牛的肾段动脉和肾段

肾实质的肾段由各肾段动脉供应血液，因肾段动脉之间无吻合支，故不存在段间的侧副循环，当某一肾段动脉阻塞，势必造成该肾段的血循障碍，从而引起肾坏死。在有关人体解的剖的著作中对肾段动脉与肾段已有明确的阐述，但在兽医解剖界尚未见论及，连兽医国际解剖学名记词（Ｎ．Ａ，）尚无肾段（Ｓｅｇｍｅｎａｔ ｒｅｎａｌｉａ）的名词。我对１３只黄牛肾的血管及输尿管道的铸型标本进行了观察，初步将牛的肾段动脉分为七支，它们是     

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.     

家兔抗长角血蜱免疫模型的建立及对长角血蜱成蜱生长发育的影响

每隔2周用长角血蜱成蜱定量感染家兔,成功构建了具有不同抵抗力的家兔免疫模型。ELISA检测结果表明,家兔血清中的抗体效价从初次叮咬后第3周开始呈阳性,随着叮咬次数的增加抗体水平逐渐上升,第11周时达到高峰。具有一定抵抗力的家兔对长角血蜱成蜱的吸血和生长发育影响显著,其抗体水平与长角血蜱成蜱在兔体的吸血周期、死亡率成正相关,与雌蜱的饱血脱落率、饱血体重成负相关。结果进一步证明,蜱的唾液腺是其主要的免疫器官之一。家兔抗体水平的持续期足以使长角血蜱完成一个世代,可以满足试验需求,是抗蜱免疫研究理想的阳性对照模型。同时,血清中特异性抗体的效价也可以作为判断动物对长角血蜱抵抗力强弱的重要指标之一。     

Proportion and cluster analyses of the skull in various species of the tree shrews

The skull adaptation was functional-morphologically examined in 14 species of the tree shrews. From the data of the proportion indices, the similarities were confirmed between T. minor and T. gracilis, T. tana and T. dorsalis, and T. longipes and T. glis. We demonstrated that the splanchnocranium was elongated in terrestrial T. tana and T. dorsalis and shortened in arboreal T. minor and T. gracilis from the proportion data. In both dendrogram from the matrix of the Q-mode correlation coefficients and scattergram from the canonical discriminant analysis, the morphological similarities in the skull shape suggested the terrestrial-insectivorous adaptation of T. tana and T. dorsalis, and the arboreal adaptation of T. minor and T. gracilis. Since the osteometrical skull similarities were indicated among the three species of Tupaia by cluster and canonical discriminant analyses, the arbo-terrestrial behavior and its functional-morphological adaptation may be commonly established in T. montana, T. longipes and T. glis.     

Influencing factors on the level of the ovulation rate in sheep during the main breeding season--an ultrasonographic study

The main breeding season for sheep in Germany is from the beginning of September until the end of November. The aim of this study was to determine the factors which influenced the level of the ovulation rate (o. r.) during this period. The examination was conducted over three years and included Booroola.Mutton Merino crosses [heterozygous- (F+) carriers and non-carriers of the Booroola- (FecB) fecundity gene], German Mutton Merino (GMM) and German Blackheaded (GB). In total 1326 examinations were carried out. Between the 8th to 12th day after estrous detection an ovary diagnosis was performed by transrectal scanning with a 7.5 MHz linear probe. The number of the corpora lutea per ewe (o. r.) was documented. The weight and the body condition of the ewes was also determined. During the breeding season the breed of the ewe had the main effect on the level of the o. r. (p < 0.05). This is the reason that the statistical model can only be applied for each breed. The effects of age, year of examination and day of the main breeding season were tested. The age of the ewes and the date of the examination during the breeding season had the main effect on the o. r. In GMM and GB the age influenced the o.r. with an effect of 8.3% and 4.2%. The effect of the season was vice versa (Gmm 3.2%; GB 8.2%). Non-carriers of the Booroola- (FecB) fecundity gene behaved similar like the GMM. However, only the high fecundity carriers of the FecB-gene were strongly influenced by the season. For each breed there exists a typical threshold value for the body weight above which further weight has no effect on the o. r. (GMM 65-70 kg, GB 75-80 kg, non-carriers of the Booroola-FecB gene 55-60 kg and carriers of the FecB-gene 60-65 kg). This value lies at about 80% of the highest measured weight of each breed. The results demonstrated that a balanced age structure in combination with a optimum weight influenced the level of o. r. In addition the date of the season is especially important.     

The Thymus of the Guinea Fowl from the Eighteenth Day of Incubation until Maturity

The thymus gland of the guinea fowl appeared as a series of pink, irregular-shaped lobes along the jugular veins. These lobes were 13 in number with seven on the right and six on the left side. The third and sixth lobes on the right side were the largest. The largest lobe measured about 20.0 × 5.0 mm while the smallest measured about 5.0 × 4,0 mm. Histologically, it was encircled by a thin layer of poorly stained connective tissue from which strands penetrated the thymic tissue giving incomplete lobules peripherally as early as day 18 of incubation. Lymphocytes and reticular epithelial cells were the two types of cells occurring at this time. Reticular epithelial cells were observed to be vacuolated especially towards the centre of the gland. Macrophages were observed in the thymus on day 20 of incubation for the first time. The blood vessels had accompanied the interlobular septa into the thymus. By day 21 of incubation, blood vessels had actually penetrated the thymic tissue but most of these vessels were of the capillary size. The cortex also became quite distinct from the medulla. At day 22, vacuolation ceased to appear in the cells at the cortical zone. Macrophages were still less than 10 in the slide. At day 23, most blood vessels were within the medulla and they displayed compressed lumi-na. Mitotic figures became a common site amongst the large lymphocytes and reticular epithelial cells. By day one post-hatch, lobulation of the thymus was still poor and macrophages became difficult to identify. The small and medium lymphocytes had outnumbered the large lymphocytes throughout the thymic tissue except at the most peripheral zone of the cortex. Fine vacuoles had reappeared within the cytoplasm of the reticular epithelial cells in the cortex. By day five, the distribution of blood vessels was almost uniform between the cortex and medulla. At three weeks post-hatch, plasma cells and red blood cells were seen in the stroma of the gland for the first time and most of the red blood cells occurred in the medulla.     

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)肝内管道的观察

通过解剖观察了川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellanae）的门静脉系和肝静脉系。门静脉分为左、右2支，左支发出左外侧叶背侧静脉、左外侧叶腹侧静脉、左中央叶静脉、方叶支、左尾状叶支、右尾状叶支；右支发出右中央叶静脉、右外侧叶静脉和尾状突支。肝静脉分肝左静脉、右中央叶肝静脉、方叶肝静脉、右外侧叶肝静脉、左尾状叶肝静脉、右尾状叶肝静脉、尾状突肝静脉。方叶肝静脉的血液注入右中央叶肝静脉而成为其属支。无肝中静脉。     

刈割对混播当年生物量及再生速率的影响

研究刈割对无芒雀麦 草原3号苜蓿草地的影响.结果表明:初次刈割时间和刈割次数对草地稳定性有显著影响;在苜蓿盛花期、无芒雀麦孕穗期刈割,刈割两次,草地稳定性最好;刈割一次有利于苜蓿生长,但降低无芒雀麦的比例;刈割三次则严重影响其生长发育;无芒雀麦在刈后15 d内再生速度最快,不受刈割期的影响,苜蓿再生草快速增长期与刈割期有关,在盛花期和结荚期刈割,株高快速增长期与无芒雀麦同步,再生速度也相似,在孕蕾期和盛花末期刈割,株高快速增长期出现在刈割后15～30 d内.     

Die Arterien der männlichen Geschlechtsorgane Japanischer Wachteln (Coturnix coturnix japonica) und ihre Entwicklung nach dem Schlupf

A total of 83 male Japanese quails of the following age groups were used for this study: 11, 18, 25, 32, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43 days, and 7, 9, 17 weeks after hatching. Neoprene-Latex, Tensol-Cement, and the china ink were injected via the aortic arch. In most of male Japanese quails, the testes are supplied by the A. testicularis originated from the Aorta descendens through a common trunk with the A. renalis cranialis. But in only 3 quails had this artery originated directly from the Aorta descendens on either side. In 9 quails had the A. testicularis accessoria originating independently from the Aorta descendens and running cranially or caudally in short distance to the normal A. testicularis. The arteries for the Ductus deferens were divided into 3 categories. The Rami ureterodeferentiales craniales were spread out from A. testicularis or Rami epididymales. The Rami ureterodeferentiales medii came from the A. renalis media and the A. renalis caudalis. The Rami ureterodeferentiales caudales originated from the A. caudae lateralis and A. pudenda. The Receptaculum ductus deferentis, the Corpus vasculare paracloacalis and the Phallus nonprotrudens in the Cloaca were supplied from the thick Ramus cloacalis of the A. pudenda. The Ramus bursalis of this artery supplied the Glandula proctodaealis and the Bursa cloacalis, and was also thick. The arteries to the genital organs were observed in the 11 day old male quail. The A. pudenda began developing at about 30 days after hatching when the quail's body matured. While the A. testicularis began developing at about 40 days after hatching when the male Japanese quail was full of the spermatogenic activity.     

The venous supply of the cecum, ileum, and the proximal loop of the ascending colon in the ox

The present study describes in detail the venous supply to the bovine cecum, ileum, and the proximal loop of the ascending colon. The cecum was supplied by branches from the cecal and accessory cecal veins. The accessory cecal vein was observed in the majority of the specimens examined. The cecal and accessory cecal veins were joined by 7–10 short oblique anastomoses. The ileum was supplied by the ileal branches of the cecal vein, and from the mesenteric ileal and first ileal (cranial mesenteric) veins. The ileal branches of the cecal vein formed a row of antimesenteric ileal arches in the ileal part of the ileocecal fold. The mesenteric ileal vein, in some cases, detached a collateral branch. The first ileal and the mesenteric ileal veins anastomosed on the ventral surface of the ileum. The initial loop of colon was supplied by branches from the ileocolic vein. In the majority of specimens, the common colic, a branch of the cranial mesenteric vein, supplied the first colic branch to the third part of the initial colon. In such cases, the ileocolic vein gave off only the second and third colic branches. However, in one case, the proximal loop of the ascending colon was supplied by three colic branches of the ileocolic vein and by the first colic branch of the common colic vein. In specimens in which the common colic vein was absent, the colic branches to the initial colon were all given off by the ileocolic vein. The third (or fourth) colic branch of the ileocolic vein and the first cecal branch of the cecal vein united on the lateral surface of the ileocecocolic junction to form an ileocecocolic arch. The veins on the medial surface of the ileocecocolic junction did not form an arch. The colic and ileal lymph nodes were supplied by twigs from the colic branches of the ileocolic vein and first ileal vein of the cranial mesenteric, respectively. The small cecal lymph nodes seen only in the specimen from the calf were supplied by fine branches from the cecal vein.     

Macroanatomic investigations of the blood supply of thoracic limb of Kangal dogs

In this study, the arterial supply of the thoracic limb was investigated in Kangal dogs. Twelve adult healthy Kangal dogs of either sex were used. Latex was injected into the common carotid artery, and then the axillary artery was dissected. The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery and supplies the thoracic limb in Kangal dogs. The axillary artery gave off a deltoid branch and external thoracic, lateral thoracic, and subscapular thoracic arteries in its course along the thoracic wall. The axillary artery continues distally as the brachial artery in the arm. The brachial artery gives rise to the cranial humeral circumflex, deep brachial, bicipital, ulnar collateral, superficial brachial, transverse cubital, and common interosseus arteries. It continues as the median artery after giving off the common interosseus artery. It was observed that the deep antebrachial artery arose from the median artery at the proximal third of the forearm. In the distal third of the forearm, the median artery divided into the palmar carpal and dorsal carpal branches. The deep palmar branch of the radial artery and deep branch of the palmar branch of the caudal interosseus artery form the deep palmar arch. The median artery joined the superficial branch of the palmar branch of the caudal interosseus artery to constitute the superficial palmar arch. The radial artery and cranial interosseus artery contributed to the dorsal carpal rete. The ulnar artery contributed to the formation of the deep and superficial palmar arches.     

Electron microscopy of Aujeszky's disease virus in explants of Gasser's ganglion from pigs with a latent infection

Different developmental stages of the Aujeszky's disease virus were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the ultra-thin slices by the cultivated fragments of the Gasserian ganglion (G. g.) of two pigs latently infected with the Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). In a pig vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine against the disease, the virus was detected in the G. g. cells 186 days after virus challenge, the reactivation of latency being obtained after immunosuppression with dexamethasone. In the non-vaccinated pig the virus was detected in G. g. cells after three months from experimental infection. In the ultra-thin slices the largest amount of virus was located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of satellite and Schwann's cells, in the connective-tissue cells and in the extracellular space. In the ganglion cells the virus was present in the cytoplasm and sporadically in the myelinized axons.     

喀斯特区3种草篱根-土复合体抗剪性能及其影响因素

为探索喀斯特区地埂草篱根-土复合体抗剪性能的差异、变化规律及影响因素，在重庆酉阳喀斯特顺层坡分上、中、下坡位分别布设二月兰、光叶苕子和沿阶草3种草篱，测定复合体抗剪强度、根区土壤基本理化性质和复合体内根系的形态指标和化学成分指标，计算复合体黏聚力和内摩擦角。结果表明：1）在抗剪强度方面，上/中坡复合体抗剪强度表现为沿阶草显著大于二月兰、光叶苕子（P<0.05），下坡三者之间则无显著差异；在不同坡位之间，仅沿阶草复合体抗剪强度存在显著差异，表现为中坡>上坡>下坡（P<0.05）；2）各坡位复合体黏聚力和中坡内摩擦角均为沿阶草、光叶苕子显著大于二月兰（P<0.05）；沿阶草复合体黏聚力、内摩擦角和光叶苕子复合体黏聚力均表现为中坡显著大于上、下坡（P<0.05），二月兰则各坡位间无显著差异；3）相关性分析表明，光叶苕子和沿阶草复合体黏聚力与其根区土壤有机质均呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0.91、0.83，二月兰则无显著相关关系；这3种草篱复合体黏聚力与根系形态指标呈显著或极显著正相关，相关系数最高达0.99。综上所述，沿阶草抗剪性能最好，最优坡位为中坡。二月兰、光叶苕子和沿阶草草篱主要通过影响复合体黏聚力来影响其抗剪性能。     

Development of the Genital Peritoneal Folds in Sheep

Development of the genital peritoneum in the sheep was studied in embryos/fetuses that were 27-69 days old. The plica mesonephrica was the first visible fold of the urogenital organs of the embryos and was the origin of the proximal mesorchium or mesovarium. The plica suspensoria gonadalis fixed the gonad to the mesonephros and held the cranial genital ligament and the cranial part of the gubernaculum. The distal mesorchium or mesovarium evolved from this fold. The inguinal fold fixed the caudal part of the gubernaculum. The suspensory fold of the gonad and plica inguinalis formed a system of serosal folds called the Plica gonadoinguinalis. The fold of the genital ducts had two parts, divided by the crossing with the gubernaculum. The mesepididymis or mesosalpinx evolved from the cranial part of the fold, while the caudal part was the origin of the mesoductus deferens or mesometrium. The caudal part of the right and left folds contributed to defining another system of peritoneal folds, the Plica genitalis. A rearrangement of some accepted terms in the nomenclature is proposed, as are some new terms. An analysis of the meaning of some terms, especially those applied to systems of peritoneal folds, is given to aid in their interpretation.     

A Method for Collection of Bile in the Conscious Sheep

A method to collect bile directly from the hepatic duct is described for use in the sheep. The technique is a combination of the intestinal re-entrant cannulae and a catheter from the duodenal lumen to the hepatic duct. The cystic duct is ligated near its junction with the common bile duct. The catheter is fixed in the proximal visible end of the hepatic duct. One plastic cannula is fixed to the duodenum opposite to the opening of the common bile duct and the other is fixed in the same way about 15 cm posterior to the first one. The two plastic cannulae fixed together with a plastic tube serve as an extra-abdominal anastomosis. During the collection periods the bile duct catheter is passed through an opening in the wall of the connection tube into a collection bag that is fixed to the plastic cannulae. Between the collection periods the catheter ends in the lumen of the anastomosis.     

山羊肺淋巴系的研究

24例山羊肺经肺实质和肺胸膜下注射30％普鲁士蓝氯仿溶液，剖查其器官内淋巴管及淋巴流向。结果表明，山羊肺的器官内淋巴管有浅淋巴管和深淋巴管2种。左肺尖叶淋巴管注入左支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管左淋巴结，左肺心叶淋巴管注入左支气管肺淋巴结、气管支气管左淋巴结和气管支气管中淋巴结，左肺膈叶淋巴管注入气管支气管左淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结；右肺尖叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管前淋巴结，右肺心叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管右淋巴结，右肺膈叶淋巴管注入气管支气管右淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结，右肺副叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结。     

Inter-relationship between Gasterophilus larvae and the horse's gastric and duodenal wall with special reference to penetration.

The degree of penetration into the stomach and duodenum of the horse by bot fly larvae, Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis (Linnaeus) (Diptera : Gasterophilidae) was evaluated. Evidence of larval perforation of the stomach or duodenum was not found on gross inspection. Palpation of the intact stomach and duodenum was not effective in establishing the existence of Gasterophilus larvae within the organs. Findings suggest that larvae of both species produce an ulcer of similar depth within the gastrointestinal wall. The ulcer depth produced by larvae did not correlate with the normal, unaffected thickness of the particular stomach or duodenum. Tissue proliferation beneath ulcers of the stomach and duodenum was not correlated with the depth of the ulcer. Proliferation of the tissue beneath the ulcers of the stomach generally exceeded that found under duodenal ulcers. Gastric wall beneath the G. intestinalis ulcer frequently attained a thickness equal to or greater than the normal stomach wall. Histopathological examinations below the ulcer revealed intense fibrosis. Duodenal thickness below the G. nasalis ulcer was typically less than normal and resulted in an attenuated wall. Histopathological analysis of the affected duodenum revealed severe loss of submucosal glands in a sharply demarcated area below and surrounding the lesion. Fibrosis of the underlying lamina propria mucosae and tunica submucosa was appreciable but failed to restore the original thickness of the duodenal wall. Host tissue response and moderation of the parasite' s behavior reduce the chances of direct perforation of the gastrointestinal tissue.     

Sonographic examinations of the intestines in calves

The aim of this investigation was to describe the normal ultrasonic appearance of the intestinal loops of calves at different stages of their adolescence and at various intervals after suckling and to determine reliable reference values. Therefore the abdomen of 20 clinically healthy calves have been examined with a 5 MHz sector probe on the right and left flank of each animal and the exact position, the largest diameter, the thickness of the walls, the peristaltic activity and the appearance of the contents of each part of the intestines described. Most often, the pars cranialis duodeni could be seen ventral of the right costal arch as well as in the right flank, with younger calves it also showed in the left flank sometimes. The position could be changed considerably depending on the period elapsed since the last suckling time.The duodenum descendens and the duodenum ascendens could be traced in the right flank. The thickness of the wall was found to measure between 2 and 3 mm throughout the whole duodenum. The examination of the jejunum and the ileum was basically done in the right flank. In cases where the rumen was not yet fully developed visualization was also possible in the left flank. Most often these parts were seen in cross-section displaying permanent peristaltic activity. With the younger calves the large intestine could equally be traced in both flanks. In older animals it could be recognized as voluminous hollow organ filled with gas, or in case of the colon ascendens as garlandshape. In the jejunum and ileum as well as in the large intestine the thickness of the wall measured between 1 and 2 mm. Each part of the intestine showed an increase in diameter as the calves grew older. The peristaltic activity increased during two hours after suckling and during this time the echoing level of the contents was lower.     

Morphological and morphometric features of knee joint in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

In the study, it was aimed to reveal the structure of the knee joint anatomically and morphometrically in the wild pig known as the ancestor of the domestic pig. In the study, the left and right knee joints of mature 10 wild boars were used as material. For this purpose, the materials were fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. Macroanatomical and morphometrical examinations of bones, menisci and ligaments involved in joint formation were performed after fixation. Trochlea and condyles of femur were examined, and various measurements were made. Trochlear labia were found to be the same size, and the condyles did not show a significant difference in size. The shape of lateral condyle of the tibia was trapezoid, and the shape of medial condyle was triangular. Moreover, the lateral intercondylar tubercule was higher according to the medial one. The presence of a shallow groove on the tibial tuberosity was detected. It was found that the width difference between apex and base was more pronounced on the anterior and lateral surface of the patella. Joint surface of the fibula was found to be flat in all materials. The menisci were ‘C’ shape, but the medial meniscus is more convex than the lateral one. It was observed that the outer edges were thick, while the inner edges were thin. Ligaments of the knee joint were well developed. When the findings of the study were compared with the literature, domestication seemed to have no significant effect in terms of the morphologic properties of the knee joint of wild boar.