红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值确定及固碳潜力分析

平衡状态时的土壤有机碳含量水平确定对于正确评价土壤的固碳潜力和制定合理的有机物质分配措施有重要意义。本文通过比较红壤典型地区不同时期水稻土有机碳含量变化、不同利用年限水稻土有机碳含量动态、以及有机碳输入输出量状况,分析红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值,进而估计较大区域内水稻土的固碳潜力。过去20余年来江西省余江县水稻土的有机碳含量总体呈上升趋势,但高产水稻土的有机碳含量稳定在18.5 g kg-1;水耕利用30 a,土壤有机碳含量达到19.0(±1.20)g kg-1,其后变化幅度很小;若使目前的较高形成量水平达到平衡,则土壤有机碳含量为19.2(±1.10)g kg-1。综合分析,在较高生产力水平条件下,红壤水稻土有机碳的平衡值为18~20 g kg-1,平均为19.0±1.0 g kg-1。过去20余年来,江西省余江县水稻土有机碳储量增加了6 955(±1 116)kg hm-2。据此计算我国亚热带地区水稻土过去20年固定大气CO2量555.1(±88.7)Tg,其作为碳汇的作用是相当明显的。目前仍有相当面积的水稻土其有机碳含量低于平衡水平,估计还可平均固碳5 150(±1 063)kg hm-2。据此,若保持现实较高生产力水平,则我国亚热带地区水稻土未来可新固定大气CO2量411.0(±84.7)Tg。     

长期施肥对红壤稻田剖面土壤碳氮累积的影响

为了研究长期施肥对红壤稻田剖面土壤碳氮累积的影响,基于中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)桃源农业生态试验站网络监测数据,分析了不施肥(CK)、高量氮磷钾肥(NPK)、减量化肥加秸秆还田优化施肥(OF)对红壤水稻土剖面有机碳、全氮含量及其储量的影响。结果表明:(1)OF处理土壤碳氮含量及其储量随着土层深度的增加呈显著下降趋势(p<0.05)。(2)11 a施肥后,各处理表层(0-20 cm)土壤有机碳含量及碳储量差异显著,且OF>NPK>CK;表层全氮含量及氮储量在NPK与OF处理中无显著差异;40-80 cm土壤氮储量NPK处理显著大于OF处理。(3)各处理0-80 cm土体总有机碳储量差异不显著,NPK处理全氮储量显著大于OF处理。(4)与试验初期相比,各处理在20-40 cm土层,各指标含量增加幅度最大。(5)0-80 cm土体中,有机碳和全氮储量存在极显著正相关关系(y=11.644 x-0.8737,R²=0.9759)。综上所述,红壤稻田土壤有机碳、全氮及碳氮储量对长期不同施肥措施的响应在表层更灵敏;在20-40 cm土层碳氮累积速率最大,并有向深层累积的趋势;OF处理更显著增加表层土壤有机碳氮储量,而NPK处理对深层土壤碳氮储量增加较多。因此,长期高量化肥使用增加了氮素向土壤深处迁移的风险,减量施肥配以秸秆还田措施对保持红壤水稻土碳氮可持续变化更有利。     

喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度及碳储量空间分布异质性

为阐明喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度分布特征及有机碳储量空间分布格局,采用野外布点采样、实验室测定和地统计学分析相结合的方法,利用2 755个详细调查的剖面样地和23 536个土壤样品,定量研究了喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度、碳储量的空间异质性及分布特征。结果表明:后寨河小流域表层(0—20cm)土壤有机碳含量和密度的平均值为分别为25.07g/kg和5.23kg/m~2,剖面土壤(0—100cm)土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度分别为20.71g/kg和10.21kg/m~2,两层土壤有机碳含量和密度均属于中等变异强度。10cm土层深度有机碳储量为1.48×10~8 kg,20cm土层深度有机碳储量为2.65×10~8 kg,30cm土层深度土壤有机碳储量3.43×10~8 kg,100cm土层深度有机碳储量5.39×10~8 kg。各层土壤有机碳储量的块金值C_0随着土层深度的增加而增加,而0—100cm的块金值C_0最大。4种土层深度土壤有机碳储量呈现为中部低,四周高,南部最低的趋势。海拔、坡度、岩石裸露率和石砾含量是影响喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳储量空间异质性的主导因子。     

长期施肥对河西绿洲灌漠土有机碳库储量及水稳性团聚体的影响

土壤有机碳与土壤质量和全球气候变化关系极为密切,为探明河西绿洲灌漠土农田土壤有机碳库的变化规律,以1982年设置在西北干旱区的长期定位试验为基础,研究了长期施肥对土壤有机碳库及水稳性团聚体的影响。研究结果表明,与1982年起始值相比,无论是化肥单施或配合施用,耕作层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳储量都年均降低160 kg hm-2。施用有机肥,年均投入有机碳2342 kg hm-2,不但可完全抵消土壤有机碳降低的趋势,而且以年均260 kg hm-2的速度递增。27年连续施用有机肥可增加土壤有机碳和全氮储量7015 kg hm-2和1298 kg hm-2,相当于有机肥中有机碳和全氮输入量的31%和25%。因此维持或提高河西绿洲灌漠土有机碳储量,年最少有机碳投入量为516 kg hm-2。长期施用有机肥显著增加了土壤大水稳性团聚体(0.25mm)的数量和有机碳在大水稳性团聚体中分配比例,进而增强了有机肥中有机碳的土壤固存率。     

地下水位和长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化特征的影响

以1982年开始的长期定位试验红壤性水稻土为对象,采用室内模拟培养试验方法,对耕层土壤有机碳矿化特征进行分析,以探究两个地下水位(20 cm、80 cm)下,长期不同施肥处理(高量有机肥+化肥(2/3OM)、常量有机肥+化肥(1/3OM)、单施化肥(NPK))红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化特征和差异。结果表明,较高的地下水位促进土壤有机碳累积,提高了高量有机肥和常量有机肥处理的土壤有机碳矿化速率,且增加了其有机碳累积矿化量(C_t)及潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0),但土壤有机碳累积矿化率在施用化肥的条件下表现为减少。长期不同施肥的红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳矿化特征在不同地下水位条件下变化明显,2个地下水位的土壤有机碳含量、土壤有机碳矿化速率及有机碳累积矿化量高低排序均表现为:2/3OM1/3OMNPK;20cm地下水位长期施用2/3OM和1/3OM土壤有机碳累积矿化率分别较NPK高出53.32%(P0.05)、15.44%,80 cm地下水位则分别低出5.56%、17.95%(P0.05);20 cm地下水位2/3OM和1/3OM处理的土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量(C_0)显著高于NPK处理,而80cm地下水位C_0表现为1/3OM处理显著低于NPK处理;地下水位对相同施肥处理土壤有机碳周转常数(k)影响不明显,而在同为80 cm的地下水位条件下,长期施用有机肥可显著提高k。因此,长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳累积矿化率、潜在可矿化有机碳量及周转常数的影响在不同地下水位条件下发生变化。     

施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土有机碳分布变异及其矿化特性的影响

利用始于1990年的湖南桃园红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土剖面有机碳含量和δ13C值分布,有机碳密度和变异幅度,以及有机碳矿化特性的影响.结果表明,长期施肥和秸秆还田使红壤稻田土壤表层有机碳含量显著升高,秸秆还田对有机质的累积作用明显优于仅施化肥处理.施肥或秸秆还田使0～25 cm和0～ 50 cm土层的有机碳密度均明显提高,且有机碳变异幅度也明显增大.0～10cm表层土壤δ13C值与对照的差异最大,而施化肥或秸秆还田处理之间的差异不大.各施肥处理土壤有机碳在培养初期的矿化速率较大,并在1～3周内迅速降低且逐渐达到稳定状态.秸秆还田使各处理有机碳矿化速率的提高较明显,各处理的平均矿化速率为CO247.75～31.16 ml/(kg.d),稳定矿化速率为CO240～60ml/(kg·d),12周培养期内累积矿化量大小为CK+C＞NP+C＞N+C＞NPK+C＞NP＞NPK＞N＞NK＞CK.长期施化肥和秸秆还田,均使土壤有机碳的累积矿化量提高,而秸秆还田作用更明显.因此,长期施肥和秸秆还田作为土壤有机碳累积的途径,有利于提高红壤水稻土的养分供应能力,并且能够维持稻田生态系统有机碳库的缓冲性和长期稳定性.     

不同比例尺农田土壤碳库模拟的最佳栅格单元分辨率

基于太湖地区1∶50 000、1∶1 000 000、1∶14 000 000三种比例尺土壤矢量图斑单元以及通过上述矢量图斑单元转换生成的不同分辨率的栅格单元,在1982年水稻土土壤有机碳库的基础上,利用DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition)模型模拟了2000年水稻土表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳库,对比分析了不同分辨率栅格单元与3种比例尺矢量图斑单元的水稻土类型数量、面积、表层土壤有机碳储量以及有机碳密度的变化特征,并以矢量图斑单元获得的这4个指标结果为基准,用相对变异百分数(VIV)来判别基于三种比例尺DNDC模型模拟的最佳栅格单元分辨率。结果表明,在4个指标的│VIV│1%前提下,基于1∶50 000、1∶1 000 000、1∶14 000 000三种比例尺的最佳栅格模拟单元分辨率分别为0.2 km×0.2 km、2 km×2 km、17 km×17 km,既能保证模型模拟过程中的精度要求,又可以避免数据冗余,提高模拟效率。建立的土壤碳库模拟研究的比例尺与其最佳栅格单元分辨率对应转换关系,对区域土壤碳模拟研究具有重要参考价值。     

不同土地利用对表层土壤有机碳密度的影响

采用第二次土壤普查资料,研究了安徽省不同土地类型表层土壤的有机碳密度和碳库的特点。结果表明,安徽省平均有机碳密度为(31.64±16.39)tC/hm2,林地土壤表层有机碳密度高于全省表层土壤平均有机碳密度,旱作土壤表层有机碳密度则低于全省平均值。有机碳密度的大小顺序为:林地>水稻土耕层>旱地。安徽省表层土壤有机碳储量分布也表现为:林地>水稻土>旱地。表层土壤有机碳总量达0.28 Pg,其中林地占50%,水稻土占23%,而旱地只占18%。因此,人为利用特点是区域土壤碳库和碳密度的主要影响因素。分析表明:林地、水稻土和旱作土壤表层有机碳量与总氮之间的相关系数(R2)均大于0.78,农田土壤粘粒含量与土壤有机碳固定也有一定关系。     

长期施肥下红壤旱地的固碳效率

红壤旱地的有机碳含量普遍较低,通过外源添加有机肥是增加土壤有机碳含量的重要手段。本研究以红壤旱地长期肥料试验为基础,研究了不同施肥处理的土壤有机碳含量和储量的变化规律,并进一步探讨碳投入与玉米产量及土壤碳储量的量化关系。结果表明:施用有机肥可以大幅提升红壤旱地的有机碳含量,氮磷钾+有机肥(NPKM)和有机肥(OM)处理在27年间的增加速率分别为0.08 g/(kg·a)和0.06 g/(kg·a),有机碳储量的增加速率分别为0.24t/(hm~2·a)和0.16 t/(hm~2·a);与不施肥(CK)处理相比,NPKM和OM处理的土壤有机碳含量分别增加了51.5%和42.0%,有机碳储量则分别增加57.1%和45.7%。进一步分析表明,有机碳投入量与土壤有机碳储量变化速率之间存在显著的正相关关系(R~2=0.971 5,P0.001),且线性拟合方程(y=–0.158+0.086x)表明,双季玉米种植下红壤旱地的固碳效率为8.6%,当有机碳投入量为1.84 t/(hm~2·a)时,红壤旱地的有机碳储量保持平衡。因此,施用有机肥是提高红壤旱地有机碳储量的有效途径,固碳效率和土壤有机碳平衡点则可以有效指导红壤旱地有机肥的管理措施。     

地下水位及有机肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响

利用自1981年开始的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验,对耕层土壤有机碳活性组分、孔隙状况及团聚体进行分析,以探究不同地下水位(20、80 cm)和施肥(高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥)管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响,并分析孔隙状况和团聚体对土壤有机碳活性组分的作用关系.结果表明:降低地下水位导致高量有机肥和化肥处理的轻...     

红壤区土壤有机碳时间变异及合理采样点数量研究

相对于土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)空间变异性及合理采样点数量的研究,其时间变异性及揭示特定时段SOC变化所需采样点数量的研究较少。选择红壤丘陵区的江西省余江县为研究区,分析了1982—2007年SOC含量的时间变异特征,并估算了揭示该时段SOC变化所需土壤采样点数量。结果表明,1982—2007年SOC含量均值由14.18增至16.27 g kg-1,增幅为14.74%,其变异系数则由0.22上升为0.44。各土地利用方式中,水田和林地SOC含量分别增加了2.93和3.12g kg-1,而旱地则降低了2.55 g kg-1;同时各利用方式的SOC含量变异系数均出现较大幅度的提高。基于两时段的全部样点,在95%和90%置信区间上,计算得到揭示该时段全县SOC时间变异所需的采样点数量分别为186和147。基于各土地利用方式的SOC变化,计算得到水田、旱地和林地所需采样点数量分别为68、44和144(95%置信区间)及54、34和112(90%置信区间);揭示旱地SOC变化所需采样点数量应为水田的60%以上,而林地所需样点则为水田的2倍以上。该研究结果可为红壤区SOC时间变异性及其调查采样提供参考。     

Impacts of land use and salinization on soil inorganic and organic carbon in the middle-lower Yellow River Delta

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is an important reservoir of carbon (C) in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid regions. However, knowledge is incomplete on the dynamics of SIC and its relationship with soil organic C (SOC) under different land use types in the semi-humid region, particularly in coastal zones impacted by soil salinization. We collected 170 soil samples from 34 profiles across various land use types (maize-wheat, cotton, paddy, and reed) in the middle-lower Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. We measured soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble salts, and SOC and SIC contents. Our results showed significant differences in both SOC and SIC among land use types. The dry cropland (maize-wheat and cotton) soils had significantly higher SOC and SIC densities (4.71 and 15.46 kg C m^-2, respectively) than the paddy soils (3.28 and 14.09 kg C m^-2, respectively) in the 0–100 cm layer. Compared with paddy soils, reed soils contained significantly higher SOC (4.68 kg C m^-2) and similar SIC (15.02 kg C m^-2) densities. There was a significant positive correlation between SOC and SIC densities over a 0–100 cm soil depth in dry cropland soils, but a negative relationship in the paddy soils. On average, SOC and SIC densities under maize-wheat cropping were 15% and 4% lower, respectively, in the salt-affected soils in the middle-lower YRD than the upper YRD. This study indicated that land use types had great influences on both SOC and SIC and their relationship, and salinization had adverse effect on soil C storage in the YRD.     

Long-term effects of agronomic practices on the soil organic carbon sequestration in Chernozem

The study was based on data from selected long-term field trials established at the Experimental Fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad (Serbia). The effect of tillage systems on SOC concentration and SOC stock was most pronounced at 0–10 cm depth. In a 0–40 cm soil layer, in a 7-year period, no-till (NT) sequestrated 863 kg SOC ha^?1 yr^?1 more compared to moldboard plow tillage (PT), while the effects of disc tillage (DT) and chisel tillage (CT) were not significantly different. Unfertilized three-crop rotation (CSW) compared to two-crop rotation (CW) enhanced SOC storage in a 0–30 cm soil layer by 151 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 in a 56-year period. Within fertilized treatments, SOC concentration was highest under continuous corn (CC). Mineral fertilization (F) non-significantly increased the SOC stock compared to no fertilization in corn monoculture in a 32-year period. The incorporation of mineral fertilizers and harvest residues (F + HR) and mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure (F + FYM) sequestered 195 and 435 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 more than the unfertilized plot, respectively, in a 0–30 cm soil layer, in a 35-year period. Irrigation did not significantly affect SOC sequestration.     

Distribution and storage of soil organic carbon in a coastal wetland under the pressure of human activities

Purpose

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is one of the most important carbon reservoirs on the earth and plays a vital role in the global climate change. However, research on the carbon sequestration and storage of coastal wetland soil is very scarce. Therefore, a study in the coastal wetland was conducted to investigate the SOC distribution, storage, and variation under the influence of human activities.

Materials and methods

Surface soil samples in different seasons and profile soil samples were collected in the Changyi coastal wetland. SOC content, soil physicochemical properties, and sedimentation rate were determined. Organic carbon storage and burial flux were calculated. On the basis of correlation analysis and comparative study, factors affecting the distribution and storage of SOC were investigated.

Results and discussion

The average SOC content of the surface soil in June and November was 4.65 and 6.13 g kg^?1, respectively. The distribution of surface SOC content was consistent with the distribution of vegetation and was affected by the soil particle size. In plant-covered area, the relationship between SOC content and depth could be expressed by the power function y?=?ax ^b . The contribution of plants to SOC was only significant in the shallow layer. As for the deep layer, the SOC content was higher in the mudflat. The organic carbon storage in the upper 1 m soil was estimated at 1.795 kg m^?2 in average and the total organic carbon storage of Changyi wetland was estimated at 6.373?×?10⁷ kg. The sedimentation rate was very low and the average organic carbon burial flux of the whole wetland was 17.5 g m^?2 a^?1.

Conclusions

Low sedimentation rate, weak downward migration, and high decomposition rate of organic matter caused by poor hydrological condition were the reasons why the SOC storage in Changyi wetland was low. Under intensive human activities, the Changyi wetland was drying and the organic carbon storage was reducing. Strategies were proposed to be taken urgently to restore the wetland for the long-term benefit.

     

Grassland soil organic carbon and the effects of irrigated cropping in Alberta,Canada

High heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in grasslands causes uncertainty in estimating its content and storage. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of SOC content and storage in the prairies of southern Alberta, Canada, and how it is affected by land use such as irrigated cropping and other environmental conditions such as cattle grazing, slope landscape position and dominant plant species. The mean SOC content was determined to be 11.5 g kg^–1 (range: 8.9 to 22.4 g kg^–1) in the 0–10 cm layer and 6.8 g kg^–1 (range: 4.0 to 13.3 g kg^–1) in the 10–30 cm layer; mean SOC storage was 1.59 kg C m^–2 (range: 1.23 to 2.78 kg C m^–2) in the 0–10 cm layer and 2.07 kg C m^–2 (range: 1.21 to 3.62 kg C m^–2) in the 10–30 cm layer. The SOC content was significantly affected by slope position in both the 0–10 and 10–30 cm layers, in the following order: bottom >middle > top position. Moreover, SOC storage was higher in sites dominated by shrubs than graminoid/forb communities. Thus, SOC content and storage had distinctly clustered spatial patterns throughout the study area and were significant differences between the 0–10 and 10–30 cm soil layers. Prior land-use change from arid grassland to irrigated cropland increased SOC content and storage in bulk soils.     

农业开垦对中国土壤有机碳的影响

以中国土种志资料为基础,分析了耕地和非耕地表层土壤有机碳含量的变异性,以及各大区域土壤有机碳含量在耕地和非耕地、水田和旱地之间的差异;同时结合非耕地有机碳含量和耕地面积数据,估算了由于耕地的开垦而导致的土壤表层有机碳贮量的变化。结果表明,耕地土壤有机碳含量的变异性小于非耕地,水田小于旱地;耕地土壤有机碳含量明显低于非耕地土壤,平均减少了51.5%,水田却明显高于旱地;水田和旱地的开垦分别导致土壤表层有机碳贮量减少了0.67,3.63 Pg,共计4.3 Pg。最后还分析了土壤有机碳库减少量的空间分布格局,探讨了东北和华北这两大区域土壤有机碳贮量下降程度最大的原因,是由于黑土、黑钙土、暗棕壤等富含有机碳的草原草甸和湿地土壤大量开垦以及耕作管理措施粗放所致。     

典型喀斯特高基岩出露坡地表层土壤有机碳空间异质性及其储量估算方法

本研究基于详尽、系统的土壤采样调查,研究了喀斯特高基岩出露坡地典型样地(100 m×100 m)内表层土壤(0~15 cm)有机碳(SOC)含量的空间异质性特征,并以土壤斑块加和法为基准,探讨了传统空间插值方法和基于岩石出露率、土深校正的空间插值方法在喀斯特高基岩出露地区土壤表层有机碳储量估算中的适用性。结果表明,研究区SOC和容重均值分别为75.5 g·kg-1和0.8 g·cm-3,变异系数分别为30.6%与47.3%,皆呈现中等变异;SOC半变异函数的最优拟和模型为指数模型,块金值和基台值分别为260.8与521.7,变程为52.5 m,其半变异函数分别在滞后距0~15.2 m与34.7~54.2 m范围内呈现明显的各向异性,说明在该尺度范围内微地貌与地形显著影响SOC的空间分布;利用土壤斑块加和法估算的样地表层SOC储量和碳密度分别为983.8 kg和0.1 kg·m-2,利用传统空间插值方法估算的表层SOC储量和碳密度分别为86 264.0 kg和8.6 kg·m-2,利用基于岩石出露率、土深校正的空间插值方法估算的表层SOC储量和碳密度分别为2 712.8 kg和0.3 kg·m-2。其中传统空间插值方法大大高估了喀斯特地区表层SOC储量和碳密度值,用该方法估算的SOC储量为该区SOC实际储量的87.7倍,其误估率为8 668.4%。说明传统地统计学方法不适合估算喀斯特高基岩出露坡地表层SOC储量及碳密度。而基于岩石出露率、土深校正的空间插值方法大大降低了估算喀斯特高基岩出露坡地表层SOC储量和碳密度的误差,为该区SOC实际储量及碳密度的2.7倍。说明校正后的地统计方法在估算该区高基岩出露坡地表层SOC储量时具有一定的适用性。以上研究表明,地统计方法是表示该区SOC空间分布的有效手段,但由于传统地统计方法难以精确拟合高基岩出露坡地土壤斑块的空间分布、微地貌特征、岩石出露率以及土层深度等信息,在估算同类坡地SOC储量和碳密度时必须修正估算公式以接近实际值。     

How do hedgerows influence soil organic carbon stock in livestock‐grazed pasture?

Hedgerows have the potential to influence ecosystem function in livestock‐grazed pasture. Despite this, they are often ignored when quantifying farmland ecosystem service delivery. In this study, we assess the contribution of hedgerows to the ecosystem function of carbon (C) storage, with a particular emphasis on soil organic carbon (SOC). We measured SOC stock (kg C m^?2), on an equivalent soil mass basis, at 0–0.15 m depth in pasture adjacent to 38 hedgerows (biotic) and 16 stone walls or fences (abiotic controls) across ten farms in the county of Conwy, Wales, UK. Pasture SOC stock (~7 kg C m^?2) was similar adjacent to biotic and abiotic field boundaries, positively associated with soil moisture and negatively with soil bulk density (BD). For biotic boundaries, two further variables were significantly associated with SOC stock, distance from hedgerow (decrease in SOC stock) and slope orientation (upslope SOC stock greater than downslope). For pasture adjacent to hedgerows, a model combining the aforementioned variables (BD, soil moisture, distance from hedgerow, slope orientation) explained 78% of variation in SOC stock. This study demonstrates that whilst hedgerows do have subtle positive effects on SOC stock in adjacent pasture, SOC storage adjacent to field boundaries is influenced more by soil moisture content and BD than field boundary type.     

长期不同管理措施下红壤剖面碳、氮储量变化特征

基于中国农业科学院国家红壤肥力长期试验平台,研究长期不同施肥、休闲和轮作措施下旱地红壤剖面(0~100 cm)土体及不同层次(20 cm/层)有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)储量的变化特征。结果表明,与试验初始相比,24年不施肥(CK处理)0~100 cm各层有机碳储量均有不同程度降低,但全氮储量在40~100 cm各土层表现出累积趋势。24年施化肥(N、NP、PK、NPK)和化肥配施秸秆处理(NPKS)明显增加40~100 cm有机碳和全氮储量,0~40 cm各层碳储量有所耗竭而氮储量无明显影响。24年有机无机配施(NPKM)明显增加表层0~20和40~100 cm的有机碳和全氮储量。休闲(Fallow)和轮作(NPKMR)措施大幅度提高0~100 cm各层有机碳和全氮储量,但两处理间无显著差异。对于0~100 cm整个土体而言,休闲和轮作处理大幅度增加了土壤剖面的有机碳和全氮储量,其中有机碳储量比初始分别提高64%和93%,全氮储量比初始分别提高71%和82%。不同措施下0~100 cm各层有机碳与全氮储量及其变化量间均存在显著线性相关关系(P0.01),但不同管理措施显著改变了碳氮储量间的相关关系,但储量变化量间的相互关系无统计学上的显著差异。休闲或豆科轮作措施能显著提升红壤剖面碳、氮库容,是红壤肥力恢复和培肥较优管理措施。     

长期施用化肥对我国南方水田表土有机碳含量的影响

利用meta分析研究水田土地利用方式下化肥对土壤有机碳含量的影响。结果显示:长期施用化肥处理的表层水稻土土壤有机碳含量较不施肥处理显著提高1.00±0.23 g kg-1,是不施肥处理的1.06倍±1.01倍。分析认为施肥处理下,较高的根系生物量导致较高的碳输入水平,另外相对充足的养分供应提高土壤固碳效率,这是施肥处理下土壤具有较高有机碳含量的两个原因。但不同轮作制度下,化肥对有机碳含量提升作用有差异:稻-稻-旱轮作制下化肥的作用不显著,而稻-旱轮作与稻-稻轮作制度下化肥对有机碳含量的提升作用显著。方差分析发现相同施肥措施下,稻-稻-旱轮作体系下土壤有机碳含量在三种轮作制度中最高,而稻-旱轮作与稻-稻轮作没有显著差异。尽管施用化肥能增加土壤有机碳含量,但评价施用化肥对温室效应的影响还需要综合考虑化肥生产、运输与施用过程中的温室气体排放三要素。