动物园鹦鹉馆内空气细菌总数及分离菌致病力测定

本试验采用了自然沉降法采集各种鹦鹉笼环境空气中细菌样本,进行了细菌总数测定,并对分离出的病原菌进行动物致病性试验。结果显示:营养琼脂培养基上的环境空气中细菌菌落总数最多,其中绯红鹦鹉笼内19.24×104cfu/m3,亚马逊鹦鹉笼内最少,为5.59×104cfu/m3。鹦鹉馆笼外空气中平均细菌菌落总数为13.19×104cfu/m3,笼内平均细菌菌落总数为10.12×104cfu/m3。在本次试验共采取样本110份,检测到22种细菌98株,其中葡萄球菌58株,肠杆菌36株,链球菌4株。动物致病试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、发光致病杆菌和聚团多源肠杆菌6种致病力较强;耳葡萄球菌、头葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、咳痰塔特姆氏菌5种致病力弱;而模仿葡萄球菌、霍米奇肠杆菌、美国爱文氏菌、嗜盐四联球菌等11种无致病性。     

种鸭场鸭舍内外环境中细菌的种类及分布研究

为了解种鸭场鸭舍内外环境中细菌的种类、数量及分布情况,采用菌落计数、细菌分离培养、革兰氏染色、生化试验及16S rRNA鉴定等方法对山东省潍坊地区某种鸭场鸭舍内外的空气、墙壁、地面、水槽和料槽样品进行了检测。结果表明:鸭舍内空气中细菌菌落总数为3 921 cfu/m~3,明显高于舍外空气中细菌总数;不同物体表面细菌的数量不同,墙壁细菌总数为123 cfu/cm~2,地面细菌总数为4 342 cfu/cm~2,水槽细菌总数为2 579 cfu/cm~2,料槽细菌总数为1 542 cfu/cm~2。从117份样品中分离到106株细菌,其中芽胞杆菌37株,占检出菌的34.9%(37/106);葡萄球菌30株,占检出菌的28.3%(30/106);肠杆菌30株,占检出菌的28.3%(30/106);链球菌9株,占检出菌的8.5%(9/106),且空气中和地面表面的细菌种类最多。说明种鸭场鸭舍内外环境中葡萄球菌、芽胞杆菌和肠杆菌是主要污染菌。     

规模化奶牛场空气细菌数量与乳房炎发生的相关性调查

本试验采用自然沉降法对规模化奶牛场泌乳奶牛舍进行空气细菌含量检测,同时对空气中细菌和乳房炎奶牛乳汁中细菌进行分离鉴定。结果表明,不同牧场不同培养基的细菌菌落总数均不同,在NA培养基上,细菌菌落总数B场10.97×10~3 cfu/m~3C场10.17×10~3 efu/m~3A场8.78×10~3 cfu/m~3;运动场细菌菌落总数少于牛舍内。3个牧场奶牛乳房炎的发病率分别是B场32.14%C场的30.91%A场29.25%,空气中的细菌菌落总数与奶牛乳房炎的发病率呈正相关。从3个牧场牛舍空气样本中分离到221个菌株,有金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌、沙门菌、停乳链球菌、无乳链球菌和肺炎链球菌等主要病原菌。A、B牧场主要是葡萄球菌,占分离菌的75.34%和60.61%。其中金黄色葡萄球菌分别占45.21%和22.73%。C牧场牛舍空气中主要是肠杆菌,占分离菌的51.23%,其中大肠埃希菌占31.70%。3个牧场乳房炎奶牛乳汁中所检测到的主要病原菌分别是:A、B牧场主要是葡萄球菌,占分离菌的48%和57.96%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌分别占24%和23.8%;C牧场主要是肠杆菌,占分离菌的50%,其中大肠埃希菌占18.8%,沙门菌占9.09%。奶牛场空气中主要病原菌的种类和乳房炎奶牛乳汁中主要病原菌的种类基本一致。     

动物园孔雀舍内环境中常见病原菌的调查

本试验采用自然沉降法对南京红山森林动物园孔雀生存环境进行了细菌总数的测定和病原菌的致病力观察。结果表明,从50份空气样本中分离到55个菌株,其中葡萄球菌31株,肠杆菌21株,链球菌3株。鉴定出18种病原菌,其中大肠杆菌、志贺氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌3种致病力较强;表皮葡萄球菌、发光致病杆菌、血链球菌3种致病力弱;其它的12种无致病性。     

鸭舍环境中细菌种类及分布的分析

为了解商品鸭场鸭舍内环境中细菌的种类及分布情况,采用细菌分离培养、革兰氏染色、生化试验及16 S r RNA鉴定等方法,对山东潍坊某商品鸭场鸭舍的空气、墙壁、地面、水槽和料槽样品进行了检测。结果:从107份样品中分离到97株细菌,其中葡萄球菌38株,占检出菌的39.2%(38/97);芽孢杆菌27株,占检出菌的27.8%(27/97);肠杆菌23株,占检出菌的23.7%(23/97);链球菌9株,占检出菌的9.3%(9/97),且空气中和地面表面的细菌种类最多。试验结果说明鸭舍环境中葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌和肠杆菌是主要污染菌。     

不同乳牛舍环境空气中细菌含量的比较研究

采用自然沉降法对南京3个规模化奶牛场和3个奶牛小区泌乳奶牛舍内细菌含量进行监测和比较。结果显示,牛舍环境空气中的细菌菌落总数,不同的牛舍不同采样点、不同的培养基其结果均不相同。运动场细菌菌落总数少于牛舍内。NA培养基菌落数最高达33.81×103 CFU/m3,MAC和S.S培养基在多个分布点无细菌生长。6个牧场空气中的细菌菌落总数为F场＞E场＞B场＞C场＞A场＞D场。牛舍的空气细菌总数与牛舍规模化程度无关,而与各牧场牛舍卫生管理有很大的相关性。从270个样本中共分离到338株细菌,A、B牧场主要是葡萄球菌,分别占分离菌的75.34%（55/73）和60.61%（40/66）;C、E、F牧场主要是肠杆菌,分别占分离菌的51.22%（42/82）、62.16%（23/37）、61.11%（33/54）;D牧场葡萄球菌占分离菌的46.15%（12/26）,肠杆菌和链球菌分别占26.92%（7/26）。结果表明,规模化奶牛场和奶牛小区空气细菌总数无明显差异。     

呼和浩特地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

本试验对113份奶牛隐性乳房炎奶样进行细菌分离鉴定、致病性评估及药敏试验。共分离到3大类5种91株细菌，其中金黄色葡萄球菌72株，溶血葡萄球菌8株，表皮葡萄球菌6株；停乳链球菌1株；大肠杆菌2株，沙雷氏菌1株，克雷伯氏菌1株。经过绵羊血溶血试验及小白鼠动物试验，确定部分菌株为致病菌。8类18种药物的药敏试验结果表明，金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌均对四环素、氯霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素等药物高度敏感；链球菌对洁霉素、红霉素、氯霉素、喹诺酮类以及庆大霉素等均高度敏感，肠杆菌对新霉素、磺胺、四环素、链霉素、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、喹诺酮类等均高度敏感，而对临床上常用的青、链霉素等药物均产生了不同程度的耐药性。     

南宁市郊奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的分离鉴定

在南宁市郊两个奶牛场采集了45份奶牛子宫分泌物,其中10份来自健康奶牛,35份来自患子宫内膜炎奶牛,对其进行实验室细菌学分离鉴定及统计分析.结果共分离出69株病原微生物,其中金黄色葡萄球菌26株,占分离总数的37.7%;表皮葡萄球菌9株,占13.0%;链球菌10株,占14.5%;大肠杆菌14株,占20.3%;变形杆菌3株,占4.3%;绿脓杆菌1株,占1.4%;化脓放线菌4株,占5.8%;酵母菌2株,占2.9%,揭示了被检奶牛场奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的种类及比例.     

4个动物园灵长类动物肠道克雷伯氏菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

从4个动物园的非人灵长类动物中采集了214份粪便样品,经过细菌分离培养、染色镜检和生化试验等分离鉴定出88株克雷伯氏菌,分离率为41.12%。按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)的判定标准,对分离到的88株克雷伯氏菌进行了22种抗生素药物的药敏试验,结果表明,88株均表现出不同的程度的耐药性,其中,耐药程度最高的是羧苄青霉素(耐药率为95.45%);敏感度最高的是阿米卡星(敏感率为77.27%)。88株克雷伯氏菌分离株均有较为严重的多重耐药性,耐8～15种抗菌药物的菌株最多,有64株,占分离菌株的72.73%;耐10种以上抗菌药物的菌株有63株,占分离菌株的71.59%。从不同动物园分离的克雷伯氏菌对22种抗生素的耐药情况来看,在所调查的4个动物园中,重庆某动物园(CQ)和北京某动物园(BJ)的克雷伯氏菌分离株间耐药率无差异(P>0.05);上海某野生动物园(SHW)和上海某动物园(SHZ)的克雷伯氏菌分离株间耐药率无差异(P>0.05);而北京某动物园(BJ)与上海某野生动物园(SHW)和上海某动物园(SHZ)的克雷伯氏菌分离株相比,其耐药率差异均极显著(P<0.01);重庆某动物园(CQ)与上海某野生动物园(SHW)和上海某动物园(SHZ)的克雷伯氏菌分离株相比,其耐药率差异均极显著(P<0.01)。     

冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

通过LMT法、乳汁pH检验法和体细胞直接计数等方法相结合,对冀东地区3个大型奶牛场、8个奶牛养殖户选取的1 021头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎流行病学调查与病菌分离鉴定。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为60.63%(619/1021),乳房炎阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达88.21%(546/619)。从543头隐性乳房炎患牛的阳性乳区乳样中分得细菌共4类14种菌82株,其中葡萄球菌36株,占43.90%;链球菌33株,占40.24%;肠杆菌类8株,占9.76%;棒状杆菌5株,占6.10%。冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。