无锡口岸进境木质包装中截获的两种伞滑刃线虫的形态鉴定

松材线虫病是林业上的一种毁灭性病害.在进境木质包装检疫中,除该病的病原物松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(steiner et buhrer)Nickel)外,还常常截获同属于伞滑刃线虫属(Bursaphelenchus spp.)的多种与之形态非常相似的线虫.本研究对进境木质包装检疫中截获的两种伞滑刃属线虫--B. rainulfi和B.conicaudatus进行了形态描述和鉴定.     

伞滑刃线虫属分种检索

依据2004年以前发表的所有伞滑刃属新种原始报道的资料,分析了伞滑刃属73个相关种的所有形态学分类特征,编制了64个伞滑刃属有效种的分类检索表.     

进境木质包装中伞滑刃属线虫疫情分析

2003年1月至2006年6月，宁波口岸共检测进境木质包装8720批次，其中1772批次检出各种活线虫，疫情检出率高达20．3％。根据形态学特征和ITS—RFLP图谱鉴定伞滑刃属线虫19种（其中4种被鉴定为新种，1种尚未发表）342批次，占总检测批次的3．9％。不仅从疫区也从多个非疫区国家进境木质包装中检出松材线虫。     

中山检验检疫局截获小角伞滑刃线虫

2004年11月中山检验检疫技术中心植物检疫实验室在检获进口木质包装的线虫分离实验中,分离到大量的活体伞滑刃属线虫,经华南农业大学廖金铃教授复核鉴定为小角伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus corneolus).经查询,对小角伞滑刃线虫还处于研究、认识阶段,在我国的分布和危害情况还不甚了解,在我国口岸属首次截获.目前,伞滑刃线虫属越来越受到广泛重视,许多学者对该属线虫正在积极开展研究.     

欢迎订阅《伞滑刃属线虫形态和分子鉴定》

该书紧密围绕进境木质包装检疫工作,反映了国际伞滑刃属线虫研究的最新成果。该书分6章,第一章概述,介绍了分类背景、鉴定方法及检疫意义;第二章介绍属内两种重要检疫对象——松材线虫和椰子红环腐线虫;第三章介绍伞滑刃属线虫种类与分布,列出了95种线虫名录;第四章在核糖体DNA序列分析     

宁波检验检疫局多次截获非洲伞滑刃组线虫

2006年来,宁波出入境检验检疫局植检实验室曾多次从进境木质包装中首次截获并报道非洲伞滑刃组（africanus group）线虫,它们分别为非洲伞滑刃线虫（Bursaphelenchus africanus Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister, Brandstetter &; Metge, 2006）、伯氏伞滑刃线虫（B. burgermeisteri Braasch, Gu, &; Brandstetter, 2007）和欧斐切伞滑刃线虫（B. obeche Gu, Braasch, Zhen, Burgermeister &; Lin, 2008）。这些线虫均为作者最先截获。非洲伞滑刃组线虫的主要鉴定特征是：侧线4条;尾乳突7个（第3对和第4对靠近并位于交合伞起始处,第3对略位于第4对前并更靠近腹面）;交合刺较直,中部有横纹,冠状体愈合（基顶和喙突不明显）,远端无盘状突;后阴子宫囊约占肛阴距1 /2。目前尚无关于该组线虫媒介昆虫及致病性的报道。     

食菌伞滑刃线虫和阿苏里伞滑刃线虫的比较鉴定

宁波口岸在进境木质包装检疫中经常截获食菌伞滑刃线虫和阿苏里伞滑刃线虫,这2种线虫都属于fungivorus组,形态上十分近似。主要区别在于:前者唇区缢缩十分明显,而后者缢缩不明显;前者排泄孔与半月体平均距离较远(约11μm),而后者较近(约5μm);前者雄虫热杀死后尾部强烈向腹面弯曲(超过180°),后者尾部略腹弯(约90°);前者基顶与喙突相距约9.8μm,喙突高约2.7～3.5μm,后者则分别为8.4μm和1.5～2.8μm;前者雌虫尾多数腹弯十分明显,尾较短(长约50μm),后者尾一般略腹弯(长约68μm)。此外,ITS区的PCR-RFLP方法可区分上述2种线虫。     

伞滑刃属线虫专家鉴定系统

近年来,口岸检验检疫机构多次在进境木质包装中截获活体线虫,其中多次截获到伞滑刃属的松材线虫和与其形态相似的拟松材线虫.由于线虫形体细小,种的形态差别不大,一般非专业的工作人员难以进行鉴定.     

首次截获的安东尼伞滑刃线虫的鉴定

宁波出入境检验检疫局植检实验室于2007年2月从来自法国的木质包装中截获一种伞滑刃属线虫。该线虫虫体较短,侧区有2条侧线,雄虫交合刺强壮,强烈弯曲,基顶高圆,喙突指状。雌虫有小阴门盖,尾圆锥形渐细,较平直或略向腹面弯曲,末端尖或钝圆,与树皮象伞滑刃线虫十分接近。经形态学比较、测量以及ITS-RFLP图谱比对,鉴定为安东尼伞滑刃线虫（Bursaphelenchus antoniae）。目前除葡萄牙外未见该线虫的报道。     

厦门口岸首次从木包装中截获瓦里西伞滑刃线虫

厦门口岸于2011年6月从来自希腊的荒料石垫木中截获一种伞滑刃属线虫。经形态学比较、测量,该线虫虫体细长,侧区有4条侧线。雌虫有小阴门盖,尾圆锥形,略腹弯,尾端尖。雄虫交合刺成对,不愈合,显著腹弯,长约13～15μm;基顶前伸,端部圆滑,略背弯;喙突显著,末端钝尖,远端有小而明显的盘状突;雄虫尾部乳突7个。结合ITS-RFLP指纹图谱比对,进一步将该线虫鉴定为瓦里西伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus vallesianus Braasch,Schonfeld,Polomski,et al,2004)。     

进口美国苹果上拟盘多毛孢菌的鉴定

从进口的美国华盛顿州红帅(reddelicious)苹果中分离到一种引起苹果果实腐烂的病原真菌,根据该真菌的菌落及分生孢子的形态特征,以及该真菌DNA的ITS序列,将其鉴定为拟盘多毛孢菌(Pestaloti-opsissp.)。该真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度是25℃。分生孢子长梭形直立或稍弯曲,15·6~22·2(18·8)μm×4·8~7·1(5·7)μm,5个细胞,4个隔膜均为真隔膜,中间3个细胞暗褐色,两端细胞淡色,3个有色细胞中第1、2个有色细胞颜色较深,茶褐色;第3个有色细胞淡褐色;分隔处稍缢缩;孢子顶端有2~3根不分支的附属丝,长7·0~19·5(11·9)μm,基细胞具短柄,长0·4~3·2(1·4)μm。分生孢子梗较长,呈淡色,不分支,无隔膜。用ITS区通用引物PM1/PM4对该真菌DNA进行PCR扩增和测序,获得了525bp的ITS区序列。     

肉桂后半啮的生物学特性及其防治

肉桂后半啮是桂皮产品的主要仓储害虫,在广东１ａ发生３～４代,世代重叠。以成虫在土壤缝隙中越冬,翌年３月下旬开始产卵,完成一代约４５～５５ｄ。每年６～７月是肉桂后半啮发生危害的高峰期,采用常规清洁措施结合药物防治效果较好。     

Random dispersal of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in Pinus densiflora branches

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. These nematodes disperse in the cortical and wood resin canals of host tree branches in the early stage of infection. To determine whether the dispersal can be regarded as diffusion, we inoculated B. xylophilus into living or boiled Pinus densiflora branch sections and investigated the spatial distribution 24 hr later. Assuming that some nematodes disperse randomly in the axial direction of branch sections and the rest remain at the inoculation site, the coefficient of diffusion (D) by dispersers was estimated to be 23.7–40.7 and 109.4 cm²/day for the living and boiled branches, respectively. The proportion of nondispersers was estimated to be 0.46–0.79 and 0.52 for the living and boiled branches, respectively. When the nematodes were inoculated at the centre of upright living branch sections, they dispersed up and down at similar D values of 7.4 and 7.9 cm²/day, respectively.     

拟短体线虫属一新种

 甘薯拟短体线虫新种(Pratylenchoides batatae n. sp.)根据采自河北省卢龙县前双庙的甘薯根部及根际土壤中的一个拟短体线虫种群进行描述和作图。新种的主要鉴别特征是:唇区有5个唇环,侧区4条侧线并有网格纹,尾呈圆柱形、有24~26个体环,尾端圆、具粗纵纹。食道腺末端覆盖于肠背面,2个亚腹食道腺核均在背食道腺核之后,一个亚腹食道腺核位于食道-肠瓣门前的腹面、另一个位于食道-肠瓣门稍后。近似种为齿尾拟短体线虫(P. crenicauda),该种与新种的主要区别是:唇区3~4个唇环,侧区有6条侧线、无网纹,亚腹食道腺核一个在背食道腺核前、另一个在背食道腺核后。新种为两性种。模式标本保存于福建农林大学植物保护学院植物线虫学实验室。     

一种锥尾伞滑刃线虫形态和RFLP图谱变化研究

宁波口岸植检实验室在来自台湾的榕属木质包装中截获一种伞滑刃线虫,经形态学观察、测量,ITS-RFLP图谱比对及序列分析,鉴定为锥尾伞滑刃线虫(Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus Kanzaki,Tsuda&Futai,2000)。该线虫属松材线虫组,与鲍嘉伞滑刃线虫最近似。本文着重对该线虫与近似种的形态特征区别及ITS-RFLP图谱种内变化进行讨论。     

Survey of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in Romania

An overview of the occurrence of species of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Romania is presented. The data is based on recent surveys conducted for the first time throughout the country, to monitor and evaluate the potential entry of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Wood samples were collected from declining trees, wood‐processing companies and imported wood packaging material. Of the 895 wood samples examined, 11 contained Bursaphelenchus specimens. Morphological and molecular analyses were carried out to characterize the species detected. With respect to the possible presence of B. xylophilus, all samples were negative, confirming the absence of this quarantine pest in Romania. Nevertheless, five Bursaphelenchus species were found: B. hofmanni, B. poligraphi, B. vallesianus, B. willibaldi, and one putative new species belonging to the sexdentati group, classified here as Bursaphelenchus sp. NR512. These results constitute the first report of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Romania.     

Short communication: Satellite DNA-based species-specific identification of single individuals of the pinewood nematode <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a severe pest of coniferous trees, and has been designated as a quarantine organism in the European Union. From the sequence of a satellite DNA family characterized in the genome of this nematode, we developed a PCR procedure that allowed the specific discrimination of this species from closely related Bursaphelenchus species found on coniferous trees. Moreover, because of the repetitive nature of satellite DNA, positive amplification was achieved from B. xylophilus single individuals, which should contribute to an easy diagnostic procedure for assisting in the management of this major pest of conifer forests.