华北落叶松优树的形态变异和自然类型

本文利用华北落叶松种子园中的优树无性系作为研究对象,采用易于识别又能反映株型结构的形态指标,将林木划分为4个自然类型:窄冠密枝型、宽冠密枝型、宽冠稀枝型和窄冠稀枝型。从聚类分析看出,各类型林木的生长差异极显著,密枝型和稀枝型明显地分为两大类。对4种类犁的生长作方差分析,类型间高、径生长差异极显著,S 检验的多重比较结果表明,密枝型树木生长优于稀枝型的树木,而窄冠密枝型属生长最快的优良类型,具备个体生长快,冠幅又较窄的双重优点。密枝型优树占调查无性系的52%。     

红皮云杉树型变异和自然类型的划分

本研究以扎兰屯地区绿化资源为对象，对红皮云杉枝型、冠型、叶型的变异及性状的表现特征，应用主分量分析法，作了树型基本类型的划分，确定出３个自然类型，即宽冠型、中冠型、窄冠型，为科学地选择绿化树种提供了依据。     

红皮云杉树型变异和自然类型的划分

本研究以扎兰屯地区绿化资源为对象，对红皮云杉枝型，冠型，叶型的变异及性状的表现特征，应用主分量分析法，作了树型基本类型的划分，确定出３个自然类型，即宽冠型，中冠型，窄冠型，为科学地选择绿化树种提供了依据。     

文冠果优良类型选择

以北京房山窦店9年生文冠果人工林为试验材料,以产量性状、品质性状,生长性状等为目标性状,开展以生态能源林为目标的优良类型选择。以植株花、果实等变异中较稳定的、容易识别的性状作为分类的依据,将文冠果初步划分为结实型和观花型2类。结实型主要是单瓣白花型。根据果实形状的不同,可进一步划分为小球果型、大球果型、圆柱果型、三棱果型、扁球果型、桃形果型、倒卵果型7类。利用层次分析法建立文冠果结实型优良类型评价指标体系,结果是小球果型综合性状最佳,是选优和推广优良类型,大球果型、圆柱果型次之。     

小坑林场76株油茶优树的物候期及生长结实特点

为了了解外引油茶品种在广东的适生性和结实特性,从而为广东当地油茶品种的选择和栽培管理提供借鉴,对小坑林场2009年引进的76株油茶优树的几个关键物候期和生长结实特点进行了观测。结果表明:76株油茶优树总体生长表现良好,不同优树的营养生长与生殖生长性状表现间的差异均较大,株型表现有窄冠低矮型、窄冠中间型、宽冠高大型、宽冠中间型、高大中间型、低矮中间型及中间型等7种类型;抽梢早、中两个类型的优树自2月20~26日开始抽梢,抽梢期历时30~35 d,抽梢晚的优树自3月下旬开始抽梢,抽梢期历时仅有10~16 d;早花类型与晚花类型植株其始花期出现的早晚相差1个月,时间跨度大,多数品种的始花期集中在10月25日左右,其花期历时30~40 d;综合2014年单位冠幅产量、2015年幼果数及花芽量(用于预测2016年的产量),筛选出了具有较高产量潜力的8、30、62、64、68号共5个油茶优株。     

杨树良种'窄冠黑杨Ⅰ号'和'窄冠黑杨Ⅱ号'

窄冠黑杨Ⅰ号,Ⅱ号是以美洲黑杨与窄冠黑青杨为亲本,通过杂交获得的杨树新品种,雄株;速生,材积生长量与对照中林46相近;树冠窄,冠幅比一般宽冠杨树小1/2～1/3;易生根;有较强的耐盐碱能力,在土壤含盐量0.3%,pH8～8.5的中轻度盐碱农田中,生长良好;是优良的农林复合经营新品种,适合在我国华北、西北东部等地种植.     

窄冠黑杨、窄冠黑白杨的选育及应用

通过杂交育种 ,选出了 6个窄冠黑杨、1个窄冠黑白杨无性系 ,材积生长量分别接近对照I—6 9/ 5 5、中林4 6和窄冠白杨 3号。窄冠黑杨单株立木干物质产量超过中林 4 6 ,冠幅比对照小 1/ 2～ 1/ 3,适用于农田林网及农林间种。窄冠黑杨耐盐碱能力较强 ,容易扦插繁殖 ,造林成活率高。木材基本密度 36 0～ 394kg/m3 ,木材纤维长 1mm左右 ,随年龄增长而加长 ,5a生时趋于稳定。因此从制浆造纸来看 ,以 5a生以上利用为好。经制浆及检测、胶合板制作证明 ,木材适用于制浆造纸及作胶合板原料。     

广东省杉木种质资源的调查和利用——Ⅳ.杉木地方类型形态特征的变异及经济性状

对我省11个杉木地方类型的调查结果表明,白毛杉、正杉、大龙杉、油杉、猪笼杉生长较快,木材密度较大,饱满度也较好。对11个杉木地方类型进行模糊聚类分析,可分为4大类:1.窄冠、浓密、优质、速生型;2.宽冠、细枝、速生型;3.窄冠、优质、浓密、中生型;4.宽冠、厚皮、小叶型。     

油杉表型差异分析及优树选择

2012~2013年开展了油杉属油杉、江南油杉的种质资源调查与收集,在49个调查区选出254株优树。这些优树综合表现好,树干通直圆满,平均树高、平均胸径、平均单株材积、平均冠幅、平均枝下高分别为16.49 m、59.0 cm、3.24 m3、9.39 m和3.55 m。各优树10个表型性状差异明显,变异系数为:材积(156.51%)结实(64.09%)胸径(61.13%)枝下高(39.27%)树高(37.17%)冠幅(24.16%)分叉性(13.25%)整枝度(13.16%)圆满度(10.83%)通直度(6.62%)。种实性状千粒重、球果重量、球果长、球果宽、球果长×球果宽、球果长/球果宽比值等指标差异也比较明显,种实主要性状指标千粒重和球果重量变异系数分别达到36.07%和31.66%。性状差异传递出的丰富的遗传信息,为油杉和江南油杉的遗传改良奠定了良好的材料基础。     

银杏新品种‘聚宝’

‘聚宝’是从银杏资源圃中发现的窄冠单株,通过优选比较栽培试验获得,树冠冠形明显与众不同的品种。树冠呈紧密狭长卵形,所有枝条均以树干为中心弯曲斜上生长,冠幅最宽处仅为40cm左右;叶片为扇形,小而密集,侧枝的长枝为28～30cm,着生叶片61～82枚,雌株,雌球花有长梗,梗端有1～2盘状珠座,每座生1胚珠,发育成种子;种子核果状,近球形,外种皮肉质,有白粉;10—11月果熟,熟时淡黄或橙黄色,有臭味;中种皮骨质,白色;内种皮膜质。     

Morphological and anatomical differences in Aleppo pine seeds from serotinous and non-serotinous cones

Mediterranean communities have been historically conditioned by fire and have therefore developed adaptive traits. Serotiny is a strategy that increases fire resilience by storing seeds in the canopy, protecting them from heat and delaying their dispersion. Aleppo pine is an important serotinous tree species in the low altitude, near-coastal Mediterranean Basin. Differences in serotinous and non-serotinous cones have been detected previously but in order to resolve a gap in the knowledge on seed adaptation to fire, we focused this study on two fire-prone habitats in southern Italy. Several cones were sampled and opened in an oven at two different temperatures in order to group seeds according to provenance and cone type (serotinous or non-serotinous). The sampled seeds were weighed and their coats were removed. Seed size, embryo diameter and nutritive tissue thickness were recorded. We found that seeds with greater weight and size came from the more humid site and from non-serotinous cones. Also, we observed wax and cutine cells formed a thicker seed coat in seeds from the more humid site using a scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed higher Si and Ca concentrations in the covers of serotinous seeds. Seeds from different provenance and cone types have anatomic and morphological differences that confer different properties against heating. This knowledge can improve post-fire management and promote restoration tools.     

Estimating seed quantity and quality in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) cones from natural stands

The quantity and quality of seeds were studied in 886 shortleaf pine cones collected from 48 trees in each of two 15-ha natural stands in western Arkansas, USA. The number of seeds per cone ranged from 0 to 102, and averaged 34.6 and 38.0 in the two stands. Between 30 and 50 percent of the seeds were sound. Overall mean values for total number and total sound seeds compare with previous work. However, the wide variation between individual trees in a stand needs to be considered when evaluating cone abundance and estimating potential seed yields. For the stands observed in this study, a sample of 65 to 85 cones would be needed to estimate the number of sound seeds per cone (within ±3 seeds) with 95 percent probability. Sampling 1 or 2 cones from each of about 3 trees per ha would provide a reliable estimate of sound seed contents.     

氮肥对黄檗一年生苗木生长的影响

采用叶面施肥的方法,对黄檗1 a生苗木进行追施氮肥试验,结果表明:施氮肥可显著促进苗木生长,其中以20 g.m-2施肥量效果最为理想,平均苗高38.6 cm,平均地径1.05 cm,平均主根长16.7 cm,平均侧根数29.7个,平均鲜重103.9 g,平均干重30.78 g,分别是对照的111%、144%、132%、182%、149%和148%;20 g.m-2是黄檗1 a生苗木的适宜氮肥追施量。     

油松株间种实性状多样性的研究

对同一栽培地点的不同油松植株的种实性状进行观测与分析,结果表明:株间的球果颜色与大小、果鳞位置、出种率、种皮与种翅颜色、种子重量、发芽指标等性状均存在广泛的多样性。株间种子重量变动在41.11～64.73 g之间,均值为52.36 g,差异极显著(F0.01=595.56**);株间种子发芽率变动在65%～100%之间,差异显著。株间遗传差异是导致种子性状多样性的主要原因。     

杉木球果和种子发育节律的研究初报

杉木为我国南方主要造林树种,研究也较充分,但对球果和种子发育的研究比较薄弱。蒋恕(1980年)和华中农学院植物教研组(1975年)等从解剖学角度研究过杉木的受精过程。中国科学院林业土壤研究所(1973年)和唐午庆等(1964年)从物候学角度报告过杉木球果的大小和重量变化。我们则想从种子生产角度观察球果,特别是种子的发育过程,了解不同季节的种子品质变化,以便为最适采种期找到一些客观指标,并为种子园适时管理提供一些依据。     

Timing of shedding seeds and cones, and production in different stands of Scots pines at Abernethy Forest, Scotland

A study was carried out over 11 seed years on the timing ofshedding of seeds and cones, and annual seed fall and cone productionin three stands of native Scots pinewood and a Scots pine plantationin Abernethy Forest, Scotland. Peaks in seed fall took placemainly in May, and cones were shed mainly between June and August.There were few residual seeds remaining in shed cones. Synchronizedpeaks in seed fall and cone production (mast years) took placeat 3-year intervals across the different stands. The differencebetween cohorts of high and low cone production ranged fromfactors of 5 to 20 among sites. Coefficients of variation forcone production ranged from 62 to 84 per cent among sites. Therewere no significant differences in cone production among sites,but there were site-related differences in seed fall. The largercanopy cover in the plantation probably accounted for the higherseed fall per square metre there, though variations in the amountof seed eaten by birds and mammals may also have been important.Canopy cover needs to be considered when converting cone densitiesunder crowns to cone density per unit of woodland area. A similarcalculation is difficult for seeds because they are lighterthan cones and many fall outside the area under the crowns.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for treeregeneration and the availability of food for birds and mammalsprior to seed dispersal.     

东洞庭湖湿地持久土壤种子库分布特征

沿水位梯度设置三种类型样地,即高水位区、中水位区、低水位区,研究了东洞庭湖湿地持久土壤种子库的数量及分布特征。结果表明,持久土壤种子库主要由13种植物种子组成,其中高水位区最多,为7种,中水位区为6种,低水位区为4种。种子库密度在高水位区最大,为1 818.18粒/m2,中水位区次之,为1 168.83粒/m2,低水位区最小,为649.35粒/m2。土壤种子主要集中在0~15 cm的土层中,且随着土壤深度加深而明显减少。对持久土壤种子库进行丰富度分析表明,三种区域土壤种子库的Margalef丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均差异明显。其中,Margalef丰富度指数在高、中、低水位区分别为0.56、0.54、0.46,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.51、0.43、0.34。可见,水位是影响湿地土壤持久种子库数量及分布最为重要的生态因子。     

Seed-cone receptivity and seed production potential in white spruce

Three to five ramets were selected from each of five white spruce clones for the study. Seed cones (megastrobili) were pollinated once and some were sampled at the different stages of development to study the pollination mechanism, seed-cone receptivity, and seed production potential.The proximal end of a seed cone emerged from the bud scales and was the area to be receptive first. As the seed cones continued to develop, the margins of the cone scales became reflexed to increase the surface area and to funnel pollen along the margins of two adjacent scales onto the micropylar arms. Pollen was transferred to a deep depression in the nucellus and it germinated in the depression a weel after pollination. Another week later the micropyle was sealed by the ingrowth and divisions of the cells in the micropylar canal. Receptivity of a seed cone lasted for about 10 days and the end of receptivity was signalled by the closure of cone scales.The optimal receptivity appeared to occur when seed cones approached the end of receptivity and this coincided with the peak of pollen shedding. It was evident that seed cones pollinated at this stage produced the most filled seeds, an average of 41.6 from a seed production potential of 88 seeds per cone. Total cone scales averaged 67.7 per cone of which 43.6 scales were fertile and located at the mid-portion of a cone.     

杉木种子园种子产量预测预报模型研究

林木种子是林业生产的物质基础,种子产量的预测预报是实现林木种子生产科学管理的重要基础性工作。随着预测超前性、简便实用性和精度要求的不断提高,多种预测方法便应运而生（方升佐,１９９０;陈幼生,１９９３）［１,２］。笔者结合杉木［Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａ...     

Genetic variation in fruitfulness in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard and its impact on the maintenance of genetic diversity in seedlots

Genetic variation in seed/cone production among clones was studied in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard containing 25 plus-trees by analyzing the number of cones, the yield of cones and seeds of individual ramets for 5 successive years (1982 to 1986). There was significant variation among clones each year and parental contribution in the seed orchard. Specifically, in the years 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986, 20% of the clones produced 37.2, 60.6, 36.0, 44.3, and 44.8% of the total cones, respectively. The size of the crop greatly influenced the parental balance in the resulting seed/cone crops. The product moment correlation coefficients and Spearman’s coefficients of rank correlation were small and insignificant between consecutive years, but large and highly significant between alternate years, suggesting the presence of carry-over effects in seed/cone production. The broad-sense heritability on a clone mean basis was 0.74 ± 0.15 for the number of cones, 0.72 ± 0.14 for the yield of cones, and 0.68 ± 0.13 for the yield of seeds. The corresponding heritabilities from analyses combined over all years were 0.24, 0.558, and 0.724, respectively. These results indicate that seed/cone production in hinoki is under strong genetic control. Several managerial measures are discussed that maintain the genetic diversity in seedlots used for reforestation, by reducing the variation in seed/cone production among clones and producing seed crops with equal contributions from all parents.