德国啤酒大麦品种性状评价及综合利用研究

本文对德国啤酒大麦品种的农艺性状、品质优势及产量潜力进行了详细的论述与评价,提出了直接应用与间接利用的指导性建议。根据多年的引种实践经验,我们有针对性地从德国引进啤酒大麦品种32份,经过连续近10年的试验研究,筛选出一批优异种质作为育种材料间接利用,选育出垦啤3号新品种已大面积推广应用,另外选育出1个新品系拟参加甘肃啤麦产区旱地试验示范。     

世界大麦生产、贸易特征及对我国的影响与启示

摘要：中国啤酒大麦进口量连续多年占到了国内需求量的50%以上,国际大麦市场的诸多变动都将给中国大麦及啤酒产业带来重大影响。本文总结分析了世界大麦生产贸易格局变动以及啤酒大麦主要出口国的发展特征,在此基础上探讨了对中国的影响与启示。主要结论为：世界大麦生产、出口非常集中,进口相对分散,容易产生市场波动和价格垄断;啤酒大麦的出口市场主要由澳大利亚、加拿大和欧盟主导,其生产和贸易波动较大;“大国效应”能够起到“调节阀”的作用,我国可以利用进口大国地位获取价格话语权;我国大麦生产应该以“质”取胜,而不是以“量”取胜,国产大麦和进口大麦共存的局面将长期维持。关键词：大麦 啤酒 生产 贸易     

Comparative analysis of Australian and Canadian barleys for seed dormancy and malting quality

The association between high malting quality and pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) susceptibility is a key challenge when developing new malting barley varieties. A new malting barley variety Baudin has successfully combined high malting quality and PHS tolerance. A doubled haploid population was developed for mapping PHS tolerance and seed dormancy from a cross of Baudin?×?AC Metcalfe using 233 molecular markers. Three QTLs were mapped for seed dormancy based on the standard germination test at 24, 48 and 72?h. One major QTL was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 5H controlling seed dormancy and PHS tolerance from Baudin. Two other minor QTLs were identified from Baudin on chromosomes 3 and 7H. QTL/QTL interaction was detected for seed dormancy between chromosomes 3 and 5H. The PHS tolerance allele of the 5H QTL from Baudin contributes to higher malt yield without significant impact on diastatic power, beta-glucan content and wort viscosity. QTL from Baudin provide new sources to integrate PHS tolerance and high malting quality.     

甘肃省不同生态类型区啤酒大麦专用肥施肥技术研究

为完善和细化啤酒大麦专用肥在不同生态类型区的施用技术,降低因过量施肥对啤酒大麦品质和环境的影响。采用多点大田小区试验和室内分析相结合的方法,对甘肃省不同生态类型区啤酒大麦专用肥施肥技术进行研究。结果表明,啤酒大麦专用肥和新动力配施的处理D和处理E增产和改善品质效果最明显,其中处理D平均产量最高为8056.8 kg/hm2,比对照增产194.3 kg/hm2,增加收益426.6元/hm2,其次为处理E平均产量为8024.2 kg/hm2,比对照（处理G）增产161.6 kg/hm2,增加收益364.6元/hm2。根据试验结果,制定出啤酒大麦专用肥在不同生态类型区的施用技术,关外荒漠化和沿山海拔2000 m以上地区的玉门、民乐、山丹基施啤酒大麦专用肥600 kg/hm2,苗期追施新动力120~150 kg/hm2,玉门、永登等属砂质土壤和土层较薄地区,还应配施有机肥;中部和河西绿洲灌区的金昌、武威、景泰施啤酒大麦专用肥600 kg/hm2左右,同时基施或追施75~100 kg/hm2新动力;南部高寒阴湿区施300~450 kg/hm2专用肥即可,不提倡追肥和配施其他肥料。     

不同功能叶对啤酒大麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为明确不同功能叶对啤酒大麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响,采用单因素随机区组设计试验方法,对高产、优质啤酒大麦‘甘啤7号’的籽粒灌浆特性进行了研究,应用Logistic方程对灌浆进程进行了拟合。结果表明：不同光合器官处理下啤酒大麦灌浆进程符合Logistic生长曲线,呈“慢－快－慢”“S”型变化。不同处理对品种12项灌浆参数及麦芽品质均产生影响,但影响的具体参数和影响程度因处理而异。不同处理下产量性状指标筛选率和千粒重变化最大,且呈正相关关系。其中T4处理下,饱满粒(72.17%)和千粒重(42.37 g)与其他处理及CK产生显著差异。为选育高产、优质啤酒大麦,在育种选择实践中应综合考虑形态指标。     

不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层叶片光合特性对产量的影响

为给啤酒大麦高产栽培提供理论依据,采用便携式光合分析系统研究不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层叶片光合速率变化,分析其对产量的影响。研究结果表明,参试基因型中M-22（1）、KH LEDI（4）、Pasadena（15）、Z014J081J（19）、MERIT（20）、Z090M066M（25）等二棱大麦的叶面积指数(LAI)一直较高,其中以美国的新品种之一Z014J081J表现最为突出,平均LAI达2.69;不同基因型啤酒大麦叶面积指数阶段变化与产量呈现一定的正相关关系, 从挑旗期到灌浆末期整个生育阶段的LAI变化与产量的相关性均达到极显著水平;相关分析表明,不同基因型啤酒大麦冠层光合速率阶段变化与产量呈现一定的正相关关系。其中孕穗期、抽穗开花期和灌浆末期的光合速率变化与产量的相关性达极显著水平,相关系数分别为0.5024、0.5360和0.6758。     

Performance Evaluation of Malt Barley: from Malting Quality and Breeding Perspective

Lack of suitable malt barley varieties that exhibit high yielding, stable performance, and good malting quality is the major factor among several production constraints contributing to low productivity of malt barley in the North Gondar Zone. The present study was done to evaluate and recommend the best performing varieties in the major potential areas of North Gondar. The experiment was conducted at three locations for two consecutive years (2015 and 2016) during the main cropping season using twelve improved varieties. The design was randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance and GGE [genotype main effect (G) and genotype-by-environment interaction (GE)] biplot analysis were conducted following their respective procedures. Combined analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) among genotypes, environments, and genotype-by-environment interaction for grain yield, most agronomic and malt quality traits. All the varieties had acceptable malt quality traits. The variety IBON-174/03 was found to be the highest yielding and the most stable variety across environments. According to the polygon view of biplot analysis, the varieties were spread across four sections and the test environments spread across two sections. Among the six test environments, D and C were more discriminating and F and B were less discriminating. Test environments F, E, and A were found to be more representative of the mega-environment than D. Considering early maturity, malt quality, grain yield, and stability performance; it is recommended to use the variety IBON-174/03 for production in the study areas and in similar areas.     

Genetic variation of β-amylase thermostability among varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., and relation to malting quality

To investigate variation in the thermostability of β-amylase among varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., crude enzyme was extracted from the seeds, and the relative remaining activity was calculated after heat treatment. Our results indicated that the varieties tested were divided into three groups (types A, B and C). All the latest Japanese malting varieties showed high themostability (type A), while European, North American and Australian varieties showed intermediate (type B) or low thermostability (type C). Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of β-amylase was also investigated. Type B varieties divided into two subtypes (types B1 and B2) based on two different IEF patterns (types I and II), whereas those of types A and C showed only one IEF pattern (type II). We also examined their thermostability in the varieties based on the pedigrees of the Japanese malting barley. Our results indicated that the thermostability of β-amylase had a close relationship to fermentability for the production of beer. This fact suggests that the thermostability of β-amylase has a significant influence on the malting quality of barley.     

啤酒大麦种质资源的评价与利用

为了使近来年中国育成和引入的大批大麦种质得到合理利用,以41份国内外二棱啤酒大麦品种为材料,对其农艺性状、综合指标灰色关联度进行分析、评价。结果表明：综合表现好的品种（系）2号、8号及14号可经引种实验后直接参加区域试验;综合表现较好的1号、3号、12号、16号品种（系）、24号、38号、40号、41号可作为重点亲本加以利用,但其个别性状如1号、3号、16号、40号的株高,38号、41号的蛋白质含量需进行改良;对21号、22号、25号、27号、31号可作为优良亲本进行选育;对于综合表现不佳的品种（系）10号、17号、23号可大胆的淘汰,减少育种工作量,降低成本。     

Application of quantitative trait locus mapping to the development of winter-habit malting barley*

Malting quality and winter-hardiness in barley are ‘ultimate’ phenotypes composed of constituent quantitatively inherited traits. A synthesis of molecular-marker linkage data and field phenotyping to reveal the location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) may assist in the development of winter-habit malting barley varieties. One-hundred doubled haploid progeny from a winter x spring cross were evaluated under fall and spring-planted conditions. Malting quality phenotypes and a 76-point map were used to identify QTL and to assess the effect of spring-and autumn-sowing on QTL expression. Many QTL effects were common to both environments and corresponded to QTL detected in other barley germplasm. While there were significant differences in the magnitude of effects across environments, there were no changes in the favourable allele phase. QTL effects for grain protein and diastatic power level coincided with the locations of known function genes. Coincident QTL for a number of mailing-quality traits on chromosome 7 suggests either the presence of a multi-locus cluster of genes controlling components of malting quality or a regulatory gene or genes controlling the cascade of enzymatic processes that function during the malting process. Based on these results, simultaneous selection for malting quality and cold tolerance should be possible in this genetic background.     

Comparative performance of winter and spring malting barleys in semiarid growing conditions

In Europe, during the 1960s, mainly two-rowed spring barley was used for malting. Traditionally, spring malting barley was produced in regions with moderate temperatures and adequate rainfall throughout the growing season. Winter malting barley, on the other hand, was mostly grown in the milder arid and semiarid parts of Europe. Due to global climatic changes and its higher yield, winter malting barley is now increasing in acreage in the traditional spring barley regions. Our study included a comparative analysis of several grain and malt characters of the winter and spring malting barley grown under the agroecological conditions of the Vojvodina Province, Yugoslavia. One thousand grain weight was shown to be approximately the same for both growth habits, whereas winter malting barley proved to have a higher hectoliter mass than the spring one. In those years that were less favorable for spring barley production, winter malting barley had better quality characters, namely a higher fine extract content, a better malt modification, and a lower malt protein content. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

硫氧还蛋白基因对大麦发芽特性的影响

对转硫氧还蛋白基因(trxs)的大麦种子进行了生化指标测定及发芽特性研究。结果显示, 转基因大麦籽粒中硫氧还蛋h的活性是非转基因种子的3.3倍;水溶蛋白和醇溶蛋白中巯基含量的比率比非转基因种子都高;发芽时转基因籽粒中α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活力比非转基因种子高;转基因种子的发芽势也明显高于对照。说明将trxs基因导入大麦能增强种子中硫氧还蛋白h的活性,改变与种子发芽相关的一些重要生化特性,并促进种子发芽。     

Regional Yield Forecasts of Malting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by NOAA-AVHRR Remote Sensing Data and Ancillary Data

Yield forecasts are of major interest to the malting and brewing industry in order to allow the most convenient organization of the respective policy of raw materials. As malting barley is predominantly cultivated in a limited set of growing regions because of its special requirements, yield predictions can be limited to these regions of interest. Within this investigation, malting barley yield forecasts (Hordeum vulgare L.) are performed for typical growing regions in southwestern Germany. Multitemporal remote sensing data on the one hand and ancillary data such as meteorological, phenological, pedological, agro statistical and administrative data on the other hand are used as input data for two versions of prediction models, which are both based on an empirical–statistical modelling approach. The basic version of the yield estimation model is conducted by means of linear correlation of remote sensing data [national oceanic and atmospheric administration-advanced very high resolution radiometer (NOAA-AUHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composites], CORINE land cover data and agro statistical data. In an extended version, meteorological data (temperature and evapotranspiration) and soil data are incorporated. Yield predictions are significantly influenced by the selected time span for NDVI integration. For NDVI time-integration across the grain-filling period, the mean deviation of reported and simulated yield is 7.0 and 6.4 %, respectively, for the basic and extended yield estimation model.     

Tolerance of barley seed germination to cold- and drought-stress expressed as seed vigour

In barley, high seed vigour is a precondition for rapid and homogenous field emergence and good malting quality. Seed vigour was defined as germination percentage under stress conditions (10°C, drought stress ‐ 2 Bars) in 7‐8 barley varieties grown in 7‐8 locations in the Czech Republic over 7 years. Three of the 7 years were not suitable for high seed quality, probably because of unsuitable weather, as average seed vigour reached only 61, 77 and 86%, respectively. In the remaining 4 years, the average vigour exceeded 94%. The impact of variety on seed vigour was higher in the ‘bad years’ and the impact of location was higher in the other years. Varieties with higher vigour from all locations in the ‘bad years’ were identified. Lower vigour was related to the high occurrence of fungi (indicated by ergosterol assays) and to lower field emergence rates of seed samples. The results support the possibility of selecting for improvement of barley seed vigour, which is related to tolerance to various conditions during emergence and to homogenous malting.     

Amy6-4基因遗传多样性及其与α-淀粉酶活性的关联分析

α-淀粉酶活性是影响大麦种子发芽和麦芽制作及啤酒酿造的重要性状,Amy6-4为编码高等电点的α-淀粉酶基因,挖掘其高活性的等位变异对啤酒大麦的品种改良具有指导意义。通过对58份大麦品种中Amy6-4基因的重测序,研究了该基因的核苷酸序列以及在品种间的遗传多样性,并在群体结构分析的基础上,进行了核苷酸多态性与α-淀粉酶活性的关联分析。结果表明,Amy6-4基因共存在7个单核苷酸变异位点(SNP),构成5种单倍型。其中,H_3单倍型最普遍,发生频率为51.7%(30/58);其次为H_1单倍型,发生频率为39.7%(23/58);其他3种单倍型发生的频率约为10%。SNP位点及其构成的单倍型均与酶活性无关联性。     

施氮水平对啤酒大麦植株氮素吸收与利用及籽粒蛋白质积累和产量的影响

2004—2006年连续两个生长季,以苏啤3和单2两个啤酒大麦品种为材料,探讨施纯氮0、75、150、225和300 kg hm^-2条件下,啤酒大麦氮素积累和转运、氮素利用及籽粒产量和蛋白质积累的特性。在0~225 kg hm^-2施氮量范围内,啤酒大麦花前植株氮素积累量和转运量均随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势,但施氮量提高至300 kg hm^-2后,提高幅度变小;而花前氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率则均随施氮水平提高呈单峰曲线变化。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷-丙转氨酶活性也随着施氮水平的提高而上升,促进蛋白质积累,提高籽粒蛋白质含量,而当施氮量低于197 kg hm^-2时籽粒蛋白质含量才低于12%,符合啤酒大麦酿造要求。经回归分析,在施氮量为241 kg hm^-2时产量最高。此外,氮肥回收效率以225 kg hm^-2施氮处理为最高,氮素生理利用效率和氮收获指数随施氮量增加而显著降低。综合考虑各项指标,建议在类似本试验条件的啤酒大麦生产区,施氮量以150~197 kg hm^-2为宜。     

用灰色关联度分析评价大麦区试品种

本文采用灰色系统理论中关联度分析法：对1995～1996年新疆自治区大麦品种区域试验中的6个供试品系进行了多性状的综合评价。结果表明：大943品系综合性状最好（r1=0.7785),POLAND次之（r2=0.7671),HARRINGTON综合性状最差（r6=0.6901）。综合评判结果与品种（系）在生产实际中的表现基本一致。认为灰色系统理论中灰色关联度分析法对作物新品种的选育、审定有重要指导意义。     

不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响

大麦(Hordeum valgue L.)是一优质能量饲料作物,刈割是牧草管理的一种常规方式。为了研究刈割对大麦作为青（贮）饲的影响,以4份不同生态区具代表性的大麦新品种（系）为对象,分析了不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响。结果表明,所有品种第1茬饲草产量与品质均高于第2茬,重复刈割导致产草量不同程度下降,其中‘盐丰1号’降幅最小(13.0%),表现出较强的耐刈性。再次刈割,所有品种干鲜比、粗灰分含量增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量下降,粗纤维、钙、磷含量变化因品种而异。分蘖期刈割大麦,营养物质含量高于灌浆期刈割,适口性好,可直接用作青饲料,且有利于植株再生。因此,2次刈割可于分蘖期开始,选用耐刈性好的大麦品种,分蘖期刈割大麦可直接用作青饲,灌浆期刈割可作为青贮饲料。     

垄作栽培对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响

探讨在等量灌水条件下垄作栽培对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明：（1）垄作栽培生育期长于传统平作栽培,单株穗数低于传统平作栽培,经济系数高于传统平作栽培,株高、穗粒数、产量影响趋势不一致,品种之间存在差异。（2）原麦品质：垄作栽培与传统平作栽培籽粒千粒重之间差异不显著,蛋白质含量之间差异显著,粒筛选率之间差异极显著水平,千粒重、蛋白质含量、筛选率均降低。（3）麦芽品质：垄作栽培麦芽蛋白质含量均较传统平作栽培降低,麦芽细粉浸出物、β-葡聚糖、a-氨基氮、a-淀粉酶、糖化力、可溶性氮之间差异不显著,库值含量之间差异达显著水平,但影响趋势不一致,品种之间存在差异。     

Barley Autotoxicity as Influenced by Varietal and Seasonal Variation

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of Tunisia for grain production and grazing, which often occurs during the same season. We previously demonstrated autotoxic effects of barley among varieties. The present study was conducted to test the effects of barley variety and seasonal variation on the expression of autotoxicity by barley. Four barley varieties were grown in a field experiment over three growing seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02). In the laboratory, germination and seedling growth bioassays were used to assess autotoxicity potential of field-harvested barley. Barley autotoxicity was fully expressed based on inhibition of radicle growth detected in seedling bioassays. Stems were often the most allelopathic plant component. Allelopathic activity of the barley varieties differed across growing seasons suggesting the influence of a seasonal effect due to the extent of water deficit during the dry season and monthly rainfall variability. The results suggest that when planning to integrate barley within cropping sequences, barley producers should carefully select appropriate barley varieties to minimize autotoxicity, which can be more severe under drought conditions.