寒地水稻缩垄增行合理密植

分析了寒地水稻生产中,单位面积穴数不足、均度不够、产量低的主要原因是普通人工插秧行距偏大、穴距过大。论证了缩垄增行是解决这一问题的主要技术措施,其机械行距为24cm,人工插秧实行(19+35cm)的宽窄行。指出在一定范围内,保证群体密度,田间分布均匀是保证质量、提高产量的关键。     

穴插秧棵数对水稻产量与品质的影响

近年来,关于水稻最适密度和穴插秧棵数有过许多研究与报道,但是这些研究多局限在生产上出现的插秧棵数1～5苗范围内,就寒冷地区插秧苗数对产量与品质影响的系统研究则报道较少。为了探讨本地区穴插秧棵数对水稻产量与品质的影响,本文在30.0 cm×20.0 cm的条件下,研究了穴插秧1～8苗对产量与品质的影响。结果表明:穴插秧棵数1～3苗,产量随插秧苗数的增加而增高,超过3苗则随着穴插秧苗数的增加而下降,适宜的插秧棵数为2-4苗,以每穴3苗产量最高。单穴插秧苗数减少(1～2苗),穴有效穗数下降,单苗分蘖数量和穗粒数提高,饱满粒率、生物产量降低;穴插秧棵数增加(5～8苗/穴),单苗分蘖数量减少,穴有效穗数、穗粒数、生物产量下降。每穴插1～3苗糙米率、精米率、整精米率,长/宽比、恶白率、垩白度、胶稠度、食味值是随着穴插秧棵数的增加而提高,从每穴4苗开始,这些性状又随着穴插秧棵数的增加而下降,只有直链淀粉含量与之相反,穴插秧棵数对蛋白质含量影响不大。     

不同育插秧方式对水稻甬优2640秧苗农艺性状及产量的影响

为探明不同育秧与插秧方式对水稻秧苗农艺性状及产量的影响，以甬优2640为供试材料，研究毯苗机插、钵苗机插和钵苗有序抛秧3种育插秧方式下水稻秧苗农艺性状、漏秧率及产量表现等的差异。结果表明，水稻甬优2640钵苗机插的根长、根数和基茎宽等秧苗农艺性状较毯苗机插秧苗的表现更好，漏秧率降低，产量明显增加；钵苗有序抛秧秧苗的农艺性状表现介于钵苗机插与毯苗机插的秧苗之间，产量较毯苗机插略有增加。     

寒地水稻缩垄增行合理密植

分析了寒地水稻生产中，单位面积穴数不足、均度不够、产量低的主要原因是普通人工插秧行距偏大、穴距过大。论证了缩垄增行是解决这一问题的主要技术措施，其机械行距为24cm，人工插秧实行(19 35cm)的宽窄行。指出在一定范围内，保证群体密度，田间分布均匀是保证质量、提高产量的关键。     

不同栽插密度对南粳9108群体性状及产量的影响

以优质食味水稻品种南粳9108为材料,进行了3种不同行距模拟机插试验。试验结果表明,行距20cm、25 cm机插水稻的栽插质量高于行距30 cm的栽插质量,其有效穗数显著高于行距30 cm机插水稻,但采用行距30 cm的插秧机更能改善水稻群体光能利用条件,实现壮秆大穗,提高总颖花量和粒重,增强抗病性,最终产量反而较采用行距20 cm、25 cm的处理高。     

机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响

目的 机插密度对水稻产量和品质有重要影响,但机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量与群体质量的调控作用尚不清楚。明确优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距可为水稻机械化高产优质栽培提供理论与实践依据。方法 以南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个江苏优质食味水稻品种为材料,在机插行距固定为30 cm的情况下,研究了10、12、14、16和18 cm五种株距对上述水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响。结果 南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个水稻品种的茎蘖成穗率、高效叶面积指数、粒叶比(粒重/叶面积)、抽穗后群体冠层净光合速率和抽穗至成熟干物质积累量均在株距为12 cm时最大。上述水稻品种产量均随株距增加呈现先增加先减少的趋势,产量与株距呈二次曲线关系。依据曲线方程计算出两年中南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46高产最适株距分别为11.6 cm,11.6~12.3 cm和10.8~11.4 cm。结论 机插秧行距固定为30 cm时,11~12 cm的株距有利于改善优质食味水稻的群体质量指标并提高其产量,可作为江苏省代表性优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距。     

寒地水稻不同类型品种栽培密度精确定量技术研究

对寒地水稻穗数型品种空育131和穗重型品种龙粳26号进行栽培密度试验,结果表明,穗数型品种行距30 cm比24 cm产量高,以行距30 cm、穴距13.3 cm产量最高。穗重型品种行距24 cm比30 cm产量高,以行距24 cm、穴距13.3 cm产量最高。     

多效唑浓度和秧龄对烟后稻机插质量及产量的影响

为满足烟后稻机械插秧对秧苗的要求,采用双因素随机区组设计,设置多效唑喷施浓度和水稻移栽秧龄2个因素,研究水稻苗期喷施不同多效唑浓度及不同移栽秧龄对烟后稻机插质量和产量的影响。试验结果表明：水稻1叶1心期喷施多效唑可矮化水稻秧苗,使水稻秧苗在超过一定移栽期也能适应机插要求,可为烟后稻移栽提供10 d左右的茬口期,提高水稻产量。喷施多效唑浓度为150 mg/kg、移栽秧龄为25 d时,符合机械插秧对秧苗要求,机插质量较好,有效穗数多,结实率高,产量最高,达到农机与农艺最佳结合、增产增收的目的。     

不同行距不同密度对机插秧水稻产量的影响

为了筛选出符合本区域机插高产的最佳配置模式,为机插秧水稻夺取高产提供理论论据,2013年进行了水稻不同机插行距、不同栽插密度的对比试验。试验结果表明:相同栽插密度下,25 cm行距处理的产量表现均优于30 cm行距的处理;不同行距要采取不同的栽插密度才能取得高产。     

杂交水稻机械化制种技术初步研究

2009年以恢复系R463和不育系金23A为材料,研究杂交水稻制种种植行数配置,2010年以杂交稻中优161(中9A/中恢161)为材料研究不同密度机插对产量的影响,结果表明:在机插规格30.0 cm×13.3 cm条件下,随母本行数增加母本结实率下降,产量下降,机插时适宜行数为6行;不育系中9A机插秧的秧苗素质明显低于手插秧,且推迟开花期1 d;在机插行距固定不变的情况下,随着株距减小,种植密度增大,制种产量增加。以30 cm×12 cm机插规格的产量最高(3.94 t/hm2),高于手插对照(20 cm×20 cm)的3.91 t/hm2。表明通过增加机插密度可以获得较高制种产量。     

Effect of planting depth and hilling practices on total, U.S. No. 1, and field greening tuber yields

Previous research suggests that field greening of potato tubers can be minimized by planting seedpieces at an appropriate depth along with sufficient hilling to minimize exposure to sunlight. The appropriate planting depth and hilling practices to minimize field tuber greening have not been determined for newer cultivars. Two separate studies, each conducted for three years, are reported here. The first measured the effect of seedpiece planting depth on the yield, quality, and field greening tuber yield of ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Frontier Russet’, and ‘Shepody’ potatoes. Seedpieces were handplanted in pre-formed hills at 8, 15, or 23 cm measured from the top of the seedpiece to the top of the hill. Planting at 23 cm resulted in significantly lower total yield compared with the 8- and 15-cm depths for Russet Burbank and Frontier Russet, but planting depth did not affect total yield of Shepody. U.S. No. 1 yield of Russet Burbank was not affected by planting depth, but U.S. No. 1 yield of Frontier Russet was significantly less at the 23-cm depth. For Shepody, the 8-cm depth caused a significant reduction in U.S. No. 1 yield compared with the 15-cm depth. Field greening tuber yield of Russet Burbank was significantly less at the 23-cm planting depth compared to 8 cm. For Frontier Russet and Shepody, planting at 15 or 23 cm resulted in significantly less field tuber greening compared to the 8-cm depth. The second experiment examined the effects of planting depth and hilling practices on yield, quality, and field tuber greening of Russet Burbank and Gem Russet potatoes. Six planting depth and hilling treatment combinations were used. Seedpieces were planted at a depth of either 8 or 15 cm, then hilled to either 15 or 23 cm at emergence or after plants had formed a rosette of leaves approximately 10 cm in diameter (post-emergence hilling). At-emergence hilling treatments had no effect on total or U.S. No. 1 yields of Russet Burbank compared with the 15-cm planting depth, non-hilled control. However, all post-emergence hilling treatments significantly reduced Russet Burbank total and U.S. No. 1 yields. Planting Russet Burbank at 8 cm and hilling to 23 cm at emergence, or planting at 8 or 15 cm and hilling to 23 cm post-emergence reduced field tuber greening of Russet Burbank. The effects of planting depth and hilling on Gem Russet total and U.S. No. 1 yields were less definitive than for Russet Burbank, and no treatments significantly reduced field tuber greening yield compared with the control.     

不同橡胶林对土壤容重及田间持水量的影响研究

为了研究同一区域内不同橡胶林对土壤容重及田间持水量的影响程度,以云南河口抗逆高产、胶木兼优和RRIM600作为研究对象,对土壤容重及田间持水量进行3年调查,结果表明：(1)橡胶林土壤容重为1.09～1.37 g/cm3,相同深度土壤容重相差较小,但随着土壤深度增加,土壤容重逐渐升高,表层土0～20 cm土壤容重显著低于20～40 cm土层;(2)胶木兼优、抗逆高产和RRIM600田间持水量平均值分别为36.92%、35.19%和34.90%,表现为胶木兼优＞抗逆高产＞ RRIM600,但三者田间持水量均随土壤深度增加逐渐降低,0～20 cm土层高于20～40 cm土层;(3)同一橡胶林下不同深度土壤之间,其土壤容重、田间持水量均存在非显著正相关,而相同深度土壤容重与田间持水量之间存在极显著负相关。     

秸秆还田方式对麦田土壤碳、氮、水动态及小麦产量的影响

为了解不同秸秆还田方式的效果,在田间定位试验的基础上,比较分析了玉米秸秆直接还田(J)、过腹即牛粪还田(F)和发酵后沼液还田(Z)后麦田土壤碳、氮、水和小麦产量的变化。结果表明,三种秸秆还田处理均提高了0~60cm土层土壤有机碳增量(即相对于播前土壤有机碳储量的增加量),在0~20和20~60cm土层三种秸秆还田处理土壤有机碳增量均分别以越冬期和拔节期最高。在越冬期,F和Z处理0~40cm土层的土壤氮含量显著增加,J处理土壤氮含量与不还田对照差异不显著;在拔节期和开花期,三种秸秆还田处理0~20cm土层以及F和J处理20~40cm土层的土壤氮含量均显著增加。秸秆还田提高了土壤保水能力,在开花期,三种秸秆还田处理0~80cm土层的土壤含水量均显著高于对照。在越冬期和拔节期,F和Z处理的干物质积累量和单茎干重与对照差异不显著,但J处理显著降低;三种秸秆还田处理的成熟期干物质积累量和单茎干重均显著增加,以J处理最高。三种秸秆还田处理均显著提高了小麦穗数和产量,其中Z处理增产23.0%。因此,三种秸秆还田方式均能改善土壤质量和提高小麦产量,其中沼液还田综合效应最好。     

Below-Ground Competition in a Maize/Groundnut Intercropping System as Affected by the Rooting Soil Layer

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to compare the below-ground competition between the intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and two groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) cultivars regarding the rooting soil layer. Three rows of each cultivar of groundnut (cvs. X-14 and Red Spanish) were planted in between two rows of maize (cv. Badra) with inter-row spacing of 30 cm and intra-row spacing of 15 cm. Aluminium sheets, 10 cm in height, were placed as a root barrier between the maize and groundnut rows at three depths, i.e., 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm from the soil surface. In the control plot, the soil was trenched and refilled without the aluminium partitions. The ear and total biomass yield of the maize intercropped with X-14 with the root barrier at 0-10 cm depth, were significantly larger than those with the root barriers at the depths of 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and the control. The yield (crop or total biomass) of the maize intercropped with Red Spanish was not significantly affected by the root barrier. In conclusion, groundnut cultivar X-14 was more suitable for intercropping with maize than Red Spanish, probably due to the differences in the rooting properties in the top soil layer.     

Effects of Subsoiling to the Non-tilled Field of Wheat-Soybean Rotation on the Root System Development,Water Uptake,and Yield

Abstract

We introduced subsoiling to a field of wheat-soybean rotation where no-tillage practice had been conducted for five years and whose yield tended to decrease or stagnate. By subsoiling a half of each plot just before wheat sowing, treatments of tillage/no-tillage × subsoiling/no-subsoiling were established. Root distribution, shoot growth, water uptake and yield of both crops were examined to elucidate whether the subsoiling improves the productivity such as shoot biomass and yield through the modification of root system development, and how differ the effects of subsoiling between tilled and non-tilled fields. In wheat, roots were less concentrated in surface (0 ? 5 cm) layer in no-tillage, and distributed more in deep (20 ? 25 cm) layer of the soil. Deuterium labeled heavy water analysis revealed that the subsoiling enhanced water uptake from the deep soil layer in the no-tillage field. Both the no-tillage and subsoiling showed positive and significant effect on total biomass and yield. The effect of subsoiling must be related to water supply by deep roots in spring. In soybean no-tillage significantly increased the productivity, but subsoiling did not though distribution of the roots was modified by both practices. Soybean in non-tilled accumulated roots in the surface soil layer, but subsoiling did not significantly modify the root distribution especially in the deep soil layer. Water uptake trend and yield was thus not changed significantly by subsoiling. Subsoiling in the non-tilled field increased rooting depth and showed the possibility of braking yield stagnation in long-term no-tillage cultivation in wheat, but not in soybean.     

玉米密植和营养改良之研究Ⅰ.密度对玉米产量和营养的效应

4个直立叶型杂交种、3个种植行距穴67cm等行条播、50cm等行条播、六角形穴播雪、3个密度穴6.0万株/hm2、7.5万株/hm2、9.0万株/hm2雪的田间试验结果表明:影响玉米产量潜力提高的主要因素是密度,其次为行距,再次为品种;在试验实施的密度、行距、品种各因素处理中,玉米杂交种产量均随密度的增大而增加,玉米营养面积随密度的增大而变小。     

灌溉施肥对冬小麦土壤氮素盈亏的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了灌溉和施肥对冬小麦生育期间0～400cm土壤硝态氮累积、移动特征及小麦产量的影响,并对0～200cm土壤氮素的盈亏、氮肥利用率、残留率及损失率进行了表观估算,旨在为小麦的氮素利用与推荐施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,0-400cm硝态氮累积量随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。施氮量对0～100cm土体硝态氮累积量有显著影响,施氮与灌水对200cm以下土壤中的硝态氮累积都有影响,同时水氮交互作用不容忽视。施氮并结合灌水可以显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,施氮而不灌水也有一定的增产作用。0～200cm土壤氮素的表现盈余主要出现在小麦拔节～灌策期间,表观亏缺主要在播种～拔节期及灌策～收获期。相同灌水量下,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加显著降低,而损失率增加。施氮130kg／hm^2、灌水60mm处理的氮肥利用率最大,为25．7％。从硝态氮累积量、产量及氮肥利用率等方面考虑,本试验比较合理的肥水配比应为施氮130kg／hm^2,灌水60mm。     

模拟根层障碍条件下不同深度玉米根系与产量的关系研究

在池栽条件下采用模拟根层障碍的方法,研究不同深度根系与玉米生长和产量的关系。结果表明,根层阻隔显著降低玉米根系的生物量、总根长和根表面积,各处理光合生产能力和子粒产量显著低于无阻隔(对照);随着阻隔层的下移,根系和冠层各指标和产量受到的影响逐渐变小,0~20、21~40、41~60、61~80、80 cm以下各层根系对产量的相对贡献率分别为52%、11%、7%、12%、19%。20 cm耕层以下根系对产量的贡献达48%,其中60cm以下土层内根系对产量的贡献达31%,说明深层根系虽然生物量占总生物量比例很小,但其在花粒期对深层水肥的吸收利用对产量形成具有重要作用。     

播种期补灌对土壤含水量和小麦籽粒产量的影响

为明确播种期0~200 cm土体贮水量及其纵向分布对小麦出苗、群体发育和籽粒产量的调节作用,于2013-2014年度小麦生长季,在土壤容重、田间持水量和肥力条件一致,而小麦播前土壤贮水量不同的A、B两个地块,在播种期设置不同的计划湿润层深度和目标土壤含水量进行补灌。结果表明,在地块A和地块B 0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5和266.3 mm、0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为554.2和586.4 mm的条件下,播种期补灌,土壤水分平衡后,灌溉水在地块B下渗的深度较大,但主要集中在60 cm以上土层,其中0~10和0~20 cm土层土壤含水量提高的幅度最大;小麦出苗率主要受播种期0~10 cm土层土壤含水量的影响,而群体发育、干物质积累和产量形成则受播前土壤贮水量和播种期补灌水平的共同影响。播种期上部土层土壤含水量过低不利于幼苗发育,显著减少越冬至拔节期间的单位面积茎数。播种前0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量过低,即使播种期在一定范围内增加补灌水量,并于拔节期和开花期再补灌,仍会制约小麦生育中后期的生长,导致成穗数和干物质积累量减少,产量降低。在同一底墒条件下,小麦总耗水量和籽粒产量均随播种期补灌目标土壤相对含水量的提高呈增加趋势,但补灌水量过多,籽粒产量不再增加,水分利用效率降低。