测定位置与管理因素对猪舍中氨气测量值的影响

对畜舍环境中氨气浓度的测定是评价畜舍环境或评价氨的控制技术的常用方法。本试验研究了测定位置与管理因素对猪舍中氨气测量值的影响,并对温度、湿度对畜舍中氨气浓度进行了回归分析研究。结果表明：氨气值随测定高度增加减少,通风、清粪对氨气浓度的影响极显著;温度和湿度明显影响氨的浓度,猪舍中氨气与温度（T）、相对湿度（RH）的回归方程为YNH3=0．560T＋4．602RH-8．559（P〈0．01）。     

冬季猪舍内温湿度与有害气体分布规律研究

本试验旨在研究冬季不同类型猪舍(妊娠舍、分娩舍和保育舍)内温度、相对湿度、风速、氨气(NH3)和二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的变化规律、分布情况及其影响因素,为完善猪场的环境调控措施提供理论依据。本试验采用1412型光声多点气体检测仪,RC-4HC温湿度计以及Testo425型风速仪,分别监测猪舍内的NH3和CO2、温湿度和风速的动态变化。监测高度设在距离地面0.8m和1.5m处,每日间隔2小时监测1次,连续监测3d。结果显示:分娩舍内的温湿度最高,其次为保育舍,妊娠舍最低;而风速则相反,妊娠舍内风速最高,其次为保育舍,分娩舍最低;妊娠舍、分娩舍和保育舍内的NH3浓度范围分别为9.16~11.17mg/m^3,9.52~10.79mg/m^3和8.08~8.31mg/m^3;CO2浓度范围分别为2687~4107mg/m^3,3084~3792mg/m^3,1654~2233mg/m^3;通过三个舍内环境因子的相关性分析,温度、湿度、NH3与CO2彼此间显著相关。研究表明NH3浓度水平表现为分娩舍>妊娠舍>保育舍>舍外,四者均未超过国家标准(20mg/m^3)。CO2浓度水平表现为分娩舍>妊娠舍>保育舍>舍外,三种类型猪舍浓度均超过国家标准(1500mg/m^3)。     

环境温度、湿度等因素对家禽体温调节的影响及评估模型

温热环境是影响家禽福利、健康以及生产性能的重要因素。家禽属恒温动物,当环境温度、湿度等因素改变时,可通过调节自身产热和散热维持体温恒定,因此家禽体温调节的变化是反映温热环境舒适程度的重要指标。本文针对环境温度、湿度、风速对家禽产热量、采食量、蒸发散热量、呼吸频率、皮肤温度、深层体温等体温调节指标的影响进行了总结和分析,为今后研究、建立家禽舒适环境模型,科学调控家禽舍内温热环境提供参考。     

The detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine faeces by isolation and the comparison of isolation with the examination of stained smears by light microscopy

The detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis organisms in bovine faeces by isolation was compared with that by the microscopical examination of Ziehl-Neelsen stained faecal smears for the presence of clumps of acid-fast M. paratuberculosis organisms. Faeces were obtained from cattle naturally or experimentally infected with M. paratuberculosis as well as from uninfected cattle. Microscopical examination was an unreliable method for the detection of M. paratuberculosis organisms since the organisms were only detected in 99 (=55.9%) of 177 culturally positive faecal samples. In addition, clumps of acid-fast organisms indistinguishable from M. paratuberculosis were also observed in three of 18 samples from cattle free from Johne's disease and in 18 of 37 culturally negative samples from paratuberculous cattle. When M. paratuberculosis organisms were added to faeces from an uninfected cow, results showed that isolation attempts should be positive when 15 or more M. paratuberculosis organisms per gram of faeces are present.     

尿素精料和碱化秸秆在幼羊全混合日粮中的应用效果

选用 １２ 只两月龄东北细毛公幼羊,按体重大小随机分为 ４ 组,测定不同加工处理全混合日粮（ＴＭ Ｒ）对其生产性能的影响,并分析ＴＭ Ｒ饲养的经济效益。试验结果表明,在含玉米秸的ＴＭＲ 中以尿素精料等氮代替豆饼,在不降低幼羊生产性能的前提下（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,使每千克增重的饲料费用降低２６．４４％ ;在含尿素精料的 ＴＭＲ 中,玉米秸的碱化处理虽未显著影响幼羊的日增重及日采食 ＴＭ Ｒ 量（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,但却使ＴＭＲ 转化率提高了 ２１．５２％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,而且每千克增重的饲料费用降低 １１．２５％ ;对含尿素精料及碱化玉米秸的ＴＭＲ 进行颗粒化加工,与加工前相比,试羊日增重、日采食 ＴＭＲ 量及其转化率分别提高了 １６１．９２％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０１）、８８．７４％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０１）及２８．０１％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,每千克增重的饲料费用降低１７．６４％ 。     

温热环境对育肥猪体温调节的影响规律

环境温湿度是影响育肥猪福利、生长及健康的重要因素。猪属于恒温动物,当环境温湿度发生变化时,可以通过调整自身的产热量、采食量、呼吸频率、皮肤温度及体核温度等指标来维持产热和散热的平衡,从而在一定温湿度范围内维持体温的恒定。本文总结和分析了育肥猪在不同环境温湿度条件下体温调节指标发生剧烈变化的顺序,判断不同温度下育肥猪的舒适状态,为今后研究、建立猪舒适环境参数,科学调控猪舍内的温热环境提供参考。     

一种无毒环保的荔枝保鲜技术

荔枝可先用泡沫箱包装,再放入普通冷柜或冷库进行冷藏保鲜,该技术有别于传统的保鲜技术,但效果明显实用,操作简单,过程无需浸泡杀菌剂,也无需特殊处理。     

Effect of colostrum treated by heat on immunological parameters in newborn lambs

Seventeen newborn lambs were fed with untreated colostrum (group A) and 18 lambs were fed with colostrum treated by heat (56 °C, 30 min) (group B). Blood samples were obtained at seven time points from day 0 to 38 of life. Clinical status and body weight were recorded and serum protein fractions and IgG levels were determined in blood. Phagocytosis of neutrophils from the lambs and opsonic capacity of their serum were examined using a flow cytometry method. As an indicator of in vivo cellular immunity, reactions to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were examined at 8 and 16 days of age. There were no clinical signs of disease and no significant differences in body weight between groups. Lambs from group B had lower total protein initially and lower γ-globulin and IgG levels until day 32 compared to lambs from group A (P < 0.01). Heat treatment of colostrum had no significant effect on serum opsonic capacity or phagocytosis by neutrophils and these functions increased with age. However, responses to PHA in lambs from group B were lower (P < 0.01) than group A at day 8 of life, but not at day 16, suggesting that cellular immunity was affected by the treatment of colostrum. These results showed that colostrum treated by heat impaired cellular and IgG levels in lambs, but not phagocytic function. However, these changes did not affect the health or performance of the lambs.     

饲草型全混合日粮对羔羊肉品质的影响

为探讨不同配方饲粮饲喂羔羊时对其肉质的影响,选用巴彦淖尔市较为丰富的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)秸秆、玉米(Zea mays)秸秆和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)渣等饲草资源,结合饲草GI分级指数和饲草组合效应理论,配制出羔羊育肥专用饲草型全混合日粮(TMR),通过人工模拟瘤胃法筛选出消化率较高的2种.以传统日粮(优质青干草+精料型)为对照,通过饲喂巴寒F1羔羊对2种全混日粮影响羔羊屠宰性能和肉质情况进行分析.结果表明:饲喂TMR1和TMR2组日粮均改善了羔羊的屠宰性能,各项屠宰指标显著优于饲喂CK组日粮羔羊(P     

Familial episodic ataxia in lambs

Abstract

HISTORY: A similar episodic neurological disorder occurred in new born lambs on two unrelated properties involving disparate breeds of sheep. Because of the number of lambs born, cross-breeding and the fact it occurred in some mating groups and not others, a dominant mode of inheritance was, initially and separately, suspected in each case. The sires of affected lambs were apparently normal. Whereas one was New Zealand Romney, the other was a composite breed with East Friesian genetics, but both rams originated from the same source property. To investigate the pathogenesis of the disorder these two rams were acquired and mated with unrelated sheep, under experimental conditions in a more controlled environment.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: A proportion of lambs born to both sires exhibited a similar neurological disorder. Some lambs were noted to be abnormal at birth, both on home properties and in the experimental flock. They tended to adopt a head and neck extended posture and were slow to get to their feet and suckle when they then became more or less normal. When forced to move, they and other more robust lambs elicited an asymmetric gait, base-wide extensor hypertonia (hypometria) of thoracic limbs and flexor hypertonia (hypermetria) of pelvic limbs. In some there was nystagmus. After several metres of asymmetric ataxic gait they would fall to one side, sometimes adopting a sitting position. Recovery usually occurred in one to several minutes. As lambs aged, it became more difficult to elicit the episodes of dysfunction and by 6 months of age they appeared normal.

DIAGNOSIS: The disorder was diagnosed as a dominant familial episodic cerebellovestibular ataxia inherited as a dominant trait, with incomplete penetration of observed clinical signs and variable expressivity.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A proportion of affected lambs are likely to die in the neonatal period so the specific nature of the disorder may go unrecognised. Because of incomplete penetrance and varying expressivity, many of the lambs carrying this mutation will survive without showing clinical signs and may enter breeding flocks, where the disorder may be perpetuated and contribute to neonatal deaths.     

毕节地区干草调制研究

中国南方喀斯特地区干草调制受限于诸多自然因素,客观上阻碍了该类地区草食畜牧业的发展,本研究在喀斯特典型地区贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区选取扁穗雀麦（Bromus cartharticus）、高羊茅（Festuca elata）、鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）、菊苣（Cichorium intybus）、紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、白三叶（Trifolium repens）、红三叶（T. pratense）、多年生黑麦（Lolium perenne）8种牧草进行田间自然晾晒,记录各时间段牧草的重量、空气温度和湿度,并对历年该地区气候进行浅析,重点分析近3年来4、5、6、7月份的最高温和最低温变化,通过对该地区8种主要栽培牧草的干燥过程和水分散失规律的研究,结合多年降水和气温变化规律,分析该地区调制干草的可行性,以期为喀斯特地区畜牧业的发展提供一些数据支撑。结果表明,1）4种禾本科牧草的干燥速率明显优于3种豆科牧草和菊苣;2）从外观评价角度出发,白三叶、红三叶、菊苣均不适合进行牧草晾晒;3）在选择的影响指标中,对干草晾晒的影响程度表现为晾晒时间＞空气湿度＞温度;4）综合分析各气候因子,在贵州毕节地区7月份最适合进行干草调制;5）干草调制具备可观的经济收益。     

呼和浩特地区牛舍内温湿度变化规律和奶牛冷热应激判定

试验旨在研究呼和浩特地区奶牛舍内温湿度的年度变化规律,为冷热应激的防控提供依据。采用全自动温湿度记录仪记录舍内温湿度,从2013年1月1日到2013年12月31日,共记录了17 520个数据。再依据温度和相对湿度,计算温湿度指数(THI)和综合指数(CCI)。结果表明,从1月1日到12月31日,奶牛舍内温度、THI和CCI呈先升高后下降的趋势,7和1月份分别为最热和最冷的月份;相对湿度呈先下降后升高的趋势,8和1月份分别是舍内相对湿度最小和最大的月份。依据CCI回归公式判定,全年内,奶牛共有144d处于热应激期、165d处于冷应激期。研究结果为内蒙古地区奶牛、肉牛冷热应激的预防和控制提供了科学决策依据。     

河北省不同地区冬季肉牛合内外温湿环境研究

通过检测河北省不同地区6个有代表性的肉牛场合内外空气温度和湿度,对冬季肉牛舍的温湿环境进行分析。结果表明,多数牛舍内气温偏低,尤其是早晚,分别达到-0．4～1．7℃和0．8～5．3℃。除平原丘陵地区的敞棚舍,各种封闭性较强的牛舍（半开放舍、有窗舍和塑料暖棚舍）内外气温差异显著（P〈0．05）,尤其是承德山区牛舍,舍内外气温差可高达11．6℃。另外,各牛舍早晚湿度较大,尤其是承德山区,牛舍内湿度明显高于舍外,达到78％～81％,而平原丘陵地区的多数牛舍内外湿度差不明显,舍内早晚湿度分别达到65．0％～72．0％和59．0％～71．0％。综合温湿度分析,河北省多数肉牛舍冬季处于寒冷状态,需要加强牛舍保温。     

温湿度与母羊繁殖力的关系研究

试验对隆林山羊2006—2007年686胎次6个繁殖性能指标与气温、相对湿度进行了相关性和线性回归分析,结果表明,最低气温、最高气温对母羊繁殖性能有不良影响,高温、高湿对母羊繁殖性能影响最大。     

The physical state and metabolic status of lambs of different birth rank soon after birth

This study investigated the physical state and metabolic status of lambs of different birth ranks soon after birth. The aim was to identify the factors that result in poorer survival rates in triplet than single or twin lambs. Six hundred and twenty one Romney ewes were mated over a 4-day period and 46 of them were observed continually from day 143 of pregnancy until they finished lambing. Blood samples, taken from all lambs within 5 min of birth, were placed on ice, centrifuged and the plasma harvested and subsequently analysed for glucose, fructose, lactate, thyroxine (T4) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The rectal temperature of each lamb was recorded at birth and at 1, 2, 3 and 6 h of life. Lambs were weighed and measured at 3 h of age.At birth, triplet lambs were significantly lighter (P < 0.05) and had lower (P < 0.05) plasma fructose and thyroxine than twin and single lambs, higher (P < 0.05) lactate concentrations and a lower rectal temperature (P < 0.05) than twin lambs. These observations suggest that they are subject to placental insufficiency. The packed cell volume was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in twin than triplet lambs. The order at birth of twin or triplet lambs had no effect on birthweight or plasma metabolite concentrations. The smallest triplet was significantly lighter (P < 0.05) and had higher plasma lactate (P < 0.05) concentration than the largest triplet.These physiological limitations found in smaller triplet lambs at birth leave them prone to perinatal mortality. Management techniques, to increase triplet lamb birthweight and thereby improve their survival outcome need further investigation.     

不同相对湿度对连续日增温下肉仔鸡生理指标的影响

本试验研究了不同相对湿度(RH)对日增温环境中肉仔鸡生理指标的影响。试验选取22日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔公鸡180只转入人工气候试验舱,随机分成3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。适应期7 d,温度20℃,RH为60%。肉鸡29日龄时,试验RH分别调整到35%、60%和85%,至试验结束。环控舱内温度每天升高2℃,试验期共9 d。肉鸡37日龄时,环控舱舱内温度升高至38℃,试验期间肉鸡自由采食饮水,试验全程不抓鸡,选择非接触性生理指标进行测定,以尽量避免肉鸡产生应激。结果表明:肉鸡体核温度(CT)、耳叶温度(ET)、小腿温度(LT)、呼吸频率(RR)、采食量(FI)和饮水量(DW)均存在拐点温度(IPt)。首先变化的是LT,其产生变化的环境温度范围是24.6~25.1℃,之后是ET和CT,发生变化的环境温度范围分别是25.0~25.1℃和25.5~26.4℃。RR存在2个IPt(IPt1和IPt2),温度范围分别是25.5~27.2℃和32.5~33.3℃。环境温度大于IPt1值时,RR随温度升高而升高;环境温度大于IPt2值,RR随温度升高而下降。FI、DW发生变化的环境温度范围分别为27.1~29.3℃和29.2~29.5℃,环境温度大于IPt值后,FI和DW随温度升高而降低。高湿组FI的IPt值显著高于低湿组和中湿组(P0.05),高湿组死亡率(MR)的IPt2值显著小于低湿组和中湿组(P0.05),高湿组CT、ET、LT、RR、FI和DW的IPt值小于中湿组和低湿组,RH对ET、LT、RR和DW模型参数均无显著影响(P0.05)。结果提示:环境温度对肉仔鸡生理指标影响较大,RH影响较小。FI下降和CT升高的IPt值可被认为是上限临界温度,4~5周龄肉仔公鸡CT上限临界温度为25.5~26.4℃;RR开始升高和FI开始下降的上限临界温度分别为25.5~27.2℃和27.1~29.2℃;死亡的上限临界温度在为32.7~33.5℃。肉仔鸡死亡时CT高出常数值4.6~5.1℃。4~5周龄肉仔公鸡不同生理指标有着不同的上限临界温度。