Understanding plantation transformation using a size-structured spatial population model

Plantation transformation is a goal of increasing interest to silviculturalists. The target forest state is characterised by high variance in age and size, and an irregular spatial structure, which leads to inhomogeneous interactions between, and consequent development of, trees in the stand. This presents a difficulty for traditional methods such as yield tables, and demands a more careful consideration of stand dynamics. On the other hand, while forestry has a great heritage of simulation, the level of complexity implemented at an individual level generally precludes direct understanding of stand scale behaviours, and leads to difficulties in verification with appropriate data.A promising approach is the application of relatively simple models developed by ecologists. These can be adapted to yield accurate representations of forest stands, while being highly amenable to analysis. Motivated by data from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands, we here apply a simple spatial birth-death-growth model to the comparison and analysis of transformation strategies for plantation stands. The model captures the effects of neighbours in a way which retains the conceptual simplicity of a generic, analytically solvable model, while allowing insights into the driving factors of population dynamics.Timing and intensity of management interventions, as opposed to their specific criteria, are of primary importance: thinnings of a moderate intensity performed over a long period produced the best results. Variation in the strategy applied leads to more subtle effects which transformation strategies must also take into account, such as the development of variation in size of the remaining trees (increased using spatially correlated thinnings), the survival chances of regeneration and “underplanted” trees, and the overall productivity of the stand (increased using spatially homogeneous crown thinning). Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of model predictions to fundamental choices of model formulation.     

Effects of competition on growth of Amur linden plantation

IntroductionCompetitionorinterf6renceisimportantinfOrestgrowthandstandstructure(Weiner1982,1984).ForexampIe,thesizeofindividuaIcrownsanddiametersisaffectedbycompetition.Mbstint6rferencestudieshavefocusedonthemeanperformance0fplantsinreIationtodensity(Harper1977)andneighbouringdistance(Martinetal.1977;Weiner1984,Bigingeta[1992).Theyuseddistance-dependentcompetitionindices(Cl)todescribeinfluencefOrindividuaItreesthatincIudesaIIcompetitorsinthezoneofinfIuenceandprovidebettercorrelationswit…     

A STUDY ON GROWTH OF PLANTATION ON SODA-SALINE-ALKALI SOIL

If some suitable treatments are used plantations can be grown and established on thesoil of soda-saline-alkali with the soil condition of PH 8.5—9.6,salinity 0.1—0.3％ and normalityratio of saline base Na~+/(Ca~(++)+Mg~(++))≥4.From the results of plot Inventery and tree stem ana-lysis,the increment of Poplus simonigra is highest. For 9 years,the volume can reach 100 m~3/ha,the biomass(above ground)can reach 28.7 ton/ha.Poplus simonigra grows very well on the allkinds of soda-saline-alkali soils except for the alkali spot with the worst Soil condition.So Poplussimonigra is a good tree species for planting on the Soil of soda-saline-alkali.     

江南油杉人工林生长规律研究

【目的】研究了江南油杉人工林生长规律,以期为江南油杉人工林合理经营提供科学依据。【方法】在全面调查广西林科院老虎岭实验林场27年生江南油杉人工林基础上,在不同的3个标准样地内选择了12株平均木进行树干解析,深入分析其树高、胸径、单株材积生长规律及形数变化规律。并采用6种林木生长经验模型进行回归分析和比较,选出合适的生长模型。【结果】27年生江南油杉树高、胸径、材积的总生长量随着年龄的增加而增加,其中,树高生长总量为16.9 m,胸径生长总量为20.3 cm,材积生长总量为0.283 685 m^3。江南油杉胸高形数是随着年龄的增加先急剧增加,然后再缓慢下降,形数曲线呈反"J"型变化,胸高形数在第7年后小于1,第24年后曲线变化趋于平稳状态,保持在0.52左右。【结论】1)树高在6~14 a和18~24 a处于较高的增长水平,是江南油杉树高生长的速生期。胸径生长的速生期在6~16 a和18~27 a出现。树高和胸径的连年生长量随年龄的增加而增高增粗,树高的高生长期比胸径高生长期早2 a,树高与胸径的低生长期出现在同年。材积的第1个生长高峰期在1~14 a,在第26年后是材积的第2个生长高峰期。各龄阶胸高形数表明江南油杉的胸高形数大,树高尖削度小。2)通过比较分析6种生长模型对江南油杉胸径、树高和材积的实测值的拟合情况,苏玛克(Schumacher)模型可作为江南油杉树高和胸径生长模型,韦布尔(Weibull)模型可作为材积生长模型。经检验,预测值和实测值的残差及相对总误差均较小,模型精度较高,证明所选择的数学模型预测值与实际生长规律基本吻合。3)27年生江南油杉材积的连年生长量和平均生长量曲线经27 a生长仍未相交,说明江南油杉在27 a内尚未达到数量成熟。通过材积生长模型的推算结果,江南油杉材积年平均生长量与连年生长量相交于48~49 a间,即江南油杉数量成熟年龄为49 a,此时的江南油杉材积生长量为0.942 460 m^3。     

桂西南地区擎天树人工林生长规律

采用树干解析的方法对桂西南地区擎天树人工林的生长规律进行研究,结果表明:32年生擎天树人工林的树高、胸径、单株材积分别为23.1 m、23.4 cm0、.516 53 m3。树高、胸径连年生长曲线和平均生长曲线均出现多次相交,且变动幅度剧烈,连年生长量在24年前后均出现明显的下降过程。而材积的变动幅度相对要小,在数量上还未达到成熟。胸径的高生长期、低生长期与树高的年份基本一致,反映了从西双版纳地区引种的擎天树在桂西南地区生长对当地气候变化十分敏感。所拟合的生长预测模型具有很高的精确度,其中,树高、胸径的最优生长模型是理查德模型,材积最优生长模型为考尔夫模型。     

塞罕坝华北落叶松林生长模型的研究

收集了塞罕坝机械林场内的160株华北落叶松解析木数据,使用理查德方程、逻辑斯蒂方程、单分子曲线以及严格舒马克曲线4个理论生长方程分别拟合出塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林的胸径、树高和材积生长模型。结果表明：4个理论方程均适合华北落叶松林的生长过程,但是理查德方程拟合精度最高,与林木实际生长情况最符合,它拟合得到的决定系数均在0．998以上;其次是逻辑斯蒂方程,得到的决定系数在0．988以上。因此,建议在以后华北落叶松人工林林木生长模型的研究中使用理查德方程。     

水曲柳人工林生长特性研究

水曲柳人工林生长特性的研究表明:水曲柳人工林胸径生长从第6年开始加快,6~21 a生间,连年生长量在0.40~0.67 cm之间,9~24 a生间,平均生长量在0.47~0.50 cm之间。树高生长从3 a生开始加快,3~6 a生间,连年生长量在0.50~0.67 m,9~18 a生间,连年生长量在0.67~1.00 m之间;9~24a生间,平均生长量在0.61~0.72 m。材积生长从12 a生开始加快,12~24 a生间,平均生长量在0.00088~0.002 99 m3之间;从9a生开始,连年生长量在0.001 34~0.006 82 m3之间。24a生人工林直径、树高、材积生长分别为25a生天然林胸径、树高、材积的1.81倍、1.92倍和6.12倍。     

红松人工林优树个体结实量与生长因子关系的研究

为探讨红松生长指标对结实量的影响,调查了草河口地区30～80年生5个林龄红松人工林优树个体结实量和胸径等生长指标,利用灰色关联度方法分析结实和生长因子之间的关系。结果表明,与个体结实量关联度较大的3个生长因子是树高、胸径和侧枝长。因此,除了个体结实量外,树高、胸径和侧枝长可作为红松结实型优树选择的重要依据。     

Mapping the effect of spatial and temporal variation in climate and soils on Eucalyptus plantation production with 3-PG,a process-based growth model

In the wet tropics, near the Atlantic Coast of Brazil, drought may reduce plantation yields by as much one-third over a six-to-seven-year rotation. For land owners, annual variation in production cannot be estimated with empirical models. In this paper, we examine whether the process-based growth model, 3-PG is sufficiently sensitive to climatic variation to provide a virtual record of changes in growing stock across 180,000 ha eucalypt plantation estate. We first mapped variation in climate and soil properties, and then ran simulations for the current planted forest with ages varying from one to seven years. Model predictions of stand volume and mean tree diameter agreed closely with measurements acquired on 60 reference plots monitored over the test period; the prediction of mean annual increment (MAI) was less reliable. Available soil water (ASW) and leaf area index (LAI) were also measured and compared with the model estimations. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and ASW accounted for most of the variation in yields. We conclude that this spatial modelling approach offers a reasonable alternative to extensive ground surveys, particularly when climatic variation extends beyond the historical average for a region.     

The effects of shade on the plant communities of rides in plantation woodland and implications for butterfly conservation

During 1985-6 the vegetation in the rides (forest tracks) of eight English lowland woods, planted on ancient woodland sites was surveyed. Shade was measured in each transect by hemispherical photography. Dicotyledonous species richness and the majority of dicot plant species declined as shade increased. The results for individual species compare favourably with Ellenberg's (L) value in most cases, and a method is suggested for modifying Ellenberg's data in the light of new information. The woodlands contained species of both open and shaded habitats and communities were influenced by soil acidity. Because shade in woodland rides increases as the trees mature, theory states that there will almost certainly be a reduction in plant species diversity. Butterfly populations would also be adversely affected, partly because of the reduction in direct sunlight, and partly because their larval foodplants decline in both quantity and quality since they are generally associated with low to moderate shade.     

南方杉木人工林可燃物负荷量预测模型的研究

从森林资源和蔓延规律出发 ,用逐步回归法选取易测的林分因子为建模单元 ,通过多模型选优 ,确定了南方杉木人工林的树叶、小于 0 6cm的树枝、枯枝叶、大于 0 6cm的树枝和树干的可燃物负荷量预测模型 ;编制了 5个组份的二元可燃物负荷量表 ;提出了杉木人工林各种类型可燃物负荷量的预测方法和数学模型     

东北过伐林区主要森林类型林分蓄积量生长模型

以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场的主要森林类型为对象,基于小班调查数据,利用R ichards、Logistic、单分子、Gompertz和Korf 5种理论生长方程,建立了林分蓄积量生长模型,采用模型拟合统计量、误差及残差分布对模型进行评价和检验。结果表明:白桦林、人工混交林、天然针阔混交林用R ichards模型最好,人工落叶松林、阔叶混交林、天然针叶混交林用Logistic模型最好。研究结果为该地区森林生长预测和经营优化提供了参考和依据。     

Density-dependent effects of northern hardwood competition on selected environmental resources and young white spruce (Picea glauca) plantation growth, mineral nutrition, and stand structural development – a 5-year study

The effects of competition from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and northern hardwood tree species on white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were examined on a clearcut site of the boreal mixedwood forest of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. A controlled experiment involving a gradient of five vegetation densities on the basis of the leaf area index (LAI) was established in a completely randomized plot design with six replications. Each of the five levels of vegetation cover (including vegetation-free plots) were examined to evaluate how they affected environmental factors (quantity and quality of light reaching the spruce seedlings, and soil temperature), spruce growth (height, basal diameter, volume index, and above-ground biomass), spruce mortality, browsing damage, spruce foliar mineral nutrition, as well as the stand structural development, during the first 5 years after seedling planting.

Each spruce growth variable analyzed in this study, according to a RMANOVA procedure, followed a negative hyperbolic form of density dependence of competitive effects. Loss of growth in young white spruce plantations in competition with northern hardwoods is likely to occur with the first few competitors. In cases where higher levels of competing vegetation were maintained over time, loss of spruce growth was extremely severe, to an extent where the exponential growth character of the young trees has been lost. At the end of the fifth year, spruce growing with no interference were larger in mean total above-ground biomass by a factor of 9.7 than those growing with the highest level of vegetation cover. Spruce did not develop a strategy of shade avoidance by increasing tree height, on the contrary. Spruce mortality differed among treatments only in the fifth year, indicating that early evaluation of spruce survival is not a strong indicator of competitive effects, when compared to diameter growth. Spruce foliar N and Ca contents were significantly reduced by the first level of competing vegetation cover, while K increased with the density of the vegetation cover, and P and Mg were not affected. Nitrogen nutrition of young white spruce planted on recently disturbed sites is discussed in relation to the potential root discrimination of this species against soil nitrate, a reaction observed by Kronzucker et al. [Kronzucker, H.J., Siddiqi, M.Y., Glass, A.D.M., 1997. Conifer root discrimination against soil nitrate and the ecology of forest succession. Nature London 385, 59–61]. The effects of hardwood competition indicate a prevalence of competition for light over a competition for nutrients, as revealed by the substantial increase in the h/d ratio of white spruce. Two indicators, h/d ratio and the quantity of light received at the tree seedling level, are suggested as a basis for the management of hardwood competition in a white spruce plantation.

Analysis of the stand structural development indicates that spruce height distribution was affected only by moderate or dense cover of vegetation, while diameter distribution, when compared to competing vegetation-free plots, was affected by the lowest level of vegetation cover. This study shows that competition influenced the stand structural development in the same way as genetic and micro-site factors by aggravating the amplitude of size inequality. The impact of hardwood competition is discussed in view of reaching an equilibrium between optimal spruce plantation growth and benefits from further silvicultural treatments, and maintaining hardwood species known to improve long term site quality, within a white spruce plantation.     

包括气候变量的大尺度柏木胸径单木生长模型

利用多期森林资源连续清查的近3 000株柏木单木生长数据,建立了2种中北亚热带地区柏木单木胸径生长的大尺度统一模型,模型调整后决定系数都超过0.6。其中全模型包括更多林分的因子,方便模型则只包括易于从地形和林相图等中获取的变量,更方便大尺度上的应用。这些模型都包括气候变量。结果表明,对于大尺度上的柏木生长,地理位置和年均积温影响最大。这些模型为研究大尺度上的森林生态系统生产力和气候变化提供了工具。     

基于logistic模型的灰毛大青播种苗生长规律

采用非线性回归拟合方式对生长曲线进行logistic模型拟合,定量地模拟灰毛大青苗期生长规律。结果表明:logistic方程对灰毛大青1年生苗苗高和地径生长曲线的拟合相关性极显著,并采用数学模型来确定灰毛大青苗木生长的速生期,将生长期划分为4个时期。为育苗经验缺乏的树种育苗及幼苗管理提供了科学依据。     

Individual-tree diameter growth models for black spruce and jack pine plantations in northern Ontario

Individual-tree distance independent diameter growth models were developed for black spruce and jack pine plantations. Data used in this study came via stem analysis on 1170 black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and 800 jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees sampled from 75 stands of 25 even-aged monospecific plantations for each species in the Canadian boreal forest region of northern Ontario. Of the 75 stands, 50 were randomly selected for each species and all trees from these stands were used for model development. Trees from the remaining stands were used for model evaluation.A nonlinear mixed-effects approach was applied in fitting the diameter growth models. The predictive accuracy of the models was improved by including random effects coefficients. Four selection criteria - random, dominant or codominant, tree size close to quadratic mean diameter, and small sized - were evaluated for accuracy in predicting random effects for a new stand using the developed models. Random effects predicted based on trees selected using the random selection criterion provided more accurate diameter predictions than those using trees obtained via other selection criteria for both species. The models developed here are very important to forest managers as the diameters predicted by these models or, their stand-level summaries (i.e., basal area, average diameter), are used as inputs in any forest growth and yield models. In addition, individual-tree diameter growth models can be used to directly forecast changes in diameter distribution of stands.     

Modeling individual-tree growth in stands under forest conversion in East Germany

One major result of forest conversion in Saxony, East Germany, is the increasing importance of two-storied stands composed of a conifer canopy and a deciduous-tree understory. To enhance the applicability of the growth and yield simulator BWINPro under these conditions, three of its major sub-models were adapted to the regional growing conditions and to the relatively high level of diversity in spatial structure, mixture of species, and age variability typical for forests in conversion: (1) A new module for simulating single-tree juvenile growth was developed for European beech and Common oak under canopies of Norway spruce and Scots pine. Predictions in this sub-model are derived from individual height, diameter at breast height (dbh), and the influences of horizontal and vertical competition; (2) An alternative distance-dependent competition index was introduced to estimate individual basal area increment according to tree-specific growing conditions; (3) A modified logistic mortality model was parameterized for the most important Saxon species based on tree dimensions and basal area increment. Data came from permanent sample plots distributed throughout the region and from three chronosequence plot series established specifically for obtaining model input data. The new components were included into the existing structure of BWINPro. As a result of the adaption, the regional version BWINPro-S provides enhanced opportunities of planning and management for forest conversion and for multi-storied stands.     

Use of 3-PG and 3-PGS to simulate forest growth dynamics of Australian tropical rainforests: I. Parameterisation and calibration for old-growth,regenerating and plantation forests

Accurate information concerning regional to ecosystem-scale carbon dynamics within tropical rainforests is important because of the increasing certainty that the global climate will change significantly within the next century. Tropical forests of north Queensland, Australia, are highly sensitive to climate change and substantial shifts in the distribution of these forests are likely to occur with minor variations in climate. The focus of this research was the development of a model-based system for assessing forest growth and biomass accumulation dynamics within Australia's tropical rainforest bioregion and predicting the impacts of climate change on these dynamics. This paper presents the parameterisation and calibration of (a) the 3-PG (Physiological Principles Predicting Growth) model to a selection of restored rainforest and commercial timber plantations and (b) a modified version 3-PGS which uses satellite data, enabling the spatial assessment of mature tropical rainforest growth and production throughout the wet tropics bioregion. Statistically significant relationships were observed between 3-PG and 3-PGS modelled and field measured estimates of stand structural attributes including, basal area (BA), diameter at breast height (DBH) and above-ground biomass (AGB) throughout the bioregion. 3-PG and 3-PGS modelled leaf area index (LAI) and net primary production (NPP) related well to published estimates at other similar rainforest sites. These results indicate that the simple, process-based models are effective at capturing the growth dynamics of structurally complex old-growth, restoration and plantation rainforests.     

直径生长潜力模型的研究

文章运用理查德生长曲线构成的遵守加法组合和乘法组合的非线性模型,对日本落叶松等3个树种进行了立地质量评价的尝试。结果表明,在森林立地质量评价的诸多方法之中,直径生长潜力仍然不失为一种应用简便和行之有效的方法。     

不同坡位华北落叶松人工林生长规律研究

以河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局下属的孟滦林场的华北落叶松（Larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr．）为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,借助Excel和ForStat统计分析软件,分析不同坡位华北落叶松树高、胸径以及材积变化规律,以掌握树木个体生长的基本规律。研究结果表明：华北落叶松各生长因子在生长过程中都会出现二次生长,树高和胸径的连年生长量在10年达最大值,而材积连年生长量在20年达最大值,在25年各因子同时出现二次生长。华北落叶松平均树高生长量最大为0．7m,平均胸径生长量最大为0．78cm,平均材积生长量为0．00629m^3。