The anatomy of the auricular conchae of cattle, sheep and deer

The anatomy of the auricular conchae of ruminants has been studied by intravascular injection of radiopaque latex, by dissection and by histological sectioning. Drawings were made of the vascular network. The arrangement of nerves and blood vessels in association with the ridges on the rostral (concave) surface was observed. The spaces between the ridges are relatively free of larger blood vessels, nerves, hair and sebaceous glands. This distribution is discussed in relation to the insertion of ear tags.     

山羊子宫内肽能神经分布及妊娠时的变化

采用免疫组化方法，研究了山羊子宫内含P物质（SP）和含血管活性肠肽（VIP）神经的分布。结果，妊娠及未妊娠山羊子宫颈内有粗细不等的神经束行经于外膜和肌层中，神经分支形成丛状分布于血管壁，子宫颈部未见SP神经元胞体及VIP神经元胞体；未妊娠山羊子宫角内SP神经和VIP神经均呈丛状围绕血管并分布于血管壁；妊娠中期的孕角和非孕角均有胎盘形成，除胎盘内无神经分布外，SP神经及VIP神经同样分支形成丛状分布于血管壁。结果提示，山羊子宫内SP神经和VIP神经主要支配子宫内血管，妊娠时除胎盘内无神经分布外，SP神经及VIP神经的分布无明显变化。     

山羊子宫内胆碱能神经分布及妊娠时的变化

采用乙酰胆碱酯酶组化法，研究了山羊子宫内胆碱能神经的分布，结果，山羊子宫颈是经较丰富，在浆膜和肌层内有神经束伴血管而行并分支分布于血管壁，在粘膜及其皱褶上皮下，粘液腺上皮有神经丛分布，妊娠时子宫颈部的神经分布与未妊娠时相比无明显变化，子宫角部神经密度均低于子宫颈部，其内环行肌层中及其与内膜交界处神经密度略高，神经束伴血管而行并分支分布于血管壁，在子宫腺上皮下及内膜上皮下无神经分布，妊夺时作胎盘内无神经分布外，仍有神经束伴血管而行交分支分布于血管壁，在分布于血管壁的神经纤维减少，结果提示，胆碱能神经主要支配山羊子宫内血管壁及颈部粘液腺上皮和粘膜上皮，妊 时子宫颈部胆碱能神经无明显变化，而子宫角内支配血管壁的胆碱能神经纤维减少。     

Dermal-epidermal relationships in the skin of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Using a variety of methods the outer surface of the dolphin dermis presents as a rather regularly arranged series of mainly longitudinal and approximately parallel ridges which are surmounted by laterally flattened, regularly distributed dermal papillae. At variable intervals groups of dermal ridges are supported by shallow elevations referred to here as basal dermal elevations. These tend to contain vessels and/or nerves for distribution to two or more dermal ridges. The opposing epidermal surface reveals an irregularly edged series of nearly parallel epidermal ridges alternating with the grooves which in the living state contain the dermal ridges. In the depths of these grooves are the crypts which in the intact skin contain the dermal papillae. Nothing is observable which could correspond to the epidermal pegs referred to in the literature. Small irregular epidermal projections (knobs) appear along the free edge of the epidermal ridge. Topographical variations in density and height of dermal ridges, height of basal dermal elevation plus dermal ridge and papillae as well as total epidermal thickness are illustrated by means of skin maps. Inconsistencies in the literature on Cetacean skin are discussed.     

Clinical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Disorders of the equine sphenopalatine sinus, including empyema and neoplasia, have been reported to cause damage to cranial nerves II and V. However, the clinical anatomy of these sinuses is not well described in horses. OBJECTIVE: To examine the anatomy of the sphenopalatine sinuses in a range of equidae and, in particular, to examine the relationship of these sinuses to adjacent major nerves and vessels. METHODS: The anatomy of the sphenoidal and palatine paranasal sinuses was examined in 16 equidae, primarily using transverse skull sections. Relevant structures were documented and photographed. RESULTS: There was much variation between individual horses in sphenopalatine sinus anatomy. The sphenoidal sinuses were small in young horses and appeared to become larger and more complex with age. Variation was present in the extent that the sphenopalatine sinus extended into the basisphenoid bone. The septum dividing left and right sphenoidal sinuses was frequently not midline, but was intact in all cases. The sphenoidal and palatine sinuses communicated in most horses. In such cases, what could accurately be termed the (combined) sphenopalatine sinuses usually drained directly into the caudal maxillary sinuses. Additionally, in 5 out of 16 cases, some compartments of the sphenoidal sinus also drained into the ethmoidal sinus. The dorsal and lateral walls of the sphenoidal sinus were very thin and directly adjacent to cranial nerves II, III, IV, V and VI and major blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: The equine sphenoidal and palatine sinuses are very variable in their anatomy, but are always in close proximity to multiple cranial nerves and major blood vessels. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Many cranial nerves and blood vessels could be damaged with disorders involving the sphenopalatine sinus, potentially causing major and variable neurological syndromes, haemorrhage and extension of sepsis.     

人胚胎角膜的肾上腺素能神经纤维分布及其特点

用乙醛酸诱发灾光技术研究了14－30周胎儿眼结膜的肾上腺素能神经纤维的分布。发现角膜巩缘的肾上腺素能神经纤维主要与角巩膜的血管伴行，纤维数量随胎龄增加而增加，角膜基质层于16周以后有少量纤维，角膜内皮层和上皮层未发现神经纤维。     

成年牦牛皮肤中血管与神经的组织学观察及HIF-1α在皮肤中的表达

本研究旨在探讨牦牛不同部位皮肤内血管和神经的分布情况,及检测低氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）在不同部位皮肤上的定位及相对表达量,探究牦牛皮肤对高原低氧环境的适应机制。采用HE、Masson’s三色和Verhoeff VG染色法,对成年牦牛皮肤内血管和神经结构进行观察与分析;采用免疫组织化学、实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白免疫印迹法,对HIF-1α的mRNA和蛋白在成年牦牛皮肤组织中表达与分布进行研究。结果表明,颈部血管与神经密度最高,前臂部和小腿部次之,跖部最低,部位间差异显著（P<0.05）。HIF-1α主要表达在表皮层、毛囊的上皮根鞘、皮脂腺、汗腺、血管、神经;颈部、前臂部和小腿部强阳性表达,跖部阳性表达。HIF-1α mRNA的相对表达量跖部明显低于其他部位（P<0.05）,其他三个部位两两比较差异不显著（P>0.05）。HIF-1α蛋白相对表达量颈部最高,跖部最低,差异显著（P<0.05）。研究结果提示,成年牦牛不同部位皮肤内不同血管和神经形态结构相似,密度从颈部到前肢再到后肢差异显著。HIF-1α的差异性表达进一步说明皮肤在牦牛适应低氧环境中发挥作用。     

Ultrasound‐guided approach for axillary brachial plexus,femoral nerve,and sciatic nerve blocks in dogs

Objective To describe an ultrasound‐guided technique and the anatomical basis for three clinically useful nerve blocks in dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Four hound‐cross dogs aged 2 ± 0 years (mean ± SD) weighing 30 ± 5 kg and four Beagles aged 2 ± 0 years and weighing 8.5 ± 0.5 kg. Methods Axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic combined ultrasound/electrolocation‐guided nerve blocks were performed sequentially and bilaterally using a lidocaine solution mixed with methylene blue. Sciatic nerve blocks were not performed in the hounds. After the blocks, the dogs were euthanatized and each relevant site dissected. Results Axillary brachial plexus block Landmark blood vessels and the roots of the brachial plexus were identified by ultrasound in all eight dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the four ventral nerve roots (C6, C7, C8, and T1) and the axillary vessels. Three roots (C7, C8, and T1) were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Femoral nerve block Landmark blood vessels (femoral artery and femoral vein), the femoral and saphenous nerves and the medial portion of the rectus femoris muscle were identified by ultrasound in all dogs. Anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the femoral vessels, femoral nerve, and the rectus femoris muscle. The femoral nerves were adequately stained bilaterally in all dogs. Sciatic nerve block. Ultrasound landmarks (semimembranosus muscle, the fascia of the biceps femoris muscle and the sciatic nerve) could be identified in all of the dogs. In the four Beagles, anatomical examination confirmed the relationship between the biceps femoris muscle, the semimembranosus muscle, and the sciatic nerve. In the Beagles, all but one of the sciatic nerves were stained adequately. Conclusions and clinical relevance Ultrasound‐guided needle insertion is an accurate method for depositing local anesthetic for axillary brachial plexus, femoral, and sciatic nerve blocks.     

Immunoreactivities to protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase in nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich, Struthio camelus

The present study investigated the distribution of nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich. The presence of protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase nerve fibres were demonstrated in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland and vagina. Nerve fibres containing protein gene product 9.5, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament protein were particularly numerous in the tunica muscularis and intermuscular connective tissue areas of the shell gland and vagina. The presence of a large number of nerves in these oviductal regions is probably important in the coordination of muscle contraction. An interesting finding of the study was the presence of protein gene product 9.5 and neuron specific enolase immunopositive nerve fibres in the walls of blood vessels. It is likely that these nerves are autonomicin nature and play a role in the regulation of blood flow. This study has shown the presence of an extensive neural network in the oviduct of the ostrich. In addition, the results of the investigation have shown that the neuronal markers protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase can be used to demonstate nerve fibres in the ostrich.     

Has Active Immunization Against Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone any Effect on Testis Innervation in the Pig? – An Immunohistochemical Study

The innervation of porcine testes was studied in intact animals and in boars undergoing active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by means of immunohistochemistry using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), vasoactive intestinal polypolypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Moreover, the distribution of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors in clusters of Leydig cells was also investigated. To identify these cells easily, either the NADPH-diaphorase histochemical technique or the Mayer counter-staining procedure was applied. Differences in the distribution pattern and relative density of particular subsets of intratesticular nerve fibres were observed in immunized boars as compared to those found in the intact animals. In the testes of non-treated animals, only single TH-immunoreactive (TH-IR) nerve fibres were observed. However, many D beta H-IR nerve terminals surrounded blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Very scarce VIP-IR nerves occurred only in the tunica albuginea, mainly in close vicinity to blood vessels. Immunoreactivity to NPY occurred in single nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity to SNAP-25 and PGP 9.5 was found in single nerve fibres distributed mainly in the tunica albuginea. The interstitial cells were heavily stained for LH-receptors and NADPH-diaphorase. In the testes of immunized animals, only single TH-IR nerve fibres, scattered mainly in the tunica albuginea, were observed. Some TH-IR nerve terminals were also encountered in the parenchyma of the organ, where they were always associated with blood vessels. D beta H-IR nerve fibres formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis in association with the capsule, vasculature and interstitium. Some fibres were observed to run between seminiferous tubules. VIP-IR nerve fibres were located in the neighbourhood of blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Only single VIP-IR nerves were found between seminiferous tubules. Numerous NPY-IR nerve fibres occurred in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma of the organ. SNAP-25-IR and PGP 9.5-IR nerve terminals formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis and many fibres were observed between seminiferous tubules. Interstitial cells were very weakly stained for LH receptors or NADPH-diaphorase.     

The major blood vessels of the wing of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)

The major blood vessels of the ostrich wing were studied by dissection of the wings of 8 ostriches. The axillary artery entered the caudo-ventral aspect of the wing and divided into the brachial and deep brachial arteries. The deep brachial artery gave rise to the radial and ulnar collateral arteries which supplied the caudodorsal aspect of the brachium. The brachial artery divided in the cubital fossa into the smaller ulnar and large radial arteries. The ulnar artery supplied the cranio-ventral aspect of the antebrachium and manus, and the radial artery the caudo-ventral and dorsal aspects of the antebrachium and manus, including the feathers. With few exceptions the veins corresponded with the arteries that supplied the region they drained. The basilic vein passed along the cranial margin of the wing, unaccompanied by arteries or nerves, to drain the major part of the wing. The brachial artery and the basilic veins were the vessels most accessible for arterio- and venipuncture, respectively.     

Neural consequences of partial toe amputation in chickens

The extent of the damage inflicted on the hallux was determined in a group of detoed, newly hatched, male broiler-breeder chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery. Healing and neural regeneration were very rapid and after 22 days the stump had a complete epidermal and dermal covering with the dermis being well supplied with both nerves and blood vessels. Some regenerating nerve bundles became trapped in scar tissue and formed small terminal neuromas which persisted over the 60-day observation period. These results are discussed in relation to partial beak amputation and their welfare implications.     

Tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuropeptides-immunoreactive nerves in canine trachea

OBJECTIVE: To determine distribution of catecholaminergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in canine tracheas by use of immunohistochemistry. SAMPLE POPULATION: 10 tracheas collected from healthy adult dogs after euthanasia. PROCEDURE: Structure of the nerve network and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and 6 types of neuropeptide-containing nerves in canine tracheas were immunohistochemically studied, using neurochemical markers. RESULTS: Intraepithelial free nerve endings with immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) were observed.Tyrosine hydroxylase-, SP-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed within and around the submucosal seromucous gland. In the smooth muscle layer, numerous TH- and GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers, a moderate number of VIP- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibers, and a few SP- and methionine enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed. Numerous nerve cell bodies with VIP and GAL immunoreactivity and a few with SP ENK, and NPY immunoreactivity were observed. Many TH-immunoreactive fibers were arranged in a meshwork around blood vessels. Nerves with CGRP-, SP-, VIP-, GAL-, ENK-, and NPY-immunoreactivity were also observed around blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Complex innervation, including catecholamine- and neuropeptide-containing nerves, which may be related to regulation of muscle contraction and glandular secretion, are found in canine tracheas.     

The Soft-tissue Components of the Vomeronasal Organ in Pigs, Cows and Horses

The soft-tissue components of the vomeronasal organ of the pig, the cow and the horse were studied with the aid of dissection, microdissection, and light microscopy and immunohistochemistry of series of transverse sections. In horses, the rostral end of the incisive duct was blind: thus, unlike in pigs and cows, there was no communication between the vomeronasal organ and the oral cavity. In all three species, the central part of the vomeronasal duct bore the ‘typical’ respiratory/ receptor epithelium lining on its lateral and medial walls. The rostral part of the duct was characterized by stratified columnar epithelium, while more caudal parts bore simple columnar type. The patterns of distribution of glands, blood vessels and nerves were closely associated with the patterns of distribution of duct linings. The distribution of soft-tissue components in pigs was less clearly defined than in cows and horses. Of the three species, nerves were detected in the rostral half of the vomeronasal parenchyma only in the horse.     

Effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic WBN/Kob rats

The relationship between hypertension and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) has recently been reported in clinical research, but it remains unclear whether hypertension is a risk factor for DPN. To investigate the effects of hypertension on DPN, we analyzed morphological features of peripheral nerves in diabetic rats with hypertension. Male WBN/Kob rats were divided into 2 groups: alloxan-induced diabetic rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) treatment (ADN group) and nondiabetic rats with DOCA-salt treatment (DN group). Sciatic, tibial (motor) and sural (sensory) nerves were subjected to qualitative and quantitative histomorphological analysis. Systolic blood pressure in the two groups exhibited a higher value (>140 mmHg), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Endoneurial blood vessels in both groups presented endothelial hypertrophy and narrowing of the vascular lumen. Electron microscopically, duplication of basal lamina surrounding the endothelium and pericyte of the endoneurial vessels was observed, and this lesion appeared to be more frequent and severe in the ADN group than the DN group. Many nerve fibers of the ADN and DN groups showed an almost normal appearance, whereas morphometrical analysis of the tibial nerve showed a significant shift to smaller fiber and myelin sizes in the ADN group compared with DN group. In sural nerve, the fiber and axon-size significantly shifted to a smaller size in ADN group compared with the DN group. These results suggest that combined diabetes and hypertension could induce mild peripheral nerve lesions with vascular changes.     

小型宠物犬阴道巨型肿瘤切除术

介绍宠物狗阴道巨型肿瘤切除术以及后续治疗过程。由于肿瘤太大,不适合阴户手术切除,在不具备微创手术条件下,采取腹背侧切开,避开大血管、神经、直肠、尿道等,暴露阴道,用环状钳把阴道牵引至体外,切开阴道,行环状肿瘤切除。目前该患犬状态良好。本文旨在为临床上该疾病的治疗提供参考。     

The histological observations on the large intestine of the goose (Anser anser) during the pre- and post-hatching periods

The development of the cecum and colon in the goose was investigated during the period from the 15th to 28th day of the incubation and from 1 to 30 days of age after hatching by light microscopy. By day 15 of the incubation, in the cecum and colon, the lumen was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium. The previllous ridges appeared at 15th and 17th days of the incubation in the colon and ceca, respectively. At the base of previllous ridges, the epithelium changed into a simple prismathic epithelium at 15th and 17th days of the incubation in the colon and cecum, respectively. The villi appeared at the 21st days of the incubation. The crypts and goblet cells appeared on the first day after hatching. In the pre-hatching period, the lamina muscularis mucosa was present only in the colon. The submucosa consisted of loosely aggregated connective tissue in the pre-hatching period. In the post-hatching period, it consisted of a very thin layer of connective tissue. Its presence was only obvious where the cells of the submucosal nerve plexus or occasional large blood vessels considerably increased its thickness. The nerve plexus corresponding to the Auerbach's plexus of the mammalian intestine and submucosal nerve plexus appeared by 15th days of the incubation. From the 15th to 28th day of incubation, the tunica muscularis consisted of circular smooth muscle cells in the ceca. On the 28th day of the incubation a thinner longitudinal muscle layer added to the circular muscle layer. In the colon there was an outer longitudinal and a thicker circular muscle layer.     

鹿茸再生及其分子调节机理研究进展

鹿茸是唯一可以周期性完全再生的哺乳动物器官,这种再生起源于骨膜干细胞。鹿茸再生伴随着皮肤、血管和神经的快速生成,而且多种多肽和生长因子参与其中,组成了一系列复杂而精密的信号调控通路。作者综述了鹿茸再生过程的组织学及分子信号通路研究现状,以信号转导通路为研究重点揭示鹿茸再生之谜,为更好地了解哺乳动物器官再生机制提供参考。     

Observations on the Anatomy of the Tailin the Vervetmonkey,Cercopithecus, Which Bear on Thermoregulatory Function in the Organ (Primata: Cercopithecidae)

A long tail is characteristic of the Family Cercopithecidae but apart from a limited contribution to postural adjustment no other function seems obvious.

The tail has a large proportion of skin which contributes significantly to the total body surface area. Because it has a widely adjustable blood flow rate and appears specially adapted for low flow rates under cool conditions a thermoregulatory function is ascribed to it.

The structural arrangement of the blood vessels favours heat loss mechanisms but this may be disadvantageous under cold conditions. A system of venae comitantes affecting the upper portion of the arterial supply, which could function as a counter-current heat trap, is described.

The origin of the caudal nerves and the continuation of the sympathetic chain into the fourth postsacral vertebral segment is described.     

Surgical removing of an ectopic tooth in an Iceland mare

Ectopic teeth occur because of failure of the first branchial cleft to close during development and are found mostly in young horses. Such dentigerous cysts are often located at the base of the ear, forming a notable swelling with a fistula, as it was the case with the two year old Iceland mare ?Runa?. In order to confirm the diagnosis, x-ray images were taken, which is also necessary to locate the ectopic tooth correctly. While operating, the whole cystic membrane should be removed and it is important to prevent adjacent nerves and blood vessels from damage. Prognosis for complete healing after removing an ectopic tooth is excellent.