Ovine Johne's disease in New Zealand

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Cambendazole, isopropy1 2-(4-thiazoly1)-5-benzimidazolecarbamate, has been reported to be a highly efficient anthelmintic against gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle (Egerton et al., 1970 Egerton, J. R., Eary, C. H., Lanza, G. R., Wombolt, T. H. and Campbell, W. C. 1970. The efficacy of cambendazole against gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle. Res. vet. Sci., 11: 495–499.  [Google Scholar]; Baker and Walters, 1971 Baker, N. P. and Walters, G. T. 1971. Anthelmintic efficacy of cambendazole in cattle. Ant. J. vet. Res., 14: 29–33.  [Google Scholar]; Ciordia and McCampbell, 1971 Ciordia, J. and McCampbell, H. C. 1971. Anthelmintic efficacy of four dose levels of cambendazole in cattle. Proc. helm. Soc. Wash., 38: 40–42.  [Google Scholar]; Benz, 1971a Benz, G. W. 1971a. Anthelmintic activities of cambendazole in calves. Am. J. vet. Res., 32: 399–403.  [Google Scholar], b Benz, G. W. 1971b. Activity of cambendazole against gastro-intestinal nematodes of calves: Single vs. two therapeutic treatments. J. Parasit., 57: 286–288.  [Google Scholar]; Restani, 1971 Restani, R. 1971. Research on the anthelmintic activity of cambendazole against some nematodes of cattle. Vet. Italiana, 22: 137–139.  [Google Scholar]). Efficacy against the cattle lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, has also been reported as high (Rubin, 1972 Rubin, R. 1972. Efficacy of cambendazole against lungworm (Dictyocaulus vivipams) of cattle. Am. J. vet. Res., 33: 425–426.  [Google Scholar]; Gibbs and Gupta, 1972 Gibbs, H. C. and Gupta, R. P. 1972. The anthelmintic activity of cambendazole in calves and lambs. Can. J. comp. Med., 36: 108–115.  [Google Scholar]; Baker et al., 1972 Baker, N. F., Walters, G. T., Hjerp, G. A. and Fisk, R. A. 1972. Experimental therapy of Dictyocaulus viviparis infection in cattle with cambendazole. Am. J. vet. Res., 33: 1127–1130.  [Google Scholar]). This paperreports the results of four controlled critical efficacy trials with cambendazole against naturally acquired nematode infections in cattle.     

Foetal losses during pregnancy in the thoroughbred mare: A record of 2,562 pregnancies

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Losses during pregnancy in the thoroughbred mare are very common. There are, however, very few detailed reports on either incidence, stages of pregnancy at which the losses occur, or their aetiology. Matassino (1962) Matassino, D. 1962. A study of the vital statics of Hafling mares in Southern Italy. I. Services, conceptions, non-pregnancies, abortions, parturitions and average age at different parturitions. Ann. Fac. Sci. agr. Portici, 28: 249–267. Ser. 3 [Abstr. 1788 in Anim. Breeding Abs., 31 (1963)]. [Google Scholar] reported an overall abortion rate of 13.8% in Italy, reaching a peak in young horses of 34%. Du Plessis (1964) Du Plessis, J. L. 1964. Some observations and data in thoroughbred breeding. J. S. Afr. vet. med. Ass., 35: 215–221.  [Google Scholar] in South Africa, recorded a rate of 14%, while more recently van Niekerk (1965) van Niekerk, C. H. 1965. II. Early embryonic resorption in mares. J. S. Afr. vet. med. Ass., 36: 61–69.  [Google Scholar], in the same country, reported a very high rate of foetal death between 25 and 31 days of gestation in mares on low protein veld grazing. This paper describes foetal losses during pregnancy from mares examined in the Hunter Valley, Australia, between 1957 and 1962 and covers 2,562 individual pregnancies.     

Cutaneous antigen-antibody reactions in the sheep

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It is clear that the early permeability response in the sheep that follows chemical and thermal injury, is mediated by histamine (Lancaster and Vegad, 1967 Lancaster, M. C. and Vegad, J. L. 1967. Suppression of the early inflammatory response in the sheep by strophanthin G. Nature, Lond., 213: 840–841.  [Google Scholar]; Vegad, 1971a Vegad, J. L. 1971a. Effect of thermal injury on vascular permeability in the sheep. Indian J. exp. Biol., 9: 111–112.  [Google Scholar], b Vegad, J. L. 1971b. Leucocyte emigration following intradermal injection of histamine, 5-hydroxytrypta-mine and bradykinin in the sheep. Indian J. exp Biol., 9: 113–114.  [Google Scholar]). This is similar to the situation in the rat and the guinea-pig (Spector and Willoughby, 1965 Spector, W. G. and Willoughby, D. A. 1965. The Inflammatory Process, Edited by: Zwiefach, B. W., Grant, L. and Mc-Cluskey, R. T. 427–427. New York: Academic Press. In [Google Scholar]). In contrast to the situation in the rat and the guinea-pig, various nucleosides (Vegad, 1970c Vegad, J. L. 1970c. Effect of hyaluronidase and nucleosides on vascular permeability in sheep and its suppression by mepyramine maleate. Indian J. exp. Biol., 8: 141–142.  [Google Scholar]), hyaluronidase (Vegad, 1970c Vegad, J. L. 1970c. Effect of hyaluronidase and nucleosides on vascular permeability in sheep and its suppression by mepyramine maleate. Indian J. exp. Biol., 8: 141–142.  [Google Scholar]), 5-hydroxytryptamine, turpentine-induced pleural exudates and the lymph node cell extracts also release histamine in the sheep skin (Vegad, 1967 Fischel, E. E. and Kabat, E. A. 1947. Quantitative study of Arthus phenomenon induced passively in rabbit. J. Immun., 55: 337–343.  [Google Scholar]). From these results it was thought possible that cutaneous antigen-antibody reactions might also release histamine in the sheep, and this possibility has been investigated in the present experiments.     

Prevalence of antibodies to infectious laryngotracheitis virus in poultry in New Zealand

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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of fowls which was first reported from the U.S.A. by May and Tittsler (1925) Adlakha, S. C. 1966. A serological investigation to determine respiratory infections of poultry in India. Avian Dis., 10: 401–404.  [Google Scholar]. Both severe acute forms with high mortality and chronic enzootic forms with low mortality have been described, and the earlier literature was reviewed by Jordan (1966) Chang, P. W., Yates, V. J., Dardiri, A. H. and Fry, D. E. 1960. Some observations of the propagation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in tissue culture. Avian Dis., 4: 384–390.  [Google Scholar]. In New Zealand ILT virus was first isolated in 1957 (Webster, 1959 Hitcher, S. B., Shea, C. A. and White, P. G. 1958. Studies on a serum neutralization test for the diagnosis of laryngotracheitis in chickens. Avian Dis., 2: 258–269.  [Google Scholar]).     

A case of steatitis and myonecrosis in a donkey foal

Abstract

Sir:— Steatitis with myonecrosis has been reported in donkey foals in the United Kingdom(7) Platt, H. and Whitwell, K. E. 1971. Clinical and pathological observations on generalised steatitis in foals. J. comp. Path., 81: 499–506. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] and without myonecrosis in Australia.(8) Vanselow, B.A. and McCauseland, I.P. 1981. Steatitis in two donkey foals. Aust. vet. J., 57: 304–305.  [Google Scholar] This is the first report of steatitis and myonecrosis in donkeys in New Zealand although a similar condition has been found in thoroughbred foals.(5) Harltey, W.J. and Dodd, D.C. 1957. Muscular dystrophy in New Zealand livestock. N.Z. vet. J., 5: 61–66.  [Google Scholar] (3) Dodd, D.C., Blakely, A.A., Thornbury, RS.’ and Dewes, H. F. 1960. Muscle degeneration and yellow fat disease in foals. N.Z. vet. J., 5: 45–50.  [Google Scholar]     

Potentiated trimethoprim for the therapy of calf scours

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Trimethoprim became generally available 3 years ago, following its original discovery as a unique antibacterial agent for combating diseases of both man and animals (Hitchings and Bushby, 1961 Hitchings, G. H. and Bushby, S. R. M. 5-Benzyl-2, 4-diaminopyrimidines a new class of systemic anti-bacterial agents. 5th Int. Congr. Biochem. Moscow. pp.165–165.  [Google Scholar]; Pugsley et al., 1969 Pugsley, D. G., Mwanje, L., Pearson, C and Blowers, R. 1969. Use of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in tropical Africa: Typhoid fever; Salmonella typhi carriage and Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 95–99. Nov. 1969, Suppl. [Google Scholar]; McGuinness, 1969 McGuinness, B. W. 1969. A combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in upper respiratory infection. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 99–101. Nov. 1969, Suppl. [Google Scholar]; McCaig, 1970 McCaig, J. 1970. A clinical trial using trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in dogs and cats. Vet. Rec., 87: 265–265.  [Google Scholar]; Barnett and Bushby, 1970 Barnett, Margaret and Bushby, S. R. M. 1970. Trimethoprim and the sulphonamides. Vet. Rec., 87: 43–51.  [Google Scholar]; Rehm and White, 1970 Rehm, W. F. and White, G. 1970. A field trial with trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in bacterial diseases of cattle and pigs. Vet. Rec., 87: 39–42.  [Google Scholar]; Craig 1972 Craig, G. R. 1972. The place of potentiated trimethoprim in the therapy of diseases of the skin in dogs and cats. J. small Anim. Pract., 13: 65–70.  [Google Scholar]).     

Importance of the ewe as a source of trichostrongyle infection for lambs: Control of the spring-rise phenomenon by a single postlambing anthelmintic treatment

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There are two principal sources of initial infection for the young lamb, the ewe grazing with it and the residual pasture infection resulting from any previous grazing. Several workers (Hawkins et al., 1944 Hawkins, P. A., Cole, C. L., Kline, E. E. and Drudge, J. H. 1944. Studies of sheep parasites. I. The course of untreated nematode infections. Vet. Med., 39: 154–161.  [Google Scholar]; Leiper, 1951 Leiper, J. W. G. 1951. Anew approach to phenothiazine therapy in sheep. Vet. Rec., 63: 885–889.  [Google Scholar]; Spedding and Brown, 1956 Spedding, C. R. W. and Brown, T. H. 1956. The “spring rise” in the nematode egg-count of sheep. J. Helminth., 29: 171–178. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Spedding, 1962 Spedding, C. R. W. 1962. Modern trends in animal health and husbandry. The agricultural ecology of sheep grazing. Brit. vet. J., 118: 461–481.  [Google Scholar]; Crofton, 1958 Crofton, H. D. 1958. Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms. V. Further observations on the post-parturient rise and a discussion of its significance. Parasitology, 48: 243–250.  [Google Scholar]; Soulsby, 1962 Soulsby, E. J. L. 1962. “Immunity to helminths and its effect on helminth infections”. In Animal Health and Production, 165–183. London: Butterworths.  [Google Scholar]) believe that the former is generally the more important.     

Experimental Eperythrozoon ovis infection of sheep

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Eperythrozoon ovis is an epi-erythrocytic sheep parasite of uncertain classification with a world-wide distribution (Sutton, 1970 Sutton, R. H. 1970. Eperythrozoon ovis — a blood parasite of sheep. N.Z vet. J., 18: 156–164. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), but whether eperythrozoonosis is a disease of economic importance remains unresolved. In Scotland, Foggie and Nisbet (1964 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1964. Studies on Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. J. comp. Path., 74: 45–61.  [Google Scholar]), found that experimentally E. ovis caused a clinical anaemia, occasionally with jaundice, but there was no significant difference in weight gain between infected and control sheep. Similar observations in naturally infected sheep were recorded in Norway by Overas (1969 Overas, I. 1969. Studies on Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep. Acta vet. Scand., Suppl. 28 [Google Scholar]), and in Australia by Harbutt (1969b Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1969b. The effect of Eperythrozoon ovis infection on body weight gain and haematology of lambs in Victoria. Aust. vet. J., 45: 500–504.  [Google Scholar]), Other Australian authors have found infection by this parasite; associated with outbreaks of ill-thrift in lambs (Sheriff et al., 1966 Sheriff, D., Clapp, K. H. and Reid, A. Marjorie. 1966. Eperythrozoon ovis infection in South Australia. Aust. vet. J., 42: 169–176.  [Google Scholar]) and severe anaemia with some mortality (Littlejohns, 1960 Littlejohns, I. R. 1960. Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Aust. vet. f., 36: 260–265.  [Google Scholar]; Maxwell, 1969 Maxwell, J. A. L. 1969. Eperythrozoon ovis infection in Western Australia. Ausf. vet. J., 45: 436–436.  [Google Scholar]; Campbell et al., 1971 Campbell, R. W., Sloan, C. A. and Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1971. Observations on mortality in lambs in Victoria associated with Eperythrozoon ovis. Aust. vet. J., 47: 538–541.  [Google Scholar]). Although the presence of strains of different pathogenicity has been suggested (Foggie and Nisbet, 1964 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1964. Studies on Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. J. comp. Path., 74: 45–61.  [Google Scholar], 1966 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1966. Eperyihrozoon ovis. Vet. Rec., 79: 297–298.  [Google Scholar]; Harbutt, 1969a Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1969a. The incidence and clinical significance of Eperythrozoon ovis infections of sheep in Victoria. Ausf vet. J., 45: 493–499.  [Google Scholar]), other factors influencing the disease should also be considered (Littlejohns, 1960 Littlejohns, I. R. 1960. Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Aust. vet. f., 36: 260–265.  [Google Scholar]).     

Colitis X in the horse

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Colitis X is a peracute, sporadic noncontagious disease affecting horses of all ages, characterized by sudden onset of shock, dehydration and foetid diarrhoea (Rooney et al., 1963 Rooney, J. R., Bryan's, J. T. and Doll, E. R. 1963. Colitis “X” of horses. J. Am. vet. Med. Ass., 142: 510–511.  [Google Scholar]; Pickrell, 1968 Pickrell, J. W. 1968. Equine killer: Colitis X. Med. vet. Pract., 49: 63–66.  [Google Scholar]). Rooney et al. (1966 Rooney, J. R., Bryans, J. T., Prickett, M. E. and Zent, W. W. 1966. Exhaustion shock in the horse. Cornell Vet., 56: 220–235. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) have described a form of colitis X without diarrhoea. Otubreaks of the disease which affected numerous horses under the same conditions of management have been described (Rooney et al., 1963 Rooney, J. R., Bryan's, J. T. and Doll, E. R. 1963. Colitis “X” of horses. J. Am. vet. Med. Ass., 142: 510–511.  [Google Scholar]; W. P. C. Richards, pers. comm.).     

Malignant hyperthermia in a crossbred landrace-large white pig

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Malignant hyperthermia is a rare and usually fatal complication of general anaesthesia. It occurs in man (Britt and Kalow, 1970 Britt, B. A. and Kalow, W. 1970. Malignant hyperthermia: a statistical review. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J., 17: 293–315. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) and in certain breeds of pigs, the, Landrace (Hall et al., 1966 Hall, L. W., Woolf, N., Bradley, J. W. P. and Jolly, D. W. 1966. An unusal reaction to suxamethonium chloride. Br. med. J., 3: 594–594.  [Google Scholar]; Berman et at, 1970 Berman, M. C., Harrison, G. G. and Bull, A. B. 1970. Changes underlying halothane-induced malignant hyperpyrexia in Landrace pigs. Nature. Lond., 225: 653–655.  [Google Scholar]; Harrison et al., 1970 Harrison, G. G., Berman, M. C., Heekman, R., Bull, A. B., Terblanche, J. and Kench, J. E. 1970. “Anaesthetic induced malignant hyperpyrexia — Some observations of the syndrome in Landrace pigs”. In Ill Asian Australasian Congress of Anesthesiology, Canberra. Butterworths 158–166.  [Google Scholar]) the Poland China (Jones et al., 1972 Jones, E. W., Nelson, T. E., Anderson, I. L., Kerr, D. D. and Burnap, T. K. 1972. Malignant hyperthermia in swine. Anesthesiology, 36: 42–51.  [Google Scholar]), the Pietrain (Allen et al., 1970 Allen, W. M., Harding, J. D. J. and Paterson, D. S. P. 1970. Experimentally induced acute stress syndrome in Pietrain pigs. Vet. Rec., 87: 64–69.  [Google Scholar]) and the Large White (Mawdesley-Thomas, 1969 Mawdesley-Thomas, L. E. 1969. Cited by Allen, W. M. et al. (1970) [Google Scholar]).     

Toxicity of zinc in ruminants in relation to facial eczema

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The toxicity of zinc salts to ruminants has been studied by Ott et al (4) Ott, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. I. Effect of high levels of dietary zinc on gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency of lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 414–481. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (5) Ott, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. II. Effects of high levels of dietary zinc on gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 419–423. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (6) Ott, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B., Stob, M., Parker, E. H. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. III. Physiological changes in tissues and alterations in rumen metabolism in lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 424–431. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (7) Ou, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B., Parker, H. E. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. IV. Physiological changes in tissues of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 432–428.  [Google Scholar] and others (3) Miller, W. J., Clifton, C. M., Fowler, P. R. and Perkins, H. F. 1965. Influence of high levels of dietary zinc on zinc in milk, performance and biochemistry of lactating cows. J Dairv Sci., 48: 450–453.  [Google Scholar] (16) Zurcher, T. D. 1970. “A study of the zinc requirement of beef cattle”. In PhD Thesis, Purdue University.  [Google Scholar] (2) Feaster, J. P., Hansard, S. L., McCall, J. T., Skipper, F. H. and Davis, G. K. 1954. Absorption and tissue distribution of radio zinc in steers fed high-zinc rations. J Anim. Sci., 13: 781–788.  [Google Scholar] (12) Thompson, A., Hansard, S. L. and Bell, M. C. 1959. The influence of aluminium and zinc upon absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorous in lambs. Anim. Sci., 18: 187–197.  [Google Scholar] (9) Rosenberger, G. and Gruender, H. D. 1975. “Experiments on the toxicity of zinc dusts in cattle”. In 20th World Veterinary Congress Summaries Vol. 2 Thessaloniki Greece 920–921.  [Google Scholar]. In much of this work zinc has been incorporated in the feed, a situation more applicable to intensive feedlot farming rather than the New Zealand pastoral situation, or the zinc has been fed for limited periods of time with the possibility that the full potential of zinc for causing toxicity has not been realised.     

Experimental Ostertagia infection of sheep: Pathology following a single high dose of larvae

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Poisoning of cattle and sheep with superphosphate where the fertilizer was stored within reach of the animals has been reported by Romanenko (1954 Romanenko, K. L. 1954. Poisoning of farm animals with superphosphate. Veterinariya, 31(8): 52–52.  [Google Scholar]). In New Zealand losses of pregnant and lactating ewes grazing pastures topdressed with phosphatic fertilizers have been recognixed for several years, and records kept since 1965 show that 39 outbreaks have been reported to Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory (P. J. O'Hara, pers. comm.). Swan and McIntosh (1952 Swan, J. B. and Mcintosh, I. G. 1952. The toxicity of North African phosphate and superphosphate to milking cows. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 12: 83–88.  [Google Scholar]) have described the toxicity to dairy cows of grazing pasture topdressed with North African phosphate and superphosphate. The toxic factor was later identified as fluorine (Animal Research Division of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture Reports 1952–3, p. 28; 1953–4, p. 34; 1954–5, p. 35). Phosphatic fertilizers are known to contain 1 to 4% fluorine (Caro, 1964 Caro, J. H. 1964. Superphosphate. Its History, Chemistry and Manufacture, Washington, D.C.: USDA arid TVA. In [Google Scholar]), and the danger of poisoning stock with fluorine in untreated phosphates used as feed supplements has been described by many authors (Emmerling, 1902 Emmerling, A. 1902. Warning against the use of toxiccalcium phosphate in feed. Milchzeitung, 31: 728–728.  [Google Scholar]; Dammann and Manegold, 1904 Dammann, C. and Manegold, O. 1904. Poisonings by fluorine-containing calcium phosphate used as a feed supplement. Dt tierarztl. Wscht., 12: 129–131.  [Google Scholar]; Gardiner, 1930 Gardner, U. R. 1930. Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 201–201. Michigan State College. June 30 [Google Scholar]; Phillips et al., 1934 Phillips, P. H., Hart, E. B. and Bohstedt, G. 1934. Chronic toxicosis in dairy cows due to the ingestion of fluorine. Wisconsin Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull., 123: 1–3.  [Google Scholar]; Hatfield et al., 1942 Hatfield, J. D., Shrewsbury, C. L. and Doyle, L. P. 1942. The value of rock phosphate as a supplement for sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 1: 59–59.  [Google Scholar]; Udall, 1947 Udall, D. H. 1947. The Practice of Veterinary Medicine, 5th ed., 724–725. Ithaca, New York: Udall.  [Google Scholar]; Fincher, 1952 Fincher, M. G. 1952. Fluorine Poisoning in Cattle. Report of the New York State Veterinary College of Cornell University 1950–51, : 34–34.  [Google Scholar]; Harris et al., 1952 Harris, L. E., Baird, G. T., Bateman, G. Q., Binns, W., Draper, C. I., Greenwood, D. A., Henderson, G. R., Jenkins, W. R., Rich, L. H., Thorne, D. W. and Wann, F. B. 1952. Recommended practices to reduce fluorosis in livestock and poultry. Utah State Agric. Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ., : 130–130.  [Google Scholar]; Crampton, 1954 Crampton, E. W. 1954. Fluorosis in dairy cows traced to rations. Can. Milling and Feed, 35(12): 24–26.  [Google Scholar]; Dale and Crampton, 1955 Dale, G. D. and Crampton, E. W. 1955. Observations on chronic fluorosis in dairy cattle. Can. J. comp. Med., 19: 6–16.  [Google Scholar]; Snook, 1962 Snook, L. C. 1962. Rock phosphate in stock feeds. The fluorine hazard. Aust. vet. J., 38: 42–47.  [Google Scholar]; Rek, 1967 Rek, L. 1967. Tolerance to dietary fluorine by farm animals. Agrochemia, 7: 334–336.  [Google Scholar]; Agarwala et al, 1971 Agarwala, O. N., Nath, K. and Mahadevan, V. 1971. Use of superphosphate as a phosphorus supplement for lambs — effect on calcination or supplementation with oral cobalt or parenteral vitamin B₁₂. J. agric. Sci., Camb., 77: 467–471.  [Google Scholar]).     

Diarrhoeal diseases of the calf: Observations on treatment and prevention

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During the past two decades intestinal absorptive and secretory functions and the intestinal flora have been significantly clarified. Important concepts of intestinal dysfunction have emerged which have proved of immense clinical value(32) Moon, H. W. 1974. Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med, 18: 179–211. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] (39) Phillips, S. F. 1972. Diarrhoea: A Current View of the Pathophysiology. Gastroenterology, 63: 495–518.  [Google Scholar] (46) Smith, H. W. 1965. Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affecting its Composition. J. Pathol, 89: 95–122.  [Google Scholar] (47) Smith, H. W. 1971. The Bacteriology of the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals Suffering from E. coli Infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 176: 110–125.  [Google Scholar] (51) Soergel, K. H. 1973. New Concepts of Intestinal Function. Hepatogaslroenterol, 20: 351–358.  [Google Scholar]. Despite this, the medical and economic consequences of diarrhoea continue to beset the cattle industry(1) Barnum, D. A., Glantz, P. J. and Moon, H. W. 1967. Colibacillosis. CI_RV_eterinary Monograph Series/Two, : 5–44.  [Google Scholar] (18) Hubbert, W. T. 1974. Factors Affecting Survival of the Bovine Fetus and Neonate. Theriogenology, 1: 15–34.  [Google Scholar] (30) Marsh, H. 1968. Prenatal and Postnatal Mortality in Cattle. National Academy of Science. Pub. No. 1685,, : 1–6.  [Google Scholar] (56) Vollmar, R. E. 1974. Diarrhoea Control in a Dairy Operation. Mod Vet. Pract., 55: 509–512.  [Google Scholar] (57) White, R. G. Scours-The Calf Killer. Presented at the California Livestock Symposium. An. Nut. Health, pp.14–18.  [Google Scholar]. Diarrhoeal disease of the calf occurs at a time of complex developmental, environmental and functional change. The surface defences and enzyme systems of the neonatal gut are maturing in a protective film of maternal antibody, while undergoing increasing stimulation from environmental microbial challenge. The precarious nature of this defence system is not surprising. It is contingent upon a balance of such changing conditions as maternal antibody quantity, quality and delivery(5) Bush, L. J., Aguilera, M. A., Adams, G. D. and Jones, E. W. 1971. Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins by Newborn Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 54: 1547–1549.  [Google Scholar], environmental microbial challenge(46) Smith, H. W. 1965. Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affecting its Composition. J. Pathol, 89: 95–122.  [Google Scholar] (47) Smith, H. W. 1971. The Bacteriology of the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals Suffering from E. coli Infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 176: 110–125.  [Google Scholar] and neonatal immunological and intestinal epithelial maturation(7) Corley, L. D., Staley, T. E., Bush, L. J. and Jones, E. W. 1977. Influence of Colostrum on Transepithelial Movement of E. coli 055. J. Dairy Sci., in press [Google Scholar] (52) Staley, T. E., Corley, L. D., Bush, L. J. and Jones, E. W. 1972. The Ultra-structure of Neonatal Calf Intestine and Absorption of Heterologous Proteins. A rial. Rec, 172: 559–579. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]. While both infectious and non-infectious etiologic factors are involved(1) Barnum, D. A., Glantz, P. J. and Moon, H. W. 1967. Colibacillosis. CI_RV_eterinary Monograph Series/Two, : 5–44.  [Google Scholar] the former (Escherichia coli, Saltiionsllci and Shigella spp., and reo and corona viruses) is the more significant. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), a major contributor to neonatal diarrhoeal disease, will be discussed primarily. Four syndromes, septicaemia, enteric-toxaemia, local invasive and enterotoxic have been described(32) Moon, H. W. 1974. Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med, 18: 179–211. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] and ad verseoutcomes may result from endotoxic shock and/or hypovolemic shock, from systemic infection and from malnutrition. The clinician is thus faced with the selection of a multi-faceted approach to the problem. Avenues of attack, in addition to prophylactic husbandry, include: passive and active immunization, reduction of challenge, specific antimicrobial therapy, and resolution of fluid and electrolyte loss and shock. This presentation includes a resumé of the calf scour syndrome, together with observations concerning treatment and control. These observations include active and passive immunization, antimicrobial therapy, and modification of intestinal fluid loss.     

Vesico-ureteral reflux in the dog

Abstract

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Recent interest in the subject of vesicoureteral reflux (regurgitation of the vesical contents into the ureters) in man has lead to many experimental investigations of this phenomenon in dogs (Ross and Thompson, 1963 Ross, G. and Thompson, I. M. 1963. The relationship of non-obstructive reflux and chronic pyelonephritis: An experimental study. J. Urol., 90: 391–394.  [Google Scholar]; Schoenberg et al, 1963 Schoenberg, H. W., Beisswanger, P., Howard, W., Walter, C. F. and Murphy, J. J. 1963. Effect of lower urinary tract infection upon ureteral function. Amer. Coll. Surgeons Surgical Forum, 14: 483–484.  [Google Scholar]; Levers and Metcalfe, 1964 Levers, P. E. and Metcalfe, J. O. 1964. Urethral resistance measurement: Vesicoureteral reflux and age. J. Urol., 91: 368–375.  [Google Scholar]; Schoenberg et al, 1964 Schoenberg, H. W., Beisswanger, P., Howard, W., Walter, C. F. and Murphy, J. J. 1964. Effect of lower urinary tract infection on ureteral function. J. Urol., 92: 107–108.  [Google Scholar]; Scott, 1964(a) Scott, J. E. S. 1964a. An experimental investigation into the effects of prolonged vesico-ureteric reflux. Brit. J. Urol., 36: 391–398.  [Google Scholar]; Scott, 1964(b) Scott, J. E. S. 1964b. An experimental study of urinary infection and vesico-ureteric reflux. Brit. J. Urol., 36: 501–509.  [Google Scholar]; Cass and Lenaghan, 1965 Cass, A. S. and Lenaghan, D. 1965. The influence of posture on the occurrence of vesico-ureteral reflux. Invest. Urol., 2: 523–529.  [Google Scholar]; Mori and Hara, 1965 Mori, Y. and Hara, T. 1965. Vesicoureteral reflux. Part I. Experimental observation on the mechanism of the prevention of vesicoureteral reflux. Mio. Med. Med. J., 14: 245–249.  [Google Scholar]; Sommer and Roberts, 1966 Sommer, J. L. and Roberts, J. A. 1966. Ureteral reflux resulting from chronic urinary infection in dogs: Long term studies. J. Urol., 95: 502–510.  [Google Scholar]; King and Idriss, 1967 King, L. R. and Idriss, F. S. 1967. The effect of vesicoureteral reflux on renal function in dogs. Invest. Urol., 4: 419–427.  [Google Scholar]). Little, however, has been written on the naturally-occurring condition seen in canine clinical practice. In fact, apart from isolated reports from experimental workers (Barksdale and Baker, 1930 Barksdale, E. S. and Baker, W. W. 1930. The effect of denervation of the lower ureter upon the incidence of ureteral reflux in the dog. J. Urol., 24: 263–268.  [Google Scholar]; Scott and de Luca, 1960 Scott, J. E. S. and de Luca, F. G. 1960. Further studies on the uretero-vesical junction of the dog. Brit. J. Urol., 32: 320–323.  [Google Scholar]) it has rarely been seriously considered as a complication of urinary disorders by practising veterinarians.     

Hypocuprosis: A clinical investigation of dairy herds in Northland

Abstract

Extract

Northand has a wide variety of soil types, many of which are strongly leached wet clays with thin topsoils and low subsoil fertility. The copper status of many of these soils is low (Cunningham et at.,1956 Cunningham, I. J., Hogan, K. G. and Breen, J. N. 1956. The copper and molybdenum contents of pastures grown on the different soils of New Zealand. N.Z. Jl Sci. Tech., 38: 225–238.  [Google Scholar]; Taylor et al., 1956 Taylor, N. H., Cunningham, I. J. and Davies, E. B. 1956. Soil type in relation to mineral deficiencies. Paper, 9: 32–32. Int. Grassland Conf., N.Z., 1956. [Google Scholar]; Wells, 1957 Wells, N. 1957. Soil studies using sweet vernal to assess element availability. N.Z. Jl Sci. Tech., 38: 884–902.  [Google Scholar]). Copper deficiency (hypocuprosis), has been reported at various times in both cattle and sheep in this part of New Zealand, but the incidence was considered to be low and confined to a few localized areas.     

Hairy shaker disease: Preliminary studies on the nature of the agent,and the induced serological response

Abstract

Extract

The nature of the agent causing hairy shaker disease of lambs in New Zealand is uncertain. A report by Manktelow et al. (1969) Manktelow, B. W., Porter, W. L. and Lewis, K. H. C. 1969. Hairy shaker disease of lambs. N.Z. vet. J., 17: 245–248. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] demonstrated the transmissibility of the disease, using homogenized tissue as the inoculum, and drew attention to its similarity on clinical and pathological grounds to the condition of Border disease found in the United Kingdom. Transmission of Border disease using homogenized tissues had been previously reported by Dickinson and Barlow (1967) Dickinson, A. G. and Barlow, R. M. 1967. The demonstration of the transmissibility of Border disease in sheep. Vet. Rec., 81: 114–114.  [Google Scholar], Shaw et al. (1967) Shaw, I. G., Winkler, C. E. and Terlecki, S. 1967. Experimental reproduction of hypomyelinogenisis congentia of lambs. Vet. Rec, 81: 115–116.  [Google Scholar] and Barlow and Gardiner (1969) Barlow, R. M. and Gardiner, A. C. 1969. Experiments in Border disease. I. Transmission, pathology and some serological aspects of the experimental disease. J. comp. Path., 75: 387–405.  [Google Scholar].     

The occurrence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea,infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 viruses in sera from New Zealand cattle

Abstract

Extract

Despite many viruses having been isolated from bovine respiratory and intestinal tracts, only those of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD), bovine parainfluenza 3 (PI 3) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR) have so far been associated with specific clinical complexes. Serological surveys have demonstrated the wide geographical distribution of all three viruses (Huck, 1962 Hack, R. A. 1962. Some recently isolated viruses from cattle. Vet. Bull., 32: 493–504.  [Google Scholar]; Paterson, 1962 Paterson, A. B. 1962. Virus diseases in calves. Vet. Rec., 74: 1384–1389.  [Google Scholar]; French and Snowdon, 1964 French, E. L. and Snowdon, W. A. 1964. Mucosal disease in Australian cattle. Aust. vet. J., 40: 99–105.  [Google Scholar]; Dawson and Darbyshire, 1964 Dawson, P. S. and Darbyshire, J. H. 1964. The occurrence and distribution in the United Kingdom of antibodies to parainfluenza 3 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses in bovine sera. Vet. Rec., 76: 111–115.  [Google Scholar]), although so far only IBR has been confirmed as being present in New Zealand (Webster and Manktelow, 1959 Webster, R. G. and Manktelow, B. W. 1959. Some observations on bovine rhinotracheitis in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 7: 143–148. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). However, in view of a previous outbreak of a mucosal-like disease (Salisbury etal., 1961 Salisbury, R. M., Hartley, W. J., Mcintosh, I. G., Hansen, N. F., Te Punga, W. A. and Jamieson, S. 1961. A mucosal disease-like syndrome of cattle in New Zealand. Bull. Off. int. Epiz., 56: 62–79.  [Google Scholar]) together with the frequent occurrence of upper respiratory tract symptoms, it seemed most unlikely that other members of this virus trio would be absent from cattle in this country.     

Epidermal langerhans cellsin the oppossum,Trichosurus vulpecula

Abstract

Extract

Madam:-Langerhans cells (LC) are dendritic cells of bone marrow origin found above the basal cell layer of the epidermis and in mucous membranes. ⁽⁹⁾ Silberberg-Sinakin, I. and Thorbecke, G.J. 1980. “The Langerhans cells”. In The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise, Edited by: Carr, I. and Daems, W.T. 555–605. New York: Plenum Press. In, Vol. 1 [Google Scholar] They are the only epidermal cells that have Fc and C3b receptors ⁽¹¹⁾ Stingl, G., Wolff-Schreiner, E.C.H., Pichler, W.J., Gschnait, F., Knapp, W. and Wolff, K. 1977. Epidermal Langerhans cell bears Fc and C3b receptors. Nature, 268: 245–246.  [Google Scholar] and express class II histocompatibility structures. ⁽¹⁾ Klareskog, L., Tjernlund, U.M., Forsum, U. and Peterson, P.A. 1977. Epidermal Langerhans cells express la antigens. Nature, 268: 248–250.  [Google Scholar] ⁽⁵⁾ Rowden, G., Lewis, M.G. and Sullivan, A.K. 1977. Ia antigen expression on human epidermal Langerhans cells. Nature, 268: 247–248.  [Google Scholar] These features suggest that LC are the epidermal equivalent of macrophages but the relationship between these two types of cells is uncertain. ⁽⁹⁾ Silberberg-Sinakin, I. and Thorbecke, G.J. 1980. “The Langerhans cells”. In The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise, Edited by: Carr, I. and Daems, W.T. 555–605. New York: Plenum Press. In, Vol. 1 [Google Scholar] LC are involved in the induction of contact hypersensitivity [CHS], ⁽⁶⁾ Shelley, W.B. and Juhlin, L. 1977. Selective uptake of contact allergens by the Langerhans cell. Arch. Dermatol., 113: 187–194.  [Google Scholar] ⁽⁷⁾ Silberberg, I. 1973. Apposition of mononuclear cells to Langerhans cells in contact allergic reactions. Acta. Derma. Venerol., 53: 1–9.  [Google Scholar] ⁽⁸⁾ Silberberberg, I., Baer, R.L. and Rosenthal, S.A. 1976. The role of Langerhans cells in allergic contact hypersensitivity. A review of findings in man and guinea pigs. J. invest. Dermatol., 66: 210–217.  [Google Scholar] ⁽¹⁰⁾ Stingi, G., Katz, S.I., Clement, L., Green, O. and Shevach, E.M. 1980. “Langerhans cell — lymphocyte interactions”. In Macrophage Regulation of Immunity, Edited by: Unanue, E.R. and Rosenthal, A.S. 285–295. New York: Academic Press. In [Google Scholar] their density determining whether CHS or immunological tolerance follows skin painting with haptens. ⁽¹²⁾ Toews, B.G., Bergstresser, P.R. and Streilein, J.W. 1980. Epidermal Langerhans cell density determines whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin painting with DNFB. J. Immuno., 124: 445–453.  [Google Scholar]     

A mass screening programme of angus cattle for the mannosidosis genotype — A prototype programme for control of inherited diseases in animals

Abstract

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Recent research has shown that the gene frequency for mannosidosis (pseudolipidosis) may approximate 0.05 in pedigree Angus herds (Jolly, unpublished data). As epidemiological studies suggest an equal frequency in commercial non-pedigree herds, the disease is elf economic importance to the national beef industry. Mannosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disease associated with a defect in catabolism, of the heterosaccharide fractioln of glycoproteins (Whittem and Walker, 1957 Donnelly, W. J. C., Sheahan, B. J. and Rogers, T. A. 1973a. GM₁ gangliosidosis in Friesian calves. J. Path., 111: 173–179.  [Google Scholar]; Jolly 1971 Donnelly, W. J. C., Sheahan, B. J. and Kelly, M. 1973b. Bet α-galactosidase deficiency in GM₁ gangliosidosis of Friesian calves. Res. vet. Sci., 15: 139–141.  [Google Scholar]; Hocking et al., 1972 Hocking, J. D., Jolly, R. D. and Batt, R. D. 1972. Deficiency of α-mannosidase in Angus cattle. Biochem. J., 128: 69–78.  [Google Scholar]; Phillips et al., 1974 Jolly, R. D. 1971. The pathology of the central nervous system in pseudolipidosis of Argus cattle. J. Path., 103: 113–121.  [Google Scholar]). Whereas animals with mannosidosis have negligible tissue sand plasma levels of α-mannosidase, heterozygotes having one normal gene and one defective gene have approximately half the normal level of enzyme in their tissues and plasma. This observation forms the basis for a control programme in which heterozygotes are identified by their plasma α-mannosidase 1evels (Jolly et al., 1973 Jolly, R. D., Tse, C. A. and Greenway, R. M. 1973. Plasma α-mannosidase activity as a means of detecting mannosidosis heterozygotes. N.Z. vet. J., 21: 64–69. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 1974a Jolly, R. D., Thompson, K. G., Tse, C. A., Munford, R. E. and Merrall, M. 1974a. Identification of mannosidosis heterozygotes — factors affecting normal plasma α-mannosidase levels. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 155–162. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], b Jolly, R. D., Thompson, K. G. and Tse, C. A. 1974b. Evaluation of a mass screening programme for identification of mannosidosis heterozygotes in Angus cattle. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 185–190. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]).     

Toxicity of bunamidine

Abstract

Extract

Sudden death after routine dosing of dogs with the anthelmintic, bunamidine, is probably due to the onset of ventricular fibrillation (Fastier et al., 1968 Fastier, F. N., Menrath, R. L. E., Ng, J. and Sharard, A. 1968. Induction of ventricular fibrillation with adrenaline in dogs pretreated with bunamidine hydrochloride. Proc. Univ. Otago med. Sch., 46: 64–66.  [Google Scholar]). However, it has not proved possible to discover conditions under which ventricular fibrillation can be obtained consistently in dogs by treatment with bunamidine and adrenaline. This makes it difficult to test in dogs what was thought would be a reasonable prophylactic measure, namely, administration of a beta-blocker. Treatment with such beta-blockers as propranolol has been found to reduce substantially the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in circumstances where sympathetic activity plays an important part in the initiation of the disorder (Lucchesi and Whitsitt, 1969 Lucchesi, B. R. and Whitsitt, L. S. 1969. The pharmacology of beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Prog. cardiovasc. Dis., 11: 410–430.  [Google Scholar]; Dollery et al, 1969 Dollery, C. T., Paterson, J. W. and Conolly, M. E. 1969. Clinical pharmacology of beta-receptor-blocking drugs. Clin. Pharmacol. Therap., 10: 765–799.  [Google Scholar]).