Vesico-ureteral reflux in the dog

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Recent interest in the subject of vesicoureteral reflux (regurgitation of the vesical contents into the ureters) in man has lead to many experimental investigations of this phenomenon in dogs (Ross and Thompson, 1963 Ross, G. and Thompson, I. M. 1963. The relationship of non-obstructive reflux and chronic pyelonephritis: An experimental study. J. Urol., 90: 391–394.  [Google Scholar]; Schoenberg et al, 1963 Schoenberg, H. W., Beisswanger, P., Howard, W., Walter, C. F. and Murphy, J. J. 1963. Effect of lower urinary tract infection upon ureteral function. Amer. Coll. Surgeons Surgical Forum, 14: 483–484.  [Google Scholar]; Levers and Metcalfe, 1964 Levers, P. E. and Metcalfe, J. O. 1964. Urethral resistance measurement: Vesicoureteral reflux and age. J. Urol., 91: 368–375.  [Google Scholar]; Schoenberg et al, 1964 Schoenberg, H. W., Beisswanger, P., Howard, W., Walter, C. F. and Murphy, J. J. 1964. Effect of lower urinary tract infection on ureteral function. J. Urol., 92: 107–108.  [Google Scholar]; Scott, 1964(a) Scott, J. E. S. 1964a. An experimental investigation into the effects of prolonged vesico-ureteric reflux. Brit. J. Urol., 36: 391–398.  [Google Scholar]; Scott, 1964(b) Scott, J. E. S. 1964b. An experimental study of urinary infection and vesico-ureteric reflux. Brit. J. Urol., 36: 501–509.  [Google Scholar]; Cass and Lenaghan, 1965 Cass, A. S. and Lenaghan, D. 1965. The influence of posture on the occurrence of vesico-ureteral reflux. Invest. Urol., 2: 523–529.  [Google Scholar]; Mori and Hara, 1965 Mori, Y. and Hara, T. 1965. Vesicoureteral reflux. Part I. Experimental observation on the mechanism of the prevention of vesicoureteral reflux. Mio. Med. Med. J., 14: 245–249.  [Google Scholar]; Sommer and Roberts, 1966 Sommer, J. L. and Roberts, J. A. 1966. Ureteral reflux resulting from chronic urinary infection in dogs: Long term studies. J. Urol., 95: 502–510.  [Google Scholar]; King and Idriss, 1967 King, L. R. and Idriss, F. S. 1967. The effect of vesicoureteral reflux on renal function in dogs. Invest. Urol., 4: 419–427.  [Google Scholar]). Little, however, has been written on the naturally-occurring condition seen in canine clinical practice. In fact, apart from isolated reports from experimental workers (Barksdale and Baker, 1930 Barksdale, E. S. and Baker, W. W. 1930. The effect of denervation of the lower ureter upon the incidence of ureteral reflux in the dog. J. Urol., 24: 263–268.  [Google Scholar]; Scott and de Luca, 1960 Scott, J. E. S. and de Luca, F. G. 1960. Further studies on the uretero-vesical junction of the dog. Brit. J. Urol., 32: 320–323.  [Google Scholar]) it has rarely been seriously considered as a complication of urinary disorders by practising veterinarians.     

Ovine Johne's disease in New Zealand

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Cambendazole, isopropy1 2-(4-thiazoly1)-5-benzimidazolecarbamate, has been reported to be a highly efficient anthelmintic against gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle (Egerton et al., 1970 Egerton, J. R., Eary, C. H., Lanza, G. R., Wombolt, T. H. and Campbell, W. C. 1970. The efficacy of cambendazole against gastro-intestinal nematodes of cattle. Res. vet. Sci., 11: 495–499.  [Google Scholar]; Baker and Walters, 1971 Baker, N. P. and Walters, G. T. 1971. Anthelmintic efficacy of cambendazole in cattle. Ant. J. vet. Res., 14: 29–33.  [Google Scholar]; Ciordia and McCampbell, 1971 Ciordia, J. and McCampbell, H. C. 1971. Anthelmintic efficacy of four dose levels of cambendazole in cattle. Proc. helm. Soc. Wash., 38: 40–42.  [Google Scholar]; Benz, 1971a Benz, G. W. 1971a. Anthelmintic activities of cambendazole in calves. Am. J. vet. Res., 32: 399–403.  [Google Scholar], b Benz, G. W. 1971b. Activity of cambendazole against gastro-intestinal nematodes of calves: Single vs. two therapeutic treatments. J. Parasit., 57: 286–288.  [Google Scholar]; Restani, 1971 Restani, R. 1971. Research on the anthelmintic activity of cambendazole against some nematodes of cattle. Vet. Italiana, 22: 137–139.  [Google Scholar]). Efficacy against the cattle lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, has also been reported as high (Rubin, 1972 Rubin, R. 1972. Efficacy of cambendazole against lungworm (Dictyocaulus vivipams) of cattle. Am. J. vet. Res., 33: 425–426.  [Google Scholar]; Gibbs and Gupta, 1972 Gibbs, H. C. and Gupta, R. P. 1972. The anthelmintic activity of cambendazole in calves and lambs. Can. J. comp. Med., 36: 108–115.  [Google Scholar]; Baker et al., 1972 Baker, N. F., Walters, G. T., Hjerp, G. A. and Fisk, R. A. 1972. Experimental therapy of Dictyocaulus viviparis infection in cattle with cambendazole. Am. J. vet. Res., 33: 1127–1130.  [Google Scholar]). This paperreports the results of four controlled critical efficacy trials with cambendazole against naturally acquired nematode infections in cattle.     

Malignant hyperthermia in a crossbred landrace-large white pig

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Malignant hyperthermia is a rare and usually fatal complication of general anaesthesia. It occurs in man (Britt and Kalow, 1970 Britt, B. A. and Kalow, W. 1970. Malignant hyperthermia: a statistical review. Can. Anaesth. Soc. J., 17: 293–315. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) and in certain breeds of pigs, the, Landrace (Hall et al., 1966 Hall, L. W., Woolf, N., Bradley, J. W. P. and Jolly, D. W. 1966. An unusal reaction to suxamethonium chloride. Br. med. J., 3: 594–594.  [Google Scholar]; Berman et at, 1970 Berman, M. C., Harrison, G. G. and Bull, A. B. 1970. Changes underlying halothane-induced malignant hyperpyrexia in Landrace pigs. Nature. Lond., 225: 653–655.  [Google Scholar]; Harrison et al., 1970 Harrison, G. G., Berman, M. C., Heekman, R., Bull, A. B., Terblanche, J. and Kench, J. E. 1970. “Anaesthetic induced malignant hyperpyrexia — Some observations of the syndrome in Landrace pigs”. In Ill Asian Australasian Congress of Anesthesiology, Canberra. Butterworths 158–166.  [Google Scholar]) the Poland China (Jones et al., 1972 Jones, E. W., Nelson, T. E., Anderson, I. L., Kerr, D. D. and Burnap, T. K. 1972. Malignant hyperthermia in swine. Anesthesiology, 36: 42–51.  [Google Scholar]), the Pietrain (Allen et al., 1970 Allen, W. M., Harding, J. D. J. and Paterson, D. S. P. 1970. Experimentally induced acute stress syndrome in Pietrain pigs. Vet. Rec., 87: 64–69.  [Google Scholar]) and the Large White (Mawdesley-Thomas, 1969 Mawdesley-Thomas, L. E. 1969. Cited by Allen, W. M. et al. (1970) [Google Scholar]).     

leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo vaccination against leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica infection

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Sir, — Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica is now recognised as a widespread infection among opossums in New Zealand ⁽²⁾ Hathaway, S. C, Blackmore, D. K. and Marshall, R. B. 1978. The serologic and cultural prevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in opossums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. J. Wild Dis., 14: 345–350. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] and the possibility of domestic stock acting as accidental hosts has recently been demonstrated. ⁽³⁾ Mackintosh, C. G., Marshall, R. B. and Blackmore, D. K. 1980. Leptospira interrogans serovar balcanica in cattle. N.Z. vet. J., 28: 268–268. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] With the recent development of hardjo vaccines ⁽¹⁾ Flint, S. H. and Liardet, D. M. 1980. A Trivalent leptospiral vaccine with emphasis on a Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo component to prevent leptospiruria. N.Z. vet. J., 28: 263–266. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] ⁽⁴⁾ Marshall, R. B., Broughton, E. S. and Hellstrom, J. S. 1979. Protection of cattle against natural challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo using a hardjo - pomona vaccine. N.Z. vet. J., 27: 114–116. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] for controlling infection with this serovar in the maintenance hosts, stock could be left vulnerable to infection with other prevalent serovars such as balcanica.     

Potentiated trimethoprim for the therapy of calf scours

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Trimethoprim became generally available 3 years ago, following its original discovery as a unique antibacterial agent for combating diseases of both man and animals (Hitchings and Bushby, 1961 Hitchings, G. H. and Bushby, S. R. M. 5-Benzyl-2, 4-diaminopyrimidines a new class of systemic anti-bacterial agents. 5th Int. Congr. Biochem. Moscow. pp.165–165.  [Google Scholar]; Pugsley et al., 1969 Pugsley, D. G., Mwanje, L., Pearson, C and Blowers, R. 1969. Use of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in tropical Africa: Typhoid fever; Salmonella typhi carriage and Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 95–99. Nov. 1969, Suppl. [Google Scholar]; McGuinness, 1969 McGuinness, B. W. 1969. A combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in upper respiratory infection. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 99–101. Nov. 1969, Suppl. [Google Scholar]; McCaig, 1970 McCaig, J. 1970. A clinical trial using trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in dogs and cats. Vet. Rec., 87: 265–265.  [Google Scholar]; Barnett and Bushby, 1970 Barnett, Margaret and Bushby, S. R. M. 1970. Trimethoprim and the sulphonamides. Vet. Rec., 87: 43–51.  [Google Scholar]; Rehm and White, 1970 Rehm, W. F. and White, G. 1970. A field trial with trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in bacterial diseases of cattle and pigs. Vet. Rec., 87: 39–42.  [Google Scholar]; Craig 1972 Craig, G. R. 1972. The place of potentiated trimethoprim in the therapy of diseases of the skin in dogs and cats. J. small Anim. Pract., 13: 65–70.  [Google Scholar]).     

Genital infection of ram hoggets associated with a gram-negative pleomorphic organism

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An acute epididymitis affecting mainly young rams and associated with a gram-negative pleomorphic organism was first reported in New Zealand in 1955 (1) Dodd, D. C. and Hartley, W. J. 1955. A specific suppurative epididymitis of rams. N.Z. vet. J., 3: 105–110. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]. Subsequently a similar syndrome attributed to Actinobacillus seminis has been reported in Border Leicester and other rams in Australia (2) Baynes, I. D. and Simmons, G. C. 1960. Ovine epididymitis caused by Actinobacillus seminis. N.Sp. Aust. vet. J., 36: 454–459.  [Google Scholar] (3) Simmons, G. C., Baynes, I. D. and Ludford, C. G. 1966. Epidemiology of Actinobacillus seminis in a flock of Border Leicester sheep. Aust. vet. J., 42: 183–187.  [Google Scholar] (4) Baynes, I. D. and Simmons, G. C. 1968. Clinical and pathological studies of Border Leicester rams naturally infected with Actinobacillus seminis. Aust. vet. J., 44: 339–343.  [Google Scholar]. A like condition also described in Australia in a single crossbred ram was causally attributed to Histophilus ovis (5) Claxton, P. D. and Everett, R. E. 1966. Recovery of an organism resembling Histophilus ovis from a ram. Aust. vet. J., 42: 457–458.  [Google Scholar]. Actinobacillus seminis was isolated from an epididymal infection in a Rambouillet ram in America (6) Livingston, C. W. and Hardy, W. T. 1964. Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis from ovine epididymitis. Am. J. vet. Res., 25: 660–663.  [Google Scholar] and from a Dorper ram in South Africa(7) Worthingron, R. W. and Bosman, P. P. 1968. Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis in South Africa. J I. S. Aft. vet. med. Ass., 39: 81–85.  [Google Scholar].     

Diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in a horse

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Spontaneous glomerulonephritis has been considered an uncommon and ill-defined disease in domestic animals (Jubb and Kennedy, 1970 Jubb, K. V. F. and Kennedy, P. C. 1970. Pathology of Domestic Animals, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, 296–298. New York: Academic Press.  [Google Scholar]). In a survey of 236 cases of nephritis in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs, Langham and Hallman (1941 Langham, R. F. and Hallman, E. I. 1941. The incidence of glomerulonephritis in domesticated animals. J. Am. vet. Med. Ass., 99: 471–475.  [Google Scholar]) detected primary glomerular abnormalities in only 7. However, recent studies incorporating electron microscopic, or immunofluorescence examination, or both, of renal tissue suggest that glomerulonephritis is not uncommon. During the past 5 years it has been reported in sheep (Angus et al., 1973 Angus, K. W., Gardiner, A. C., Sykes, A. R. and Davison, A. M. 1973. A rapidly progressing mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis in Finnish Landrace lambs. Vet. Rec., 92: 337–338.  [Google Scholar]), dogs (Krohn et al., 1973 Krohn, K., Jokelainen, P. I. and Sandholm, M. 1973. Light and electron microscopic observations on glomerular changes in canine interstitial nephritis. Acta path., microbiol. scand. Section A, 81: 461–473.  [Google Scholar]) and cats (Slauson et al., 1971 Slauson, D. O., Russell, S. W. and Schechter, R. D. 1971. Naturally occurring immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the cat. J. Path., 103: 131–133.  [Google Scholar]; Farrow and Huxtable, 1971 Farrow, B. R. H. and Huxtable, C. R. R. 1971. Membranous nephropathy and the nephrotic syndrome in the cat. J. comp. Path., 81: 463–467.  [Google Scholar]), and in 6 of 45 horses examined at a commercial slaughterhouse in the U.S.A. (Banks and Henson, 1972 Banks, K. L. and Henson, J. B. 1972. Immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis of horses. II. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody and other mechanisms in spontaneous disease. Lab. Invest., 26: 708–715.  [Google Scholar]).     

Toxicity of zinc in ruminants in relation to facial eczema

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The toxicity of zinc salts to ruminants has been studied by Ott et al (4) Ott, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. I. Effect of high levels of dietary zinc on gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency of lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 414–481. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (5) Ott, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. II. Effects of high levels of dietary zinc on gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 419–423. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (6) Ott, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B., Stob, M., Parker, E. H. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. III. Physiological changes in tissues and alterations in rumen metabolism in lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 424–431. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] (7) Ou, E. A., Smith, W. H., Harrington, R. B., Parker, H. E. and Beeson, W. M. 1966. Zinc toxicity in ruminants. IV. Physiological changes in tissues of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 25: 432–428.  [Google Scholar] and others (3) Miller, W. J., Clifton, C. M., Fowler, P. R. and Perkins, H. F. 1965. Influence of high levels of dietary zinc on zinc in milk, performance and biochemistry of lactating cows. J Dairv Sci., 48: 450–453.  [Google Scholar] (16) Zurcher, T. D. 1970. “A study of the zinc requirement of beef cattle”. In PhD Thesis, Purdue University.  [Google Scholar] (2) Feaster, J. P., Hansard, S. L., McCall, J. T., Skipper, F. H. and Davis, G. K. 1954. Absorption and tissue distribution of radio zinc in steers fed high-zinc rations. J Anim. Sci., 13: 781–788.  [Google Scholar] (12) Thompson, A., Hansard, S. L. and Bell, M. C. 1959. The influence of aluminium and zinc upon absorption and retention of calcium and phosphorous in lambs. Anim. Sci., 18: 187–197.  [Google Scholar] (9) Rosenberger, G. and Gruender, H. D. 1975. “Experiments on the toxicity of zinc dusts in cattle”. In 20th World Veterinary Congress Summaries Vol. 2 Thessaloniki Greece 920–921.  [Google Scholar]. In much of this work zinc has been incorporated in the feed, a situation more applicable to intensive feedlot farming rather than the New Zealand pastoral situation, or the zinc has been fed for limited periods of time with the possibility that the full potential of zinc for causing toxicity has not been realised.     

Importance of the ewe as a source of trichostrongyle infection for lambs: Control of the spring-rise phenomenon by a single postlambing anthelmintic treatment

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There are two principal sources of initial infection for the young lamb, the ewe grazing with it and the residual pasture infection resulting from any previous grazing. Several workers (Hawkins et al., 1944 Hawkins, P. A., Cole, C. L., Kline, E. E. and Drudge, J. H. 1944. Studies of sheep parasites. I. The course of untreated nematode infections. Vet. Med., 39: 154–161.  [Google Scholar]; Leiper, 1951 Leiper, J. W. G. 1951. Anew approach to phenothiazine therapy in sheep. Vet. Rec., 63: 885–889.  [Google Scholar]; Spedding and Brown, 1956 Spedding, C. R. W. and Brown, T. H. 1956. The “spring rise” in the nematode egg-count of sheep. J. Helminth., 29: 171–178. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Spedding, 1962 Spedding, C. R. W. 1962. Modern trends in animal health and husbandry. The agricultural ecology of sheep grazing. Brit. vet. J., 118: 461–481.  [Google Scholar]; Crofton, 1958 Crofton, H. D. 1958. Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms. V. Further observations on the post-parturient rise and a discussion of its significance. Parasitology, 48: 243–250.  [Google Scholar]; Soulsby, 1962 Soulsby, E. J. L. 1962. “Immunity to helminths and its effect on helminth infections”. In Animal Health and Production, 165–183. London: Butterworths.  [Google Scholar]) believe that the former is generally the more important.     

Caprine arthritis encephalitis

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Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a disease of goats of any breed, sex and age, caused by a retrovirus related to, but distinct from, the maedi-visna virus which affects sheep.(4) Gazit, A., Yaniv, A., Divr, M., Perk, K., Irving, S.G. and Dahlberg, J.E. 1983. The caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is a distinct virus within the lentivirus group. Virology, 124: 192–195.  [Google Scholar] (10) Roberson, Susan M., McGuire, T.C., Klevjer-Anderson, Paula, Gorham, J.R. and Cheevers, W.P. 1982. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is distinct from visna and progressive pneumonia viruses as measured by genome sequency homology. J. Virol., 44: 755–758. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] Both infections are included among the so-called slow virus diseases which are characterised by a long incubation period, protracted clinical course and persistent infection. Maedi-visna is not present in New Zealand but CAE has been detected in a number of goat flocks.     

Experimental Ostertagia infection of sheep: Pathology following a single high dose of larvae

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Poisoning of cattle and sheep with superphosphate where the fertilizer was stored within reach of the animals has been reported by Romanenko (1954 Romanenko, K. L. 1954. Poisoning of farm animals with superphosphate. Veterinariya, 31(8): 52–52.  [Google Scholar]). In New Zealand losses of pregnant and lactating ewes grazing pastures topdressed with phosphatic fertilizers have been recognixed for several years, and records kept since 1965 show that 39 outbreaks have been reported to Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory (P. J. O'Hara, pers. comm.). Swan and McIntosh (1952 Swan, J. B. and Mcintosh, I. G. 1952. The toxicity of North African phosphate and superphosphate to milking cows. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 12: 83–88.  [Google Scholar]) have described the toxicity to dairy cows of grazing pasture topdressed with North African phosphate and superphosphate. The toxic factor was later identified as fluorine (Animal Research Division of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture Reports 1952–3, p. 28; 1953–4, p. 34; 1954–5, p. 35). Phosphatic fertilizers are known to contain 1 to 4% fluorine (Caro, 1964 Caro, J. H. 1964. Superphosphate. Its History, Chemistry and Manufacture, Washington, D.C.: USDA arid TVA. In [Google Scholar]), and the danger of poisoning stock with fluorine in untreated phosphates used as feed supplements has been described by many authors (Emmerling, 1902 Emmerling, A. 1902. Warning against the use of toxiccalcium phosphate in feed. Milchzeitung, 31: 728–728.  [Google Scholar]; Dammann and Manegold, 1904 Dammann, C. and Manegold, O. 1904. Poisonings by fluorine-containing calcium phosphate used as a feed supplement. Dt tierarztl. Wscht., 12: 129–131.  [Google Scholar]; Gardiner, 1930 Gardner, U. R. 1930. Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 201–201. Michigan State College. June 30 [Google Scholar]; Phillips et al., 1934 Phillips, P. H., Hart, E. B. and Bohstedt, G. 1934. Chronic toxicosis in dairy cows due to the ingestion of fluorine. Wisconsin Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull., 123: 1–3.  [Google Scholar]; Hatfield et al., 1942 Hatfield, J. D., Shrewsbury, C. L. and Doyle, L. P. 1942. The value of rock phosphate as a supplement for sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 1: 59–59.  [Google Scholar]; Udall, 1947 Udall, D. H. 1947. The Practice of Veterinary Medicine, 5th ed., 724–725. Ithaca, New York: Udall.  [Google Scholar]; Fincher, 1952 Fincher, M. G. 1952. Fluorine Poisoning in Cattle. Report of the New York State Veterinary College of Cornell University 1950–51, : 34–34.  [Google Scholar]; Harris et al., 1952 Harris, L. E., Baird, G. T., Bateman, G. Q., Binns, W., Draper, C. I., Greenwood, D. A., Henderson, G. R., Jenkins, W. R., Rich, L. H., Thorne, D. W. and Wann, F. B. 1952. Recommended practices to reduce fluorosis in livestock and poultry. Utah State Agric. Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ., : 130–130.  [Google Scholar]; Crampton, 1954 Crampton, E. W. 1954. Fluorosis in dairy cows traced to rations. Can. Milling and Feed, 35(12): 24–26.  [Google Scholar]; Dale and Crampton, 1955 Dale, G. D. and Crampton, E. W. 1955. Observations on chronic fluorosis in dairy cattle. Can. J. comp. Med., 19: 6–16.  [Google Scholar]; Snook, 1962 Snook, L. C. 1962. Rock phosphate in stock feeds. The fluorine hazard. Aust. vet. J., 38: 42–47.  [Google Scholar]; Rek, 1967 Rek, L. 1967. Tolerance to dietary fluorine by farm animals. Agrochemia, 7: 334–336.  [Google Scholar]; Agarwala et al, 1971 Agarwala, O. N., Nath, K. and Mahadevan, V. 1971. Use of superphosphate as a phosphorus supplement for lambs — effect on calcination or supplementation with oral cobalt or parenteral vitamin B₁₂. J. agric. Sci., Camb., 77: 467–471.  [Google Scholar]).     

Cutaneous antigen-antibody reactions in the sheep

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It is clear that the early permeability response in the sheep that follows chemical and thermal injury, is mediated by histamine (Lancaster and Vegad, 1967 Lancaster, M. C. and Vegad, J. L. 1967. Suppression of the early inflammatory response in the sheep by strophanthin G. Nature, Lond., 213: 840–841.  [Google Scholar]; Vegad, 1971a Vegad, J. L. 1971a. Effect of thermal injury on vascular permeability in the sheep. Indian J. exp. Biol., 9: 111–112.  [Google Scholar], b Vegad, J. L. 1971b. Leucocyte emigration following intradermal injection of histamine, 5-hydroxytrypta-mine and bradykinin in the sheep. Indian J. exp Biol., 9: 113–114.  [Google Scholar]). This is similar to the situation in the rat and the guinea-pig (Spector and Willoughby, 1965 Spector, W. G. and Willoughby, D. A. 1965. The Inflammatory Process, Edited by: Zwiefach, B. W., Grant, L. and Mc-Cluskey, R. T. 427–427. New York: Academic Press. In [Google Scholar]). In contrast to the situation in the rat and the guinea-pig, various nucleosides (Vegad, 1970c Vegad, J. L. 1970c. Effect of hyaluronidase and nucleosides on vascular permeability in sheep and its suppression by mepyramine maleate. Indian J. exp. Biol., 8: 141–142.  [Google Scholar]), hyaluronidase (Vegad, 1970c Vegad, J. L. 1970c. Effect of hyaluronidase and nucleosides on vascular permeability in sheep and its suppression by mepyramine maleate. Indian J. exp. Biol., 8: 141–142.  [Google Scholar]), 5-hydroxytryptamine, turpentine-induced pleural exudates and the lymph node cell extracts also release histamine in the sheep skin (Vegad, 1967 Fischel, E. E. and Kabat, E. A. 1947. Quantitative study of Arthus phenomenon induced passively in rabbit. J. Immun., 55: 337–343.  [Google Scholar]). From these results it was thought possible that cutaneous antigen-antibody reactions might also release histamine in the sheep, and this possibility has been investigated in the present experiments.     

Colitis X in the horse

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Colitis X is a peracute, sporadic noncontagious disease affecting horses of all ages, characterized by sudden onset of shock, dehydration and foetid diarrhoea (Rooney et al., 1963 Rooney, J. R., Bryan's, J. T. and Doll, E. R. 1963. Colitis “X” of horses. J. Am. vet. Med. Ass., 142: 510–511.  [Google Scholar]; Pickrell, 1968 Pickrell, J. W. 1968. Equine killer: Colitis X. Med. vet. Pract., 49: 63–66.  [Google Scholar]). Rooney et al. (1966 Rooney, J. R., Bryans, J. T., Prickett, M. E. and Zent, W. W. 1966. Exhaustion shock in the horse. Cornell Vet., 56: 220–235. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]) have described a form of colitis X without diarrhoea. Otubreaks of the disease which affected numerous horses under the same conditions of management have been described (Rooney et al., 1963 Rooney, J. R., Bryan's, J. T. and Doll, E. R. 1963. Colitis “X” of horses. J. Am. vet. Med. Ass., 142: 510–511.  [Google Scholar]; W. P. C. Richards, pers. comm.).     

Acute enteritis and deaths in sheep from Salmonella hindmarsh associated with oral dosing with zinc oxide

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Madam:– The administration of zinc salts to sheep at the time they are exposed to spores of Pithomyces chartarum will reduce the amount of liver damage from the mycotoxin contained in these spores.(7 Smith, B.L., Embling, P.P., Towers, N.R., Wright, D.E. and Payne, E. 1977. The protective effect of zinc sulphate in experimental sporidesmin poisoning of sheep. N.Z. vet. J., 25: 124–127. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar])(10 Towers, N.R., Smith, B.L., Wright, D.E. and Sinclair, D.P. 1975. Preventing facial eczema by using zinc. Proc. Ruakura Farmers Conference 1975, : 57–61.  [Google Scholar])(11 Towers, N.R., Wright, D.E., Aitken, W.M., Smith, B.L., Sim, A.L. and Sinclair, D.P. 1976. Zinc and facial eczema. Proc. Ruakura Farmers Conference 1976, : 65–68.  [Google Scholar]) It is a recommended practice in facial eczema susceptible areas of New Zealand.(9 Towers, N.R. and Smith, B.L. 1983. Facial eczema. Zinc dosing for prevention. Revised recommendations 1984, AgLink FPP 496 end revise [Google Scholar]) We wish to report a suspected outbreak of salmonellosis that occurred only in a ZnO-dosed group of trial animals and suggest that there may be an association between ZnO administration and salmonellosis.     

Experimental Eperythrozoon ovis infection of sheep

Abstract

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Eperythrozoon ovis is an epi-erythrocytic sheep parasite of uncertain classification with a world-wide distribution (Sutton, 1970 Sutton, R. H. 1970. Eperythrozoon ovis — a blood parasite of sheep. N.Z vet. J., 18: 156–164. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), but whether eperythrozoonosis is a disease of economic importance remains unresolved. In Scotland, Foggie and Nisbet (1964 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1964. Studies on Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. J. comp. Path., 74: 45–61.  [Google Scholar]), found that experimentally E. ovis caused a clinical anaemia, occasionally with jaundice, but there was no significant difference in weight gain between infected and control sheep. Similar observations in naturally infected sheep were recorded in Norway by Overas (1969 Overas, I. 1969. Studies on Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep. Acta vet. Scand., Suppl. 28 [Google Scholar]), and in Australia by Harbutt (1969b Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1969b. The effect of Eperythrozoon ovis infection on body weight gain and haematology of lambs in Victoria. Aust. vet. J., 45: 500–504.  [Google Scholar]), Other Australian authors have found infection by this parasite; associated with outbreaks of ill-thrift in lambs (Sheriff et al., 1966 Sheriff, D., Clapp, K. H. and Reid, A. Marjorie. 1966. Eperythrozoon ovis infection in South Australia. Aust. vet. J., 42: 169–176.  [Google Scholar]) and severe anaemia with some mortality (Littlejohns, 1960 Littlejohns, I. R. 1960. Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Aust. vet. f., 36: 260–265.  [Google Scholar]; Maxwell, 1969 Maxwell, J. A. L. 1969. Eperythrozoon ovis infection in Western Australia. Ausf. vet. J., 45: 436–436.  [Google Scholar]; Campbell et al., 1971 Campbell, R. W., Sloan, C. A. and Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1971. Observations on mortality in lambs in Victoria associated with Eperythrozoon ovis. Aust. vet. J., 47: 538–541.  [Google Scholar]). Although the presence of strains of different pathogenicity has been suggested (Foggie and Nisbet, 1964 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1964. Studies on Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. J. comp. Path., 74: 45–61.  [Google Scholar], 1966 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1966. Eperyihrozoon ovis. Vet. Rec., 79: 297–298.  [Google Scholar]; Harbutt, 1969a Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1969a. The incidence and clinical significance of Eperythrozoon ovis infections of sheep in Victoria. Ausf vet. J., 45: 493–499.  [Google Scholar]), other factors influencing the disease should also be considered (Littlejohns, 1960 Littlejohns, I. R. 1960. Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Aust. vet. f., 36: 260–265.  [Google Scholar]).     

Serological evidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in lambs

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Madam;–The results of field trials of a live parainfluenza virus type3(PI₃)vaccine suggested that(PI₃)might not be the only virus involved in the initiation of outbreaks of pneumonia in lambs in New Zealand,(5 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar])The outbreaks that were not associated with infection with(PI₃)could not be linked to infection with the other ovine respiratory viruses then known to be present in New Zealand (ovine adenovirus type 6 and the ovine variant of bovine adenovirus type 7)((1 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]),(4 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]),(5 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar])suggesting that other unrecognised viruses might be involved. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of pneumonia in human infants and in cattle.(8 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar])This virus has recently been isolated from a yearling ewe with mild rhinitis(6 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar])and there is serological evidence of infection in adult sheep.(3 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]),(6 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar])However, there are no reports implicating this virus in outbreaks of pneumonia in lambs, although experimental infection of lambs with a bovine isolate of RSV resulted in reduced pulmonary bacterial clearance leading to secondary pneumonic pasteurellosis.(2 Adair, B.M., McFerran, J.B. and McKillop, E.R. 1982. A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand. Arch. Virol., 74: 269–269. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar])     

Rhinitis and sinusitis involving Aspergillus fumigatus in a dog

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Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are ubiquitous, but their involvement in clinical disease in man and other mammals is relatively uncommon. When involved in a disease process they are generally considered to be a secondary complicating factor to other underlying local or systemic conditions (Zimmerman, 1955 Zimmerman, L. E. 1955. Fatal fungus infections complicating other diseases. Am. J. clin. Path., 25: 46–65.  [Google Scholar]; Smith, 1962 Smith, D. T. 1962. Symposium Summation. Lab. Invest., 11: 1239–1241.  [Google Scholar]; Cordes and Shortridge, 1968 Cook, W. R., Campbell, R. S. F. and Dawson, C. 1968. The pathology and aetiology of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse. Vet. Rec., 83: 422–438.  [Google Scholar]; Kilman et al, 1969 Kilman, T. W., Ahn, C., Andrews, M. C. and Klassen, K. 1969. Surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis. J., thorac. cardiovasc. Surg., 57: 642–647.  [Google Scholar]; McCausland, 1972 McCausland, I. P. 1972. Systemic mycoses in two cats. N.Z. vet. J., 20: 10–12. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]).     

The occurrence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea,infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 viruses in sera from New Zealand cattle

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Despite many viruses having been isolated from bovine respiratory and intestinal tracts, only those of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD), bovine parainfluenza 3 (PI 3) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR) have so far been associated with specific clinical complexes. Serological surveys have demonstrated the wide geographical distribution of all three viruses (Huck, 1962 Hack, R. A. 1962. Some recently isolated viruses from cattle. Vet. Bull., 32: 493–504.  [Google Scholar]; Paterson, 1962 Paterson, A. B. 1962. Virus diseases in calves. Vet. Rec., 74: 1384–1389.  [Google Scholar]; French and Snowdon, 1964 French, E. L. and Snowdon, W. A. 1964. Mucosal disease in Australian cattle. Aust. vet. J., 40: 99–105.  [Google Scholar]; Dawson and Darbyshire, 1964 Dawson, P. S. and Darbyshire, J. H. 1964. The occurrence and distribution in the United Kingdom of antibodies to parainfluenza 3 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses in bovine sera. Vet. Rec., 76: 111–115.  [Google Scholar]), although so far only IBR has been confirmed as being present in New Zealand (Webster and Manktelow, 1959 Webster, R. G. and Manktelow, B. W. 1959. Some observations on bovine rhinotracheitis in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 7: 143–148. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). However, in view of a previous outbreak of a mucosal-like disease (Salisbury etal., 1961 Salisbury, R. M., Hartley, W. J., Mcintosh, I. G., Hansen, N. F., Te Punga, W. A. and Jamieson, S. 1961. A mucosal disease-like syndrome of cattle in New Zealand. Bull. Off. int. Epiz., 56: 62–79.  [Google Scholar]) together with the frequent occurrence of upper respiratory tract symptoms, it seemed most unlikely that other members of this virus trio would be absent from cattle in this country.     

The microflora of the cervix of the thoroughbred mare: A clinical and bacteriological survey in a large-animal practice in Hastings

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Many reports concerned with the microflora of the genital tract in thoroughbred mares stress the potential pathogenic significance of the haemolytic streptococci. Many years ago, Dimock (1929 Dimock, W. W. 1929. Breeding diseases of the horse. J. Am. vet. med. Ass., 74: 327–335.  [Google Scholar], 1939 Dimock, W. W. 1939. Equine breeding hygiene. J. Am. vet. med. Ass., 94: 469–478.  [Google Scholar]) and Dimock and Edwards (1928) Dimock, W. W. and Edwards, P. R. 1928. The pathology and bacteriology of the reproductive organs of mares in relation to sterility. Ky agric. exp. Stn Bull., 286: 287–339.  [Google Scholar] associated the haemolytic streptococci with persistent endometritis, sterility and deaths in foals up to 2 to 4 weeks after birth. In Holland, Ressang (1954) Ressang, A. 1954. “Sterility in Mares. A clinical, bacteriological and histopathological investigation”. In Thesis, State University of Utrecht.  [Google Scholar] isolated haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield's Group C from 34 of 153 (22%) mares offered for examination because of poor breeding performance. Ressang noted that mares with streptococcal endometritis were not likely to show satisfactory fertility even after the infection had apparently been eliminated. Haemolytic streptococci have also been associated with infertility in mares in Turkey (Pusat, 1955 Pusat, M. M. 1955. Kisraklarin sikit amili streptococlarin tipleri ve streptococcus genitalium uzerinde bir munakasa. Turk vet. Hekim. Dern. Derg., 24: 2,039–2,047.  [Google Scholar]), in the United Kingdom (Moran and Cronin, 1957 Moran, A. B. and Cronin, M. T. 1957. Organisms isolated from the uteri of thoroughbred mares. J. comp. Path., 67: 106–109.  [Google Scholar]) and in Ireland (Farrelly and Mullaney, 1964 Farrelly, B. T. and Mullaney, P. E. 1964. Cervical and uterine infection in thoroughbred mares. Ir. vet. J., 18: 201–212.  [Google Scholar]). In Australia, Bain (1966) Bain, A. M. 1966. The role of infection in infertility in the thoroughbred mare. Vet. Rec., 78: 168–173.  [Google Scholar] noted that 12% of infected mares at stud in the Hunter district of New South Wales harboured beta-haemolytic strepotcocci in the genital tract. This organism was considered the most serious pathogen encountered as only 40% of these mares infected with haemolytic streptococci produced a live foal in the first year following infection: 35% had still not completed a successful pregnancy within the subsequent 3-year period.     

A mass screening programme of angus cattle for the mannosidosis genotype — A prototype programme for control of inherited diseases in animals

Abstract

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Recent research has shown that the gene frequency for mannosidosis (pseudolipidosis) may approximate 0.05 in pedigree Angus herds (Jolly, unpublished data). As epidemiological studies suggest an equal frequency in commercial non-pedigree herds, the disease is elf economic importance to the national beef industry. Mannosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disease associated with a defect in catabolism, of the heterosaccharide fractioln of glycoproteins (Whittem and Walker, 1957 Donnelly, W. J. C., Sheahan, B. J. and Rogers, T. A. 1973a. GM₁ gangliosidosis in Friesian calves. J. Path., 111: 173–179.  [Google Scholar]; Jolly 1971 Donnelly, W. J. C., Sheahan, B. J. and Kelly, M. 1973b. Bet α-galactosidase deficiency in GM₁ gangliosidosis of Friesian calves. Res. vet. Sci., 15: 139–141.  [Google Scholar]; Hocking et al., 1972 Hocking, J. D., Jolly, R. D. and Batt, R. D. 1972. Deficiency of α-mannosidase in Angus cattle. Biochem. J., 128: 69–78.  [Google Scholar]; Phillips et al., 1974 Jolly, R. D. 1971. The pathology of the central nervous system in pseudolipidosis of Argus cattle. J. Path., 103: 113–121.  [Google Scholar]). Whereas animals with mannosidosis have negligible tissue sand plasma levels of α-mannosidase, heterozygotes having one normal gene and one defective gene have approximately half the normal level of enzyme in their tissues and plasma. This observation forms the basis for a control programme in which heterozygotes are identified by their plasma α-mannosidase 1evels (Jolly et al., 1973 Jolly, R. D., Tse, C. A. and Greenway, R. M. 1973. Plasma α-mannosidase activity as a means of detecting mannosidosis heterozygotes. N.Z. vet. J., 21: 64–69. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], 1974a Jolly, R. D., Thompson, K. G., Tse, C. A., Munford, R. E. and Merrall, M. 1974a. Identification of mannosidosis heterozygotes — factors affecting normal plasma α-mannosidase levels. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 155–162. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar], b Jolly, R. D., Thompson, K. G. and Tse, C. A. 1974b. Evaluation of a mass screening programme for identification of mannosidosis heterozygotes in Angus cattle. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 185–190. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]).