Canine parvovirus in New Zealand: epidemiological features and diagnostic methods

Data from 763 cases of clinical canine parvovirus disease confirmed at the Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory were examined. The largest number of cases were seen in spring and summer months with the peak incidence in February 1981. The morbidity and mortality rates were highest in young dogs. Sixty-nine percent of all cases occurred in dogs less than six months of age, and 63 percent of dogs seven weeks of age or younger died. The laboratory methods used to diagnose canine parvovirus disease are compareh and discussed.     

An electron microscopic study of viruses associated with canine gastroenteritis

An electron microscopic study was carried out on specimens of feces and intestinal contents from cases of canine gastroenteritis submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratory, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, during 1979-1981. The majority of samples came from New York State and the Northeast with no marked shift in distribution over the three year period. Canine parvovirus was the major virus identified. In August and September 1980 there was an epidemic of canine gastroenteritis, with 247 samples received during this two month period alone, of which 48 percent were positive for canine parvovirus. Almost half of the total number of specimens examined were from dogs less than 6 months of age and well over 50 percent of these were parvovirus positive. In addition to canine parvovirus, three cases of coronavirus, two cases of rota-like virus and one case of astro-like virus were detected. Three dual infections with canine parvovirus and rota or astro-like virus were also confirmed. An unidentified virus-like particle with cubic symmetry was found in two specimens. The adoption of immunoelectron microscopy for the detection of canine parvovirus in March 1980 facilitated identification of this virus and greatly increased the sensitivity of the technique.     

犬细小病毒病发病情况调查与流行分析

对吉林市2009—2010年犬细小病毒病的发病情况进行了调查和分析。收集9个动物医院2年接诊的5684例疑似犬细小病毒病犬,通过临床检查及实验室诊断,确诊4124例患犬发生不同类型的犬细小病毒病。研究表明,本病发生多以肠炎型为主,占总发病数的49.64%;犬品种影响犬细小病毒病的发生,纯种犬的发病率最高,占62.85%,土种犬发病率最低,占11.99%;1~3月龄的幼犬多发,占发病数的65.11%;一年四季均有发病,多发于气温骤变的11~12月和2~3月;免疫次数也影响了犬细小病毒病的发生,每年2次免疫可以显著降低犬细小病毒病的发生。因此,选择高质量的疫苗,增加免疫次数,选择合理的饲养环境,加强多发季节和多发年龄段对犬的保护是减少本病发生的关键。     

Evaluation of the efficacy and duration of immunity of a canine combination vaccine against virulent parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and distemper virus experimental challenges

The results of this study confirmed that dogs vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercially available multivalent vaccine containing modified-live canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parvovirus type 2b, and canine parainfluenza virus antigens were protected against sequential experimental challenge 55 to 57 months after initial vaccination given at 7 to 8 weeks of age. All 10 vaccinates were protected against clinical diseases and mortality following parvovirus and infectious canine hepatitis experimental infections. All vaccinates were protected against mortality and 90% against clinical disease following distemper challenge. These data support at least a 4-year duration of immunity for these three "core" fractions in the combination vaccine.     

Influence of long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide on antibody production in dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide on antibody production in dogs by measuring postvaccinal serum concentrations of antibodies against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus. ANIMALS: 10 dogs receiving long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide (treatment group) and 10 healthy dogs (control group). PROCEDURE: The treatment group included 9 dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus and 1 dog with pemphigus foliaceus on long-term treatment (> 12 months) with tetracycline and niacinamide. The control group included 10 healthy dogs with no clinical signs of disease and no administered medications for the past 3 months. Blood samples were obtained from all dogs by jugular venipuncture. Serum antibody titers against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus antigens were measured, using hemaglutination inhibition and serum neutralization, respectively, and compared between groups. RESULTS: A significant difference in antibody titers between treatment- and control-group dogs was not found. All dogs had protective antibody titers against canine distemper virus, and 8 of 10 dogs from each group had protective titers against canine parvovirus infection. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results provide evidence that long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide does not interfere with routine vaccinations and thus does not seem to influence antibody production in dogs.     

犬细小病毒病的流行现状调查

对犬细小病毒病流行现状进行调查,为本病的预防、诊断和治疗提供依据。 用犬细小病毒抗原检测试剂盒对2008年门诊的具有腹泻、呕吐、粪便带血等体征的189只患犬作病原检测,对犬细小病毒阳性病例兼有发热、咳嗽体征的16例病犬同时作犬瘟热病毒抗原检测。结果犬细小病毒阳性病例共137只,发病年龄从1个月～15岁各年龄段均有分布,以6月龄以下幼龄动物发病较多,占65.7%。流行季节差异不大,以春季病例略多,占27.0%。犬细小病毒与犬瘟热病毒混合感染的有12例,占8.8%。对在疫苗接种免疫保护期内的4只患犬进行检测,3只犬细小病毒阳性。结论：①免疫力尚未建立是幼犬发病的主要原因;②不按规定的免疫程序对动物进行加强免疫是成年犬发病的主要原因;③在部分发病幼犬中存在犬细小病毒与犬瘟热病毒的混合感染;④老龄动物对免疫的应答能力下降可导致免疫失败。     

Oxidative stress indices in gastroenteritis in dogs with canine parvoviral infection

Gastroenteritis of viral origin has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs during the last two decades. Amongst the viral etiologies responsible for gastroenteritis in dogs, canine parvovirus (CPV) is considered as the most pathogenic. The disease is characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody diarrhoea and myocarditis in young pups. The present study was carried out to examine alterations in oxidative stress indices in the erythrocytes from dogs suffering from gastroenteritis with or without canine parvoviral infection as confirmed by CPV-DNA amplification from faeces using specific primers for CPV-2 as well as CPV-2a and CPV-2b variants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The present investigation utilized clinical cases of dogs with signs of acute diarrhea (n = 56), and 14 more apparently healthy dogs of similar age group. Erythrocytic oxidative stress indices such as lipid peroxides level and antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and blood micro-mineral (iron, copper, cobalt and zinc) status were analyzed in each dog (n = 70). The acute cases of gastroenteritis in dogs were associated with altered erythrocytic lipid peroxidation as evident by estimation of malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration. The activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, the first line of antioxidant defense against damaging effects of free radicals, were also altered. The alterations in oxidative stress indices were more pronounced in cases with involvement of canine parvovirus as compared to parvo-negative cases. Our results also revealed decreased blood zinc level in diarrhoea in dogs irrespective of involvement of canine parvovirus.     

复方参芩对人工感染心肌炎型细小病毒病犬的疗效试验

本试验为探讨复方参芩对人工感染心肌炎型细小病毒病犬的疗效,将犬分为空白对照组、模型组、阳性药物对照组、复方参芩组,用犬细小病毒接种建立动物模型,用复方参芩预防犬细小病毒病,应用生物信号采集系统的心电图技术测定试验动物的心率、心电图,取心脏石蜡包埋、切片、镜检。试验结果显示,攻毒后3 d,模型组犬心率和心电图异常率增加,心肌损害严重;复方参芩组犬心率保持正常,心电图异常率显著低于模型组犬,心肌组织与空白对照组相比差异不显著。试验犬感染病毒第5天,空白对照组犬未出现死亡,模型组犬死亡率为100%,复方参芩组保护率为80%,阳性药物对照组保护率为70%。表明复方参芩能有效预防心肌炎型犬细小病毒病。     

Clinical and serological response of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper,canine parvovirus infection and rabies

Wild dogs Lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. Four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. Commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in domestic dogs, were used. None of the vaccinated dogs showed any untoward clinical signs. The inactivated canine distemper vaccine did not result in seroconversion whereas the attenuated live vaccine resulted in seroconversion in all wild dogs. Presumably protective concentrations of antibodies to canine distemper virus were present in all wild dogs for at least 451 days. Canine parvovirus haemagglutination inhibition titres were present in all wild dogs prior to the administration of vaccine and protective concentrations persisted for at least 451 days. Vaccination against parvovirus infection resulted in a temporary increase in canine parvovirus haemagglutination inhibition titres in most dogs. Administration of both inactivated parenteral and live oral rabies vaccine initially resulted in seroconversion in 7 of 8 dogs. These titres, however, dropped to very low concentrations within 100 days. Booster administrations resulted in increased antibody concentrations in all dogs. It was concluded that the vaccines were safe to use in healthy subadult wild dogs and that a vaccination protocol in free-ranging wild dogs should at least incorporate booster vaccinations against rabies 3-6 months after the first inoculation.     

Antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type-1 in adult household dogs

Serum antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) were investigated in 1031 healthy adult household dogs (2 to 18 years old) given an annual inoculation in the previous 11 to 13 months. The number of dogs retaining significant titers of antibodies against CPV-2, CDV, and CAV-1 were 888 (86%), 744 (72%), and 732 (71%), respectively. There were no differences between males and females in antibody titers against the 3 viruses. Antibody titer for CPV-2 was significantly higher in younger dogs than in older dogs, CDV antibody was significantly higher in older dogs than in younger dogs, and CAV titer was not associated with age.     

Breed-related risk factors for canine parvovirus enteritis

Case records of 305 dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis, seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from July 1, 1981 to Aug 31, 1982, were selected on the basis of admitting diagnoses or signs of diarrhea and vomiting. The case records were subdivided into 3 diagnostic categories, based on final diagnoses and laboratory test results. There were 96 dogs with definite CPV enteritis, 139 with possible CPV enteritis, and 70 with unlikely CPV enteritis. These cases were then stratified by animal's age (less than or equal to 6 months or greater than 6 months) and specific hospital service (medicine or emergency). A control group was selected from all canine case records from the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for conditions other than the criteria used in selecting the case group. Approximately 2 hospital patients were selected for each CPV enteritis case by frequency matching for hospital service and age. The proportion of dogs with definite CPV enteritis that had each of the clinical signs that were studied was greater than that of dogs in the other CPV enteritis diagnostic categories. The overall survival rate for dogs with definite CPV enteritis was 64.0%; survival was not associated with any given clinical sign of disease. Odds ratios (OR) for the risk of CPV enteritis were calculated for breeds with 3 or more dogs with definite CPV enteritis. The Doberman Pinschers (OR = 3.1), Rottweilers (OR = 6.0), and English Springer Spaniels (OR = 8.1) had a significantly increased risk of CPV enteritis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

犬细小病毒病免疫预防研究进展

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒（Canine parvovirus,CPV）引起的一种高度接触性传染病,发病犬临床表现为严重的出血性肠炎和心肌炎综合征。本病全年均有发生,但相对集中在2月～6月份,2月龄～4月龄幼犬易感性最强。病毒主要随污染的饲料、饮水经消化道进入机体引起发病。有些病犬康复后,仍可长期通过粪便排毒,成为本病的重要隐性传染源。一旦发生CPV感染,除早期应用抗血清及对症疗法有效外,无其他特效疗法,中晚期病例多预后不良,因此,必须依靠免疫预防控制该病的发生。本病的预防办法主要是定期进行免疫接种,接种途径主要是肌肉注射。免疫预防要取得满意效果,平时就必须严格执行防疫措施,但免疫的程序与时机等因素都会影响免疫效果。文章就以上内容对犬细小病毒感染免疫预防研究进展做了综述。     

抗犬细小病毒免疫球蛋白临床应用研究

用犬细小病毒性肠炎免疫球蛋白注射液对382例临床诊断为犬细小病毒性肠炎病犬进行了治疗，结果治愈344只，治愈率为90.05％；早期治疗效果更好，小于3个月的幼犬治愈率为93.88％。对临床病例进行分析，进一步证明该产品对犬细小病毒病的治疗是有效的。     

Chronic hepatitis in the English springer spaniel: clinical presentation, histological description and outcome

Medical records and liver histology of 68 English springer spaniels (ESS) with a histological diagnosis of CH were reviewed retrospectively. PCR was performed on liver tissue for canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), canine parvovirus, canine herpesvirus and pathogenic Leptospira species. Follow-up information was obtained to calculate survival times. Median age at presentation was three years seven months (range, seven months to eight years five months) and there were 48 female and 20 male dogs. Clinical signs were non-specific and five dogs were asymptomatic. All dogs had an increase in serum activity of one or more hepatobiliary enzymes. Histopathology demonstrated hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis with varying amounts of fibrosis. A predominantly lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate throughout the hepatic parenchyma was found in all 68 dogs, but 45 of these dogs also had a neutrophilic component to the inflammatory infiltrate. There was no significant copper accumulation and no aetiological agent was identified by PCR. The median survival time was 189 days (range, 1 to 1211 days), 38 dogs died within three months and 12 dogs survived more than a year following diagnosis.     

犬细小病毒特异性免疫球蛋白的临床应用效果观察

旨在观察犬细小病毒特异性免疫球蛋白治疗犬细小病毒病的临床应用效果,本文收集了中国农业大学动物医院自2016年1月—2019年11月接治的犬细小病毒病患犬的病历资料,筛选出病历资料完整的并使用了犬细小病毒单抗或犬细小病毒特异性免疫球蛋白治疗的患犬病例进行跟踪以及回访。对收集的病例数据进行了总治愈率、各初始抗体水平的治愈率、各月龄段的治愈率和治愈病例的病程分析。结果显示,犬细小病毒特异性免疫球蛋白和犬细小病毒单克隆抗体在总治愈率、相同初始抗体水平治愈率、相同月龄段治愈率均无显著差异（P>0.05）。但使用特异性免疫球蛋白的病例痊愈时间显著低于使用单克隆抗体的病例（P=0.02<0.05）。综上表明,犬细小病毒特异性免疫球蛋白的临床应用效果良好,可为犬细小病毒病的治疗提供新的药物选择。     

犬细小病毒病研究进展

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒感染幼犬所引起的一种急性传染病。临床上有两种表现型,出血性肠炎型以剧烈的呕吐、出血性肠炎和白细胞显著减少为主要特征;心肌炎型则以突然死亡为特征。无论那种类型的临床表现,均以发病率高、死亡率高和传染性强为特点,是危害养犬业最为严重的传染病之一,可造成严重的经济损失。论文从病毒生物学特性、基因组结构、病原的检测方法,流行病学、发病机理及病理变化、临床症状以及疫苗研制等角度对犬细小病毒病近年来的研究进展做以概述。     

复方泛菌克对犬细小病毒病的疗效试验

复方泛菌克是一种新型高效复方抗菌、抗病毒药物,能迅速消除动物的肠毒素和内毒素,增强胃肠吸收能力,提高机体免疫力。犬细小病毒病是犬常见的一种病毒性疾病,易引起溃疡性肠炎和腹泻。现用复方泛菌克对30只患犬细小病毒病的病犬进行治疗,治愈28只,死亡2只,治愈率为93.3%,治疗效果好。     

Isolation and identification of caliciviruses from dogs with enteric infections

Caliciviruses were isolated from 7 dogs and 1 captured coyote with enteritis. There was a high fatality rate in dogs 4 to 16 weeks of age. The occurrence in these dogs of concurrent infection with known enteric pathogens such as Salmonella sp, canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, and canine rotavirus did not allow making any conclusions regarding the pathogenicity of this newly recognized calicivirus. The caliciviruses were characterized by electron microscopy and were further identified as being closely related to feline calicivirus by immunoelectron microscopy with specific antibody.     

Experimental parvovirus infection in dogs.

Five eight week old dogs were inoculated orally and intranasally with cell culture origin canine parvovirus. Three dogs became depressed and anorectic and developed a mild (one dog) to severe diarrhea five days postinfection. The remaining dogs had subclinical infections but developed a lymphopenia followed by a transient lymphocytosis. The ill dogs developed mild (one dog) to severe neutropenia and a moderate lymphopenia. One died nine days postinfection. Recovery was associated with cessation of viral excretion and with lymphocytosis and antibody production. Two of three dogs challenged intragastrically developed mild clinical signs and a moderate panleukopenia four to eight days postinfection. The pathological changes of the experimental disease were very similar to that of spontaneous disease. Bone marrow changes included a severe granulocytic and mild erythroid depletion. The pathogenesis of canine parvovirus infection is discussed.     

The effect of staphylococcal antigen on the output of cells from the popliteal lymph node of immunized sheep

Serum samples collected from dogs routinely presented at a clinic between June 1974 and October 1980 were tested for the presence of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres to canine parvovirus. The first positive titre (> 1:320) was demonstrated in serum collected in October 1979. The first confirmed clinical case of canine parvovirus enteritis was diagnosed by the authors in July 1979.

In addition, between 1st December 1980 and 1st March 1981, serum samples were collected from 106 healthy dogs which were presented for canine parvovirus vaccination for the first time. Twenty-four dogs (approx. 23%) showed HI titres > 1:320 indicating probable previous canine parvovirus infection. Therefore approx. 80% of dogs in the clinic area were at risk at that time and vaccination should have protected them from infection.