15N示踪法研究弱光对不同穗型冬小麦氮素积累和转运的影响

在大田试验条件下,采用15N示踪法,设置不遮光(T0)、开花后1～10d遮光(T1)、开花后11～20 d遮光(T2)和开花后21～30 d遮光(T3)4个处理,每个处理设置15N尿素作底肥+普通尿素作追肥和普通尿素作底肥+ 15N尿素作追肥两个15N示踪的微区,研究灌浆期弱光条件下不同穗型小麦品种对不同来源氮素的吸收、分配、转运和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明,灌浆期不同阶段遮光均不利于植株对氮素的吸收、积累和转运,品种间表现一致,呈T0 ＞T3 ＞T2 ＞T1规律;小麦植株吸收的氮素68.0 ％～71.39％来自土壤氮,对追施氮的吸收量大于底施氮,灌浆期遮光增加了土壤氮素在营养器官的分配比例,不利于营养器官中土壤氮素向籽粒中的转运;各处理籽粒产量、肥料氮吸收量、氮肥利用率和肥料偏生产力均表现为T0 ＞T3＞ T2 ＞T1.相同处理条件下,济麦22籽粒产量和对肥料的利用大于山农8355.小麦灌浆期阶段性遮光降低了植株对氮素的吸收、转运和籽粒产量,以灌浆前期遮光影响最大,中期次之,后期最小;相同遮光条件下济麦22的籽粒产量和氮素利用率较高.     

15N示踪法研究不同灌水处理对小麦氮素吸收分配及利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,采用15N示踪法,设置全生育期不灌水（W0）、冬水+拔节水（W1）、冬水+拔节水+开花水（W2） 3个灌水处理,每次灌水60 mm,每个灌水处理下,设置15N尿素作底肥+普通尿素作追肥、普通尿素作底肥+15N尿素作追肥2个15N示踪处理的微区,研究不同灌水处理对小麦氮素吸收分配及利用效率的影响。结果表明,成熟期地上部植株氮素积累量及来源于土壤的氮素的积累量均为:W2＞W1＞W0;肥料氮的积累量为W0、W1＞W2。W1处理基肥氮积累量及比例均显著低于W0处理,追肥氮的积累量及比例均显著高于W0处理;W2处理基肥氮和追肥氮的积累量均显著低于W0处理。成熟期肥料氮在植株各器官的分配量为:子粒＞茎秆+叶鞘＞叶＞穗轴+颖壳;各处理营养器官中基肥氮的比例高于追肥氮,子粒中追肥氮的积累量及比例高于基肥氮。子粒中分配的肥料氮量为W0、W1＞W2。W1处理子粒产量最高,植株中肥料氮的积累量及利用率均高于W2处理。说明灌溉冬水+拔节水促进了小麦对追肥氮和土壤氮素的吸收积累,提高了肥料氮的积累量和利用率;在此基础上增灌开花水,地上部积累的追肥氮量及其向子粒中的分配比例均显著降低,这是花后供水多导致产量和氮肥利用效率显著降低的生理原因。     

Uronic acid in humus

Introduction

Uronic acids are aldehydic sugar acids. In nature, they are composed mainly of d-glucuronic acid and d-galacturonic acid and scarcely of dmannuronic acid.     

Real-time imaging of nitrogen fixation in an intact soybean plant with nodules using 13N-labeled nitrogen gas

Real-time images of nitrogen fixation in an intact nodule of hydroponically cultured soybean ( Glycine max [L] Merr.) were obtained. In the present study, we developed a rapid method to produce and purify ¹³N-labeled radioactive nitrogen gas (half life: 9.97 min). ¹³N was produced from a ¹⁶O (p, α) ¹³N nuclear reaction. The target chamber was filled with CO₂ and irradiated for 10 min with protons at an energy of 18.3 MeV and an electric current of 5 μA, which was delivered from a cyclotron. All CO₂ in the collected gas was absorbed and removed with powdered soda-lime in a syringe and replaced with helium gas. The resulting gas was injected into gas chromatography and separated and a 35 mL fraction, including the peak of [¹³N]-nitrogen gas, was collected by monitoring the chromatogram. The obtained gas was mixed with 10 mL of O₂ and 5 mL of N₂ and used in the tracer experiment. The tracer gas was fed into the underground part of intact nodulated soybean plants and serial images of the distribution of ¹³N were obtained non-invasively using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS). The rates of nitrogen fixation of the six test plants were estimated to be 0.17 ± 0.10 μmol N₂ h⁻¹ from the PETIS image data. The decreasing rates of assimilated nitrogen were also estimated to be 0.012 ± 0.011 μmol N₂ h⁻¹. In conclusion, we successfully observed nitrogen fixation in soybean plants with nodules non-invasively and quantitatively using [¹³N]N₂ and PETIS.     

生长模型和15N示踪评价施肥处理对苹果树氮肥利用的影响

为提高果树氮肥利用率,探索一种简便易行的氮肥利用评价方法,该研究以田间5年生延长红（“长富2号”芽变品种）为研究对象,分别采用生长模型和15N示踪技术对比分析不施氮肥（CK）、常规高氮（N800,800 kg/hm2化肥氮）、优化减氮（N400,400 kg/hm2化肥氮）和有机无机配施（N200+O200,化肥氮和有机氮各200 kg/hm2）处理下苹果树对氮肥的吸收利用情况以及各器官氮素的分配特性的差异,结果表明：不同施肥处理对苹果的产量没有显著性的影响（31.7～37.3 t/hm2）;各施氮处理基于生长模型和15N示踪技术的果树氮肥利用率分别为13.13%～31.94%和11.64%～32.40%;基于生长模型,N400和N200+O200处理果树的氮肥利用率比N800处理高84.92%和143.26%;基于15N示踪技术,N200+O200处理的果树氮肥利用率比N800和N400高178.35%和69.28%;不同施肥处理对各器官氮素分配没有显著性的影响。两种评价方法对于果实和叶片的氮肥利用率、各器官氮素的分配情况分别存在显著差异（P<0.05）和极显著差异（P<0.01）,但对植株总体氮肥利用率的评价结果无显著差异,平均仅相差3.10%。基于本试验的研究结果可以得出,利用生长模型可以估算苹果树的氮肥利用率。研究结果可为农田管理措施改善以及果树氮肥利用率评价提供理论参考。     

Effects of tied-ridge,nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum in semi-arid Ethiopia

Moisture deficit, poor soil fertility and lack of improved varieties constrained sorghum production in north-eastern Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted in 2002 at Kobo and Sirinka in north-eastern Ethiopia to study the possible effects of seedbed, nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a split–split plot design with seedbed (tied-ridge vs. flatbed planting) as main plots, N fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha^?1) as subplots and sorghum cultivars (Jigurti, ICSV111 and 76T1#23) as sub-sub plots, with three replications. At Kobo, the seedbed by cultivar interaction affected all parameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased biomass yield and NUE at both locations and grain yield at Sirinka. Cultivars showed different performance where ICSV111 and 76T1#23 were superior in grain yield, N uptake and concentration, N harvest index and NUE of grain (NUEg) compared with Jigurti. Thus, planting ICSV111 and 76T1#23 in tied-ridging and with N fertilization at Kobo and in flatbed and with N fertilization at Sirinka is recommended. This study revealed that tied-ridging is not a solution in all areas where moisture deficiency is a problem. Its effectiveness is affected by rainfall amount and soil type.     

15N示踪法研究生物炭施用对水稻—土壤系统氮肥去向的影响

为探究施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留及损失的影响,采用盆栽试验结合¹⁵N示踪技术,分析了施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻生物量、氮素积累量、肥料氮去向以及氨氧化微生物的影响。研究共设置5个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、单施化肥(CF)、施化肥配施0.5%生物炭(BC1)、施化肥配施1%生物炭(BC2)和施化肥配施2%生物炭(BC3)。结果表明:与CF处理相比,BC2和BC3处理均显著提高水稻产量,增产率分别为19.3%和22.0%。施用生物炭显著增加水稻氮素积累量和表观利用率。施用生物炭的水稻籽粒肥料氮积累和总肥料氮积累量较CF处理分别提高18.6%~23.4%和18.5%~26.5%。然而,施用生物炭处理与CF处理之间的籽粒土壤氮吸收量没有显著差异。BC1、BC2和BC3处理的氮肥利用率分别为30.4%,28.5%和29.3%,均显著高于CF处理(24.1%)。施用生物炭有利于肥料氮在土壤中的 残留,从而减少损失。因此,施用生物炭的肥料氮损失率(25.7%~27.5%)显著低于单施化肥处理(38.4%)。与CF处理相比,高量施用生物炭(BC3)显著降低氨氧化细菌的amoA基因拷贝数,但施用生物炭对氨氧化古菌丰度没有显著影响。综上表明,施用水稻秸秆生物炭是提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率,同时还是有效减少氮素损失的一种有效措施。     

Interactive effects of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on corn growth and nitrogen use efficiency

Our objective was to determine the combined effect of some plant growth regulators and nitrogen (N) on corn growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency. A potted experiment was conducted with two levels of growth regulators [i.e. with or without treatment with Seed king (Kinetine), Root king (Indole-butyric acid) and More king (Chitosan)], two maize cultivars (Calabar White and Obatanpa-98 and three nitrogen rates (0, 90 and 180 kg/ha in the form of urea). The measured parameters were growth attributes, nitrogen uptake, dry matter yield, harvest-index, shoot to root ratio, yield attributes and agronomic and physiological nitrogen use efficiency. Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm²) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing. The dry matter yield of both leaf and stem increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing N rates but the growth regulators significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased only the leaf dry matter. The interaction between growth regulators and nitrogen significantly affected the leaf dry matter but not the stem dry matter. There was a considerable (P ≤ 0.05) increase in harvest-index (HI) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulators and Obatanpa-98 had better HI (30.81%) than Calabar White (27.41%). Obatanpa 98 also had much (P ≤ 0.05) higher grain yield (87.42 g/plant) than Calabar White (65.40 g/plant) but for both cultivars, the grain yield increased progressively with increasing N rate. The uptake of N differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the different partitions of maize (leaves, stems and grains) at various growth stages. Calabar White had the highest N uptake in the leaves and stem whether at silking or at harvest. Obatanpa-98 partitioned more N to the grains than Calabar White. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was highest (21.31 gg^?1) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 having a superior (20.26 gg^?1) ANUE to Calabar White (15.94 gg^?1). The physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also highest (8.14 g/kg) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 being more efficient (8.08 gkg) than Calabar White (6.26 g/kg). Thus, both cultivars treated with 90 kgN/ha with or without growth regulators would best optimize nitrogen fertilizer use. However, the growth regulators increased the yield of Calabar White significantly only when no N was applied. In contrast, they increased the yield of the hybrid Obatanpa-98 at all N rates especially at the 180 kgN/ha rate. Thus, under the low input cropping common with Calabar White, treatment with the growth regulators would boost yield. A combined treatment of 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulators would ensure the best yield of Obatanpa-98.     

15N Fertilizer recovery in different tillage–straw systems on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico

Tillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with ¹⁵N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer ¹⁵N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered ¹⁵N (¹⁵N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil ¹⁵N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg ¹⁵N ha^?1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled ¹⁵N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.     

有机和无机烟草专用肥配合施用对烟草生产效益和肥料氮素利用率的影响

通过盆栽和田间试验方法,研究了烟草无机专用肥与烟草生物有机专用肥配合施用对烟草整个生育期土壤氮素水平、 烟草地上部干物质累积量、 产量及其氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明, 与单施烟草无机专用、 烟草生物有机专用肥相比,70%无机专用肥氮+30%生物有机专用肥氮,总施氮量为60 kg/hm2时,烟草整个生育期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别显著提高了3.75%~118.14%、 0~16.35%、 全氮含量提高了0.77%~10.42%,烟草地上部分干物质累积量增加了0.76%~51.88%,增产8.63%~15.28%,土壤偏生产力提高了5.39%~27.24%,烟草氮素利用率提高了3.21%~208.38%,烟草的生产效益和氮素利用率均达到了最佳,而生物有机专用肥氮在总氮量中所占比例为5%时,对烟草整个生育期土壤有效氮含量、 烟草产量和氮素利用率作用不明显。 因此, 70%无机专用肥氮与30%生物有机专用肥氮配施、 总氮量为60 kg/hm2是值得推荐的配施比例和用量。     

氮肥种类和施用量对南洋杉苗期的影响

Nitrogenous fertilisers are under consideration for promoting the growth of nursery-reared hoop pine （Araucaria cunninghamii Alton ex A. Cunn） seedlings in the establishment phase of second rotation （2R） plantations. Using ^15N- labelled fertilisers, we investigated the effect of different forms （ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea） and rates of application （0, 150 and 300 mg N kg^-1 dried soil） of fertilisers on the growth, ^15N recovery and carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of hoop pine seedlings in a 12-month glasshouse trial in southeast Queensland, Australia. The ^15N-labelled fertilisers were applied to nursery-reared hoop pine seedlings, which were then grown in pots, containing ca. 1.2 kg dried soil, under well watered conditions for 12 months. Four seedlings from each treatment were harvested at 4-month intervals, divided into roots, stem and foliage, with a further subdivision for new and old foliage, and then analysed for ^15N, total N, δ^13C and total C. There was no significant response in the seedling growth to the form or rate of application of nitrogen （N） fertiliser within the 12-month period, indicating that the seedlings did not experience N deficiency when grown on second rotation hoop pine soils. While the combined ^15N recovery from soil and plant remained at around 70% throughout the experiment, the proportion of ^15N recovered from the plants increasing steadily over time. Nitrate containing fertilisers at 150 mg N kg^-1 soil gradually increased seedling foliage δ^13C over the 12-month period, indicating an increase in seedling water use efficiency.     

Added nitrogen interaction as affected by soil nitrogen pool size and fertilization – significance of displacement of fixed ammonium

Displacement of NH₄⁺ fixed in clay minerals by fertilizer ¹⁵NH₄⁺ is seen as one mechanism of apparent added nitrogen interactions (ANI), which may cause errors in ¹⁵N tracer studies. Pot and incubation experiments were carried out for a study of displacement of fixed NH₄⁺ by ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer (ammonium sulfate and urea). A typical ANI was observed when ¹⁵N‐labeled urea was applied to wheat grown on soils with different N reserves that resulted from their long‐term fertilization history: Plants took up more soil N when receiving fertilizer. Furthermore, an increased uptake of ¹⁵N‐labeled fertilizer, induced by increasing unlabeled soil nitrogen supply, was found. This ANI‐like effect was in the same order of magnitude as the observed ANI. All causes of apparent or real ANI can be excluded as explanation for this effect. Plant N uptake‐related processes beyond current concepts of ANI may be responsible. NH₄⁺ fixation of fertilizer ¹⁵NH₄⁺ in sterilized or non‐sterile, moist soil was immediate and strongly dependent on the rate of fertilizer added. But for the tested range of 20 to 160 mg ¹⁵NH₄⁺‐N kg^–1, the NH₄⁺ fixation rate was low, accounting for only up to 1.3 % of fertilizer N added. For sterilized soil, no re‐mobilization of fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ was observed, while in non‐sterile, biologically active soil, 50 % of the initially fixed ¹⁵NH₄⁺ was released up to day 35. Re‐mobilization of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ from the pool of fixed NH₄⁺ started after complete nitrification of all extractable NH₄⁺. Our results indicate that in most cases, experimental error from apparent ANI caused by displacement of fixed NH₄⁺ in clay is unlikely. In addition to the low percentage of only 1.3 % of applied ¹⁵N, present in the pool of fixed NH₄⁺ after 35 days, there were no indications for a real exchange (displacement) of fixed NH₄⁺ by ¹⁵N.     

包膜复合肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率与土壤速效氮的影响

以郑单958为材料,比较研究了复合肥(CF)与包膜复合肥(CCF)对华北平原夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤速效氮与土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明,1)玉米产量随施氮量增大而增大,施N.180.kg/hm2时,CCF处理高于CF处理,施N.90.kg/hm2时表现相反;2)与CF处理比较,CCF处理施N.180.kg/hm2时,氮肥利用率高5.3个百分点,施N.90.kg/hm2时低2.4个百分点;3)土壤速效氮含量一般随施氮量增大而提高,各时期表土层CCF处理较CF处理高,中、下土层表现相反。大喇叭口期之前,CF处理中、下土层土壤速效氮含量高于上土层(020.cm或040cm),而CCF180处理060.cm土层高于60120.cm土层;4)不施氮,各生育阶段均出现土壤氮素表观亏缺,且吐丝后亏缺量占总亏缺量近80%;土壤氮素表观亏缺量随施氮量增大而降低,两种肥料表现一致;同等施氮量下CCF处理亏缺量较CF处理低。包膜复合肥氮素释放较平稳,对土壤速效氮向下运移的控制较好,有利于减少氮素潜在的淋洗损失。综合考虑产量、氮肥利用与氮素损失等因素,包膜复合肥用量N.180.kg/hm2是吴桥试区夏玉米季较为理想的选择。     

Green manure application improves rice growth and urea nitrogen use efficiency assessed using 15N labeling

ABSTRACT

Green manure is an efficient nitrogen (N) source when used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. However, the N taken up by rice derived from green manure, chemical fertilizers or soil native N in complex nutrient systems is unclear. A pot experiment with partial substitution of urea with Chinese milk vetch (a green manure) implemented with ¹⁵N-labeled urea and Chinese milk vetch was set up to study the sources of N in rice and the fate of the fertilizers. The dry weights, N contents, N uptake, and urea N use efficiency were notably higher (by 15–16%, 4–13%, 22–30% and 182%-203%, respectively) in the Chinese milk vetch applied with urea treatment than in the urea alone treatment. The uptake of N from Chinese milk vetch and the use efficiency of Chinese milk vetch N were increased with reductions in the urea input amount. The application of Chinese milk vetch substantially changed the fate of urea: higher amounts of urea N were taken up by rice (approximately 29%) and remained as residue in the soil (approximately 15%) in the related treatments than in the treatment with urea alone (10% and 9%). More urea N than Chinese milk vetch N was taken up by rice (29% vs 20%, respectively) and lost (56% vs 14%, respectively), but less urea N than Chinese milk vetch N remained as residue in the soil (15% vs 66%, respectively). The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with green manure is an effective method of promoting rice growth by supplying N for rice uptake and promoting more efficient N use.     

不同生态稻作区氮肥增产效应及其利用率

在4个典型生态粳稻区,以广适性的5个品种为材料,研究氮肥对不同稻区产量影响,并分析氮肥利用率及其不同稻区施氮效果的差异。结果表明:氮肥施用显著提高不同稻区产量,施氮增产率及其贡献率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区寒冷粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区,寒冷粳稻区产量提高主要是有效穗数和千粒重的增加,而其它3个稻区产量的提高主要是有效穗数和每穗粒数的增加所致。生产等量的稻谷氮肥需要量的大小顺序为寒冷粳稻区冷凉粳稻区籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区。不同稻区对氮肥的利用效率存在差异,氮肥农学利用率大小顺序为温暖粳稻区籼粳交错区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,氮肥吸收利用率大小顺序为籼粳交错区温暖粳稻区冷凉粳稻区寒冷粳稻区,4个稻作区的土壤氮素贡献率在61.10%~66.09%之间,说明各稻作区吸收的氮肥主要来自土壤,通过培肥地力,维持较高的地力水平对稻谷的超高产、高效具有重要意义。     

麦茬长秧龄条件下氮肥对机插水稻氮素利用效率及产量影响的研究

为弥补秧苗超龄对长秧龄机插稻生长产生的负效应,以杂交中稻品种冈优906为材料,设置施氮量和氮肥基、追配比两因素试验,研究了氮肥运筹对机插水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:长秧龄机插稻植株氮素积累动态符合logistic曲线增长规律。随施氮量增加,植株氮素积累总量增加,稻谷生产效率、氮素收获指数、氮素农学效率和氮素生理利用率均减小,氮素当季利用率呈先增后减的趋势。同一施氮水平下提高穗肥比例,氮素运转效率、收获指数、农学效率、生理利用率和氮素当季利用率增加,稻谷生产效率降低。长秧龄机插稻产量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量对有效穗和每穗实粒数有显著影响,成穗率、每穗实粒数、充实率、充实度随后期施氮比例的增加而增加,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基:蘖:穗肥比为4:3:3的氮肥运筹方式下长秧龄机插稻产量最高。     

不同栽培模式及施氮对半旱地冬小麦/夏玉米氮素累积、分配及氮肥利用率的影响

在陕西关中地区进行田间试验,研究了不同栽培模式、施氮量对夏玉米和冬小麦地上部分氮素的累积、分配和利用效率的影响。结果表明: 垄沟栽培模式显著增加了成熟期夏玉米的氮素累积总量及各个器官的氮素累积量,其余处理下成熟期夏玉米和冬小麦的氮素累积量差异未达显著水平; 不同栽培模式下,小麦的各器官除叶片的氮素累积量差异达显著外,其余器官的氮素累积量均未达到显著水平; 不同栽培模式下,小麦各器官对子粒氮素的贡献为垄沟常规覆草控水; 与不施氮肥相比较,施氮处理（N 120 kg/hm2和N 240 kg/hm2）显著增加了作物氮素累积量; 两个施氮肥水平相比,高氮处理显著提高氮素累积量,但小麦花后营养器官氮素向子粒转运和分配两个水平间无显著差异; 随着氮肥用量的增加,氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学效率均呈现降低趋势。