极显著高于C组(P<0.01),72 h时显著高于C组(P<0.05),但两组间无显著差异(P>0.05);D组在造模后12~72 h内均极显著高于其他3组(P<0.01)。②血清钙离子含量组间对比,A、B组在造模后12~48 h内极显著低于C组(P<0.01),72 h时显著低于C组(P<0.05),但两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);D组在造模后12~72 h内均极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01)。③血清中TNF-α和IL-6含量组间对比,A、B组在与C组造模后12~24 h内差异显著(P<0.05),36~48 h内差异极显著(P<0.01),72 h后差异显著(P<0.05),A、B两组间无显著差异(P>0.05);D组在造模后12~72 h内均极显著高于其他3组(P<0.01)。结果表明,γ-干扰素配合乳酸环丙沙星治疗金黄色葡萄球菌性临床型乳房炎具有一定的协同作用。     

长途运输应激对西门塔尔牛体重、血液生化指标和细胞因子含量的影响

为研究长途运输应激对西门塔尔牛体重、血液生化指标和细胞因子含量的影响,随机选取12头、平均体重(292.1±38.2)kg的西门塔尔牛,在最高气温30℃下,经过36h、1 450km的敞篷卡车运输,运输前后称重并采集颈静脉血样,测定其体重及血液生化指标的变化情况。结果表明:(1)与运输前体重相比,经36h、1 450km运输后,试验牛平均体重极显著降低(P0.01),由292.1kg降低到262.8kg,体重损失10.03%。(2)与运输前相比,运输36h时西门塔尔牛血清皮质醇(COR)含量显著提高(P0.05)、血糖(GLU)水平极显著增高(P0.01),运输后7~14d下降到运输前水平(P0.05);运输应激对血清胆固醇水平无显著影响(P0.05)。(3)运输应激极显著提高了西门塔尔牛血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)含量(P0.01),显著提高血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量(P0.05),运输后7~14d下降到运输前或更低水平(P0.05);运输应激对血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,长途运输可显著降低肉牛的体重和抑制机体免疫机能,经长途运输后的西门塔尔牛需要约14d的恢复期。     

清温消热饮对小鼠LPS致炎模型血清中炎性因子的影响

为了解促炎、抗炎细胞因子在小鼠LPS致炎模型中的动态变化,探讨中药方剂清温消热饮的抗炎治疗作用,采用酶联免疫法测定112例用LPS致小鼠急性炎症模型治疗过程中血清中促炎因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、PGE2)、抗炎因子(IL-10)含量。与LPS致小鼠急性炎症模型组比较:清温消热饮组在18、24 h血清中IL-1β含量明显降低,差异显著(P0.05);清温消热饮组在6、12、18 h血清中TNF-α含量明显降低,6、18 h差异显著(P0.05),12 h差异极显著(P0.01);清温消热饮组血清中的PGE2含量均低于模型组,在6、18、24、36 h时血清中的PGE2含量明显降低,差异极显著(P0.01);清温消热饮组在18、48 h血清中IL-10含量明显升高,差异极显著(P0.01)。同时,清温消热饮组与地塞米松组在各时间段血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10、PGE2含量无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,清温消热饮在急性炎症模型中能有效降低血清促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、PGE2含量水平,提升抗炎因子(IL-10)含量水平以表现出明显的抗炎作用。     

喹胺醇对小鼠血清中细胞因子水平的影响

目的：观察新兽药喹胺醇对小鼠血清中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-2和IL-6水平的影响.方法：采用放射免疫法检测血清中TNF-α、IL-2和IL-6的含量.结果：中剂量组雄鼠血清中TNF-α含量显著高于对照组和其它药物剂量组（P＜0.05）,药后7 d雌鼠低剂量组TNF-α含量显著高于对照组和其它药物组（P＜0.05）;药后7 d雄鼠中剂量组血清中IL-6含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,14 d雄鼠中、高剂量组IL-6含量极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,药后7 d雌鼠中、高、最高剂量组IL-6含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,14 d低剂量组极显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）;雄鼠血清中IL-2含量在7 d和14 d各组间均无显著差异.结论：喹胺醇对小鼠血清中细咆因子TNF-α、IL-2和IL-6水平的影响可能存在性别差异和剂量差异.     

中药宫炎散治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的免疫机制研究

为了研究中药对奶牛子宫内膜炎的免疫机制,试验采用给患有明显子宫内膜炎症状的奶牛早、晚各灌服宫炎散1次,连用7 d,采集血清,检测血清中IgA、IgG和细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α含量的方法。结果表明:在用药后第5天和第7天,治疗组血清IgA、IgG含量极显著高于疾病组(P0.01);用药后第1天,治疗组血清IL-1β含量显著降低(P0.05),在用药后第3天、第5天和第7天极显著低于疾病组(P0.01);血清TNF-α含量在用药后第1天、第3天、第5天和第7天均极显著低于疾病组(P0.01)。说明中药复方制剂宫炎散能够增强子宫内膜炎患牛的免疫防御机能,调节血清促炎细胞因子水平,对奶牛子宫内膜炎有一定的防治作用。     

黄芩苷对脂多糖诱导后仔猪血清和组织中炎性细胞因子表达的影响

为评价黄芩苷的抗炎作用,研究黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)刺激后仔猪血清中炎性因子表达的影响,试验选取36头健康状况良好、体重(11.0±1.2) kg的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为阴性对照组、LPS组、氟尼辛葡甲胺组和黄芩苷组(黄芩苷剂量分别为按体重25,50,100 mg/kg添加)6组。饲喂7 d后,氟尼辛葡甲胺组和黄芩苷组提前0.5 h肌肉注射给药,然后与LPS组一起按体重0.1 mg/kg腹腔注射LPS,阴性对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,注射LPS 6 h后再次给药1次。检测注射LPS后3,24小时时猪血清中炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的含量,并于注射LPS 24 h后检测血管和腹膜中炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的基因表达量。结果表明:LPS刺激仔猪3 h后,LPS组血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的含量显著或极显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),氟尼辛葡甲胺能显著抑制血清中IL-6含量的升高(P0.05),黄芩苷能显著或极显著抑制血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8含量的升高(P0.05或P0.01);LPS刺激仔猪24 h后,LPS组血清中TNF-α含量极显著增加(P0.01),氟尼辛葡甲胺对血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8含量升高无显著抑制作用(P0.05),100 mg/kg黄芩苷能极显著抑制血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-8含量的升高(P0.01),显著抑制IL-1β含量的升高(P0.05)。LPS刺激24 h后,仔猪血管和腹膜中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8基因的表达显著或极显著上调(P0.05或P0.01);氟尼辛葡甲胺和黄芩苷能显著或极显著抑制血管中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8基因表达上调(P0.05或P0.01);氟尼辛葡甲胺和黄芩苷能显著抑制腹膜中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6基因表达上调(P0.05)。说明黄芩苷能有效地抑制LPS刺激后仔猪血清中炎性因子的分泌及血管和腹膜组织中相关基因的表达。     

不同铁添加水平饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对雏鹅生长性能、造血功能、铁代谢和肾脏功能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同铁添加水平饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对雏鹅生长性能、造血功能、铁代谢和肾脏功能的影响。试验选用1日龄五龙鹅360只,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅。Ⅰ组为对照组,在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg铁,不添加枯草芽孢杆菌;Ⅱ～Ⅵ组为试验组,在基础饲粮中分别添加0、25、50、75、100 mg/kg铁,枯草芽孢杆菌添加水平均为250 mg/kg。试验期4周。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅵ组雏鹅体重、平均日增重、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率,血液血红蛋白含量、红细胞压积、平均红细胞体积以及血清铁含量、总铁结合力、转铁蛋白饱和度均升高(P0.05),平均日采食量、料重比、腹脂率以及血清尿酸、尿素氮、肌酐含量均降低(P0.05)。2)Ⅳ、Ⅴ组体重、平均日增重显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅳ组料重比显著或极显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ组(P0.05或P0.01)。3)Ⅳ、Ⅴ组全净膛率显著高于Ⅱ组(P 0.05);Ⅳ组胸肌率显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P 0.05或P0.01),Ⅴ组胸肌率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05)。4)Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血液血红蛋白含量显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅴ组血液红细胞数量显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅴ组血液红细胞压积显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ组(P 0.05或P 0.01),Ⅳ组血液平均红细胞体积显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅴ组血液平均血红蛋白含量显著或极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ组(P0.05或P0.01)。5)Ⅳ、Ⅴ组血清总铁结合力显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅵ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组血清尿酸含量显著或极显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅵ组(P0.05或P0.01)。由此可见,雏鹅铁营养需要量具有一定阈值,饲粮铁添加水平过高或过低都不利于机体的生长发育。枯草芽孢杆菌能够与铁协同促进雏鹅生长发育、造血功能、铁代谢和肾脏功能,降低饲粮中铁添加水平;建议雏鹅基础饲粮中添加250 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌条件下铁适宜添加水平为60.34～80.50 mg/kg。     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平对断奶仔猪消化能力、结肠氨氮含量和炎症损伤的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质水平对断奶仔猪消化能力、结肠氨氮(AN)含量和结肠炎症损伤的影响。选取96头25日龄断奶的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,适应饲养7 d后随机分成4组,分别饲喂18%、20%、22%和24%粗蛋白质水平的饲粮,并于饲喂后6、24、48、72和96 h,每组选择4头仔猪前腔静脉采血后屠宰,采样测定胃内容物pH,胃蛋白酶和十二指肠糜蛋白酶活性,结肠AN、血清和结肠白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-10含量。结果表明:1)饲粮粗蛋白质水平对断奶仔猪生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)除饲喂后48 h外,其余时间点24%粗蛋白质组仔猪胃内容物pH均显著或极显著高于20%粗蛋白质组(P<0.05或P<0.01);在整个试验期,24%粗蛋白质组仔猪胃蛋白酶、十二指肠糜蛋白酶活性均低于20%粗蛋白质组,其中胃蛋白酶活性在6、72 h时有显著差异(P<0.05),十二指肠糜蛋白酶活性在24、48 h时有显著差异(P<0.05)。3)除饲喂后6 h外,其余时间点24%粗蛋白质组仔猪结肠AN含量均高于18%、20%粗蛋白质组,在24、72 h时有显著或极显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。4)24%粗蛋白质组仔猪结肠IL-1β含量在24~96 h时均显著或极显著高于20%粗蛋白质组(P<0.05或P<0.01);在整个试验期内,24%粗蛋白质组结肠IL-10含量均低于20%粗蛋白质组,在24、72 h时有显著或极显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。5)相关性分析发现,胃糜蛋白酶活性与结肠AN含量之间呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),结肠AN含量与IL-1β含量、结肠IL-1β与IL-10含量间分别呈显著正相关和负相关(P<0.05)。综上,给断奶仔猪饲喂20%粗蛋白质水平饲粮可通过降低仔猪胃内容物pH、升高胃蛋白酶和十二指肠糜蛋白酶活性来降低结肠AN含量,并降低结肠IL-1β含量、升高IL-10含量,从而减少结肠炎症损伤。     

引入河南地区白萨福克羊和白杜泊羊季节性血液生理生化指标分析

为了解引入河南省内白杜泊羊和白萨福克羊两个绵羊品种的生理机能特性及其在当地的适应性,利用全自动血液生理生化分析仪,分别测定了冬季和春季两个绵羊品种的12项血液生理指标和13项血液生化指标,并对不同季节两品种绵羊组内和组间血液生理生化的各项指标进行了对比分析。结果表明:冬季两绵羊品种血红蛋白含量均高于春季,且杜泊羊血红蛋白含量均高于萨福克羊,同品种公母羊之间差异不显著(P0.05);春季杜泊羊与萨福克羊血红蛋白含量存在显著差异(P0.05)。冬季两品种绵羊红细胞总数均低于春季,且两个季节杜泊羊红细胞总数均低于萨福克羊,但差异不显著(P0.05)。两品种绵羊冬季血糖含量均高于春季,杜泊羊血糖含量在不同季节内均高于萨福克羊,但差异不显著(P0.05)。两品种绵羊总胆红素、淀粉酶和血清谷丙转氨酶不同季节间差异均极显著(P0.01)。冬季绵羊血液磷含量高于春季,杜泊羊钠离子浓度低于萨福克羊,且差异显著(P0.05)。其余各项指标不同季节种间基本无差异。与河南地方绵羊品种及国内其他绵羊品种血液生理生化指标比较,均存在一定差异。     

运动对大鼠骨骼肌细胞凋亡及钙离子含量的影响

探讨运动对大鼠骨骼肌细胞凋亡及钙离子含量的影响。将大鼠分为对照组、一般运动组和强运动组,对照组大鼠正常活动,一般运动组大鼠跑台速度为18m/min,强运动组大鼠跑台速度为25m/min,一般运动组和强运动组大鼠均运动至力竭。分别检测大鼠比目鱼肌和胫骨前肌细胞凋亡情况,大鼠血清和大鼠后肢组织匀浆上清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和钙离子水平,大鼠肌肉组织中Bax、Bcl-2表达水平。结果发现,一般运动组大鼠比目鱼肌中细胞凋亡率和SOD活性均明显高于对照组,差异极显著(P0.01)。强运动组大鼠比目鱼肌中的SOD活性明显低于一般运动组,差异极显著(P0.01)。试验组大鼠血清中MDA水平均明显低于对照组,差异极显著(P0.01)。一般运动组大鼠胫骨前肌和比目鱼肌中MDA水平均明显高于对照组和强运动组,差异极显著(P0.01)。一般运动组大鼠比目鱼肌中钙离子水平和Bax表达水平明显高于对照组,差异显著(P0.05)。一般运动组大鼠比目鱼肌中Bcl-2表达水平明显低于对照组,差异极显著(P0.01)。表明一般运动比高强度运动更易导致比目鱼肌细胞凋亡,作用机制可能与钙离子浓度、氧自由基水平、Bax、Bcl-2有关。     

复方伊维菌素乳液在山羊体内的药代动力学研究

为了探讨复方伊维菌素乳液在动物体内的药物代谢,为兽医临床提供用药参考。试验选取7只山羊,每只山羊按0.1 mL/kg (伊维菌素0.2 mg/kg, 阿苯达唑10 mg/kg)剂量口服,给药后0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12、16、24、36、48、60 h颈静脉采血5 mL,分离血清,-20 ℃保存,用高效液相色谱仪检测样品血药浓度。试验结果表明,①伊维菌素在山羊体内的代谢情况为：0.5 h,0.112151 μg/mL; 第1次达峰时间为4 h, 0.302702 μg/mL;第2次达峰时间为16 h,0.258284 μg/mL;60 h,0.011118 μg/mL。②阿苯达唑在山羊体内的代谢情况为：0.5 h, 0.049285 μg/mL;第1次达峰时间为8 h,4.95283 μg/mL ;第2次达峰时间为16 h,5.694551 μg/mL;60 h,0.06434 μg/mL。复方伊维菌素中的伊维菌素和阿苯达唑在山羊体内代谢时间短,第60小时已达到很低的血药浓度。     

蒲公英提取物对LPS诱导小鼠乳腺炎的减轻效应及其机制分析

旨在研究蒲公英提取物对内毒素（LPS）诱导小鼠乳腺炎的减轻效应及其机制分析。将小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性组和蒲公英提取物高、中、低剂量组。蒲公英提取物高、中、低剂量组分别按10.0、5.0、2.5 g·kg^-1灌胃给药,连续灌胃6 d,2次·d^-1,空白组灌胃等体积生理盐水。末次给药1 h后,于小鼠乳房基部分别灌注50 μL 0.2 mg·mL^-1 LPS,建立LPS诱导的小鼠乳腺炎模型,阳性组在建模后6和12 h腹腔注射5 mg·kg^-1地塞米松。24 h后取血,分离血清,剥离乳腺组织。ELISA法测定小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的含量,髓过氧化物酶（MPO）试剂盒测定小鼠血清MPO的含量,HE染色观察病理变化,Western blot法测定小鼠乳腺中TLR4蛋白以及NF-κB信号通路和MAPKs信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果显示,蒲公英提取物高、中剂量组对LPS诱导的乳腺炎小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的分泌有极显著抑制作用（P<0.01）,极显著降低小鼠血清中MPO的含量（P<0.01）;蒲公英提取物高、中剂量组能改善LPS诱导的小鼠乳腺组织的病理变化,极显著下调LPS诱导的小鼠乳腺中TLR4、p-IκB、p-p65、p-p38、p-JNK、p-ERK蛋白的表达（P<0.01）。结果表明,蒲公英提取物通过调控NF-κB和MAPKs信号通路对LPS诱导的小鼠乳腺炎有明显减轻作用,为蒲公英的临床开发及应用奠定了基础。     

Pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy foals and therapeutic drug monitoring in hospitalized equine neonates

The objectives of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy neonates, to determine amikacin concentrations in hospitalized foals, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amikacin against gram-negative isolates from blood cultures in septic foals. Median half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of amikacin in healthy 2- to 3-day-old foals after administration of an intravenous bolus of amikacin (25 mg/kg) were 5.07 hours (4.86-5.45 hours), 1.82 mL/min/kg (1.35-1.97 mL/min/kg), and 0.785 L/kg (0.638-0.862 L/kg), respectively. Statistically significant (P <.05) decreases in area under the curve (14% decrease), mean residence time (19% decrease), and C24h plasma amikacin concentrations (29% decrease) occurred between days 2-3 and 10-11. Plasma amikacin concentrations in healthy foals at 0.5 hours (C0.5h) were significantly higher (P = .02) than those of hospitalized foals. Sepsis, prematurity, and hypoxemia did not alter amikacin concentrations. The MIC at which 90% of all gram-negative isolates from equine neonatal blood cultures were inhibited by amikacin was 4 microg/mL, suggesting that amikacin C0.5h of 40 microg/mL should be targeted to achieve a maximum serum concentration to MIC ratio of 10:1. The proportion of foals with C0.5h 40 microg/mL was significantly higher (P < .0001) in hospitalized foals receiving a dose of amikacin at 25 mg/kg (22/24 or 92%) than in foals receiving a dose at 21 mg/kg (9/25 or 36%), whereas no difference was found in the proportion of foals with C24h concentrations > or = 3 microg/mL between the 2 groups. An initial dose at 25 mg/kg is recommended for once-daily amikacin in equine neonates.     

Correlation between blood and milk serum leptin in goats and growth of their offspring

Boer and Boer crossbred meat-type does were used in two experiments to determine whether goat milk serum contains leptin and to investigate possible correlations of milk and serum leptin in does and subsequent growth of their offspring. Blood and milk samples were collected within 2 h of kidding (d 0) from 20 (Exp. 1; spring) or 22 does (Exp. 2; the following fall). Blood milk samples were then collected again on d 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 (Exp. 1) or d 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, and 21 (Exp. 2). Body weights of kids were recorded on d 0, and BW of kids and does were recorded weekly beginning on d 7 (kids) or 21 (does), with BCS also recorded for does beginning on d 28 for Exp. 1 and on d 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, and 21 for Exp. 2. Leptin was detected in colostral milk and was influenced by days postpartum, decreasing (P < 0.001) over time with an average of 4.4 +/- 0.3 ng/mL (Exp. 1) and 18.1 +/- 1.0 ng/mL (Exp. 2) on d 0 compared with 1.0 +/- 0.3 ng/mL on d 56 (Exp. 1) and 2.9 +/- 0.2 ng/mL on d 21 (Exp. 2). Day postpartum and milk serum leptin were negatively correlated (P < 0.001) for Exp. 1 (r = -0.27) and Exp. 2 (r = -0.46). For Exp. 1 only, blood serum leptin tended (P = 0.09) to be influenced by day, with a weak positive correlation (r = 0.15; P < 0.02). Weak positive correlations (P < 0.01) were found between blood serum leptin and doe BCS (r = 0.42 in Exp. 1, and r = 0.13 in Exp. 2) and doe BW (r = 0.44 in Exp. 1, and r = 0.26 in Exp. 2), with the absence of a stronger relationship likely due in part to the short time period measured and the lack of significant changes in BCS and BW during that time. In conclusion, leptin was present in milk and blood serum of does, and blood serum leptin was weakly correlated with doe BW and BCS, but it was not related to kid BW. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the relationships involving milk and serum leptin in goats.     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in turkeys

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (EFL) and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) was investigated in 7-8 month old turkeys (6 birds per sex). EFL was administered intravenously (i.v.) and orally (p.o.) at a dose 10 mg kg(-1) body weight. Blood was taken prior to and at 0.17, 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 24 h following drug administration. The concentrations of EFL and CIP in blood serum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum concentrations versus time were analysed by a noncompartmental analysis. The elimination half-live and the mean residence time of EFL after i.v. injection for the serum were after oral administration 6.64+/-0.90 h, 8.96+/-1.18 h and 6.92+/-0.97 h, 11.91+/-1.87 h, respectively. After single p.o. administration, EFL was absorbed slowly (MAT=2.76+/-0.48 h) with time to reach maximum serum concentrations of 6.33+/-2.54 h. Maximum serum concentrations was 1.23+/-0.30 microg mL(-1). Oral bioavailability for for EFL after oral administration was found to be 69.20+/-1.49%. The ratios C(max)/MIC and AUC(0 --> 24)/MIC were respectively from 161.23+/-5.9 h to 12.90+/-0.5 h for the pharmacodynamic predictor C(max)/MIC, and from 2153.44+/-66.6 h to 137.82+/-4.27 h for AUC(0 --> 24)/MIC, for the different clinically significant microorganisms, whose values for MIC varies from 0.008 microg L(-1) to 0.125 microg mL(-1).     

Hemolytic complement titers and complement C3 levels in endotoxin-induced mastitis

Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide B was instilled through the lactiferous duct of cows to induce acute mastitis. Hemolytic complement (C) activity and C3 concentrations were determined in blood serum and in renninprecipitated whey before, and at certain times after, mastitis was induced. Hemolytic complement activity was detected in the whey only during the first 36 hours after endotoxin was instilled, whereas activity was not seen before and 48 or more hours after the endotoxin was given. The maximum titer as measured with the guinea pig RBC/bovine natural antibody system was 1:64. The C3 concentrations in normal whey (before installation of endotoxin), measured by radial immunodiffusion, were between 1% and 4% of the base-line blood serum values (pool from healthy cows). The whey concentration of C3 increased (to 5% to 18%) during the first 8 hours of mastitis. However, at 72 hours, the whey values were back to preinstillation concentrations in all quarters.     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞对乳腺炎模型大鼠血清中酶及抗体水平的影响

试验旨在研究乳房基底部移植骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)对乳腺炎大鼠血清中髓过氧化物酶(plup peroxidase,MPO)、乳过氧化氢酶(milk catalase,LP)及免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的影响。从70只SD正常雌性大鼠中随机选取5只,于产后72 h,即试验-1 d屠宰,作为正常对照,同时其余65只参照国内常用建立乳头管灌注内毒素的方法,从大鼠乳房基底部注入0.05 mL(50 μg)内毒素。乳腺炎模型建立成功1 d后,即试验0 d,随机选5只屠宰作为对照,同时将其余60只随机分为3组,即对照组(乳房基底部注射生理盐水50 μL)、抗生素组(乳房基底部注射抗生素50 μL(5000 U/侧))和移植BMSCs组(乳房基底部移植BMSCs 50 μL(1×10⁶个)),每组20只,于试验1、3、5和7 d各组分别屠宰5只,所有屠宰大鼠从心脏处采血制备血清,送检血清中MPO、LP、IgM、IgA和IgG含量。结果表明,治疗后各时间点移植BMSCs组血清中MPO含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),1和7 d时LP含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。1和5 d时移植BMSCs组IgA、IgG和IgM含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),7 d时IgG和IgM含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1和7 d时IgG含量、3和5 d时IgA含量及5 d时IgM含量均与抗生素组差异显著(P<0.05)。因此,BMSCs和抗生素都能降低乳腺炎大鼠血清中MPO和LP含量,提高IgM、IgA和IgG含量,且移植BMSCs组对抗体的总体作用效果比抗生素组显著。     

家兔临床型乳腺炎病理模型的制备

为建立家兔乳腺炎模型,本试验将从乳房炎患牛奶样中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌制成104CFU/mL细菌悬液,并分别注入选取的16只3～4 kg健康泌乳家兔的第3对乳池内(1 mL/乳区),诱发乳腺发炎。观察临床表现,乳腺组织形态学病理变化,并于造模后72 h采集乳腺组织匀浆液进行回归试验。结果显示:①造模后动物出现急性炎症反应,表现为饮食欲降低,甚至废绝;体温、心率和呼吸频率显著升高;造模乳区严重肿胀。②造模乳区的乳腺组织镜检发现有炎性细胞浸润、组织结构破坏等现象。③回归试验全部呈阳性,其生长菌落为金黄色葡萄球菌。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌诱发家兔临床型乳腺炎模型与炎症的病理过程和炎性反应一致,可用作病理模型使用。     

Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine in mares.

Six healthy adult mares were each given an oral loading dose of ormetoprim(OMP)-sulfadimethoxine (SDM) at a dosage of 9.2 mg of OMP/kg and 45.8 mg of SDM/kg, followed by four maintenance doses of 4.6 mg of OMP/kg and 22.9 mg of SDM/kg, at 24 h intervals. Ormetoprim and SDM concentrations were measured in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and endometrium. The highest mean serum OMP concentration was 0.92 micrograms/mL 0.5 h after the first dose; the highest mean SDM concentration was 80.9 micrograms/mL 8 h after the first dose. The highest mean synovial fluid concentrations were 0.14 microgram of OMP/mL and 28.5 micrograms of SDM/mL 12 h after the first dose. The highest mean peritoneal fluid concentrations were 0.19 micrograms of OMP/mL 6 h after the first dose and 25.5 micrograms of SDM/mL 8 h after the fifth dose. The highest mean endometrial concentrations were 0.56 micrograms of OMP/g and 28.5 micrograms of SDM/g 4 h after the fifth dose. The mean cerebrospinal fluid concentrations were 0.08 micrograms of OMP/mL and 2.1 micrograms of SDM/mL 5 h after the fifth dose. Mean trough urine drug concentrations were greater than or equal to 0.4 micrograms of OMP/mL and greater than or equal to 172 micrograms of SDM/mL. Two of the mares were each given a single intravenous (IV) injection of OMP and SDM at a dosage of 9.2 mg of OMP/kg and 45.8 mg of SDM/kg. Excitation and muscle fasciculations were observed in both mares after IV administration and all scheduled blood samples could be collected from only one of the two mares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)