基于利益相关者的土地利用规划优化模式研究

叙述了土地利用规划利益相关者的定义,目前我国土地利用规划中存在的利益相关者包括:国务院及土地主管部门、省(区)市土地管理部门、县级土地管理部门、县级其他行政部门、规划团队、公众等,并分析了他们之间的关系.提出了目前我国土地利用规划中存在的问题,给出了构建土地利用规划的优化模式及措施.     

湿地公园发展中利益相关者的冲突与协作——以香港湿地公园为例

以香港湿地公园为例,在可持续发展的视角下,探讨在管理与发展香港湿地公园中所涉及的利益相关者包括访客、土地所有者、本地居民、政府等。通过文献回顾、资料分析及实地观察,揭示利益相关者间存在的矛盾如使用者之间冲突、利益冲突等。湿地公园发展中利益相关者的协作方式是通过绿色团体、非政府组织的介入,以及鼓励本地居民参与,减少不同利益主体的冲突。     

家居企业社会责任行为内容及影响因素研究

如今家居企业被期望为多个利益相关者创造长期价值,并对社会、环境和经济发展给予同等的关注,要求其积极承担企业的社会责任（CSR）。通过对35家家居行业上市公司披露的社会责任报告进行质性分析,构建了该类企业社会责任行为内容体系,利用非参数检验验证了细分领域和总资产对企业社会责任行为的影响,得出以下结论：1）越来越多的企业意识到了承担社会责任的重要性,发布社会责任报告的企业数量在逐年增加;2）员工、股东、环境三大利益相关者是企业主要的负责对象,而对政府、社会、供应链等利益相关者关注较少;3）细分领域不同,企业在环境类社会责任水平上存在显著差异;而总资产不同,企业的客户类社会责任水平则存在显著差异。     

国内生态旅游利益相关者研究综述

对国内相关论文的梳理发现,生态旅游利益相关者的研究主要集中在6个方面:1生态旅游利益相关者的界定;2生态旅游利益相关者的层次划分;3生态旅游利益相关者的利益诉求和要求分析;4生态旅游利益相关者之间的关系研究;5生态旅游的社区参与研究;6生态旅游利益相关者方面存在的问题与对策研究。国内对生态旅游利益相关者的研究已经取得了一些重要成就,但同时也存在一些突出问题需要继续研究和解决。     

预防性环境群体性纠纷的成因与解决途径浅论

指出了预防性环境群体性纠纷,是指因公众反对将来可能造成污染的建设项目而产生的群体性纠纷。预防性环境群体性纠纷与反应性环境群体性纠纷在解决途径、侧重点、难点等方面存在不同,因此应当分别加以研究并提出对策。预防性环境群体性纠纷产生的原因包括实体原因和程序原因。其解决对策包括:平衡公众、政府、企业三者的经济利益与环境利益;完善环境影响评价制度中的公众参与程序;在环境行政诉讼中引入公益诉讼制度。     

自然保护区的可持续旅游发展与生态管理——评《基于生态价值共创的自然保护区利益相关者管理研究》

正生态旅游在自然保护区领域不断发展,大规模生态旅游开发与游客的出现使得自然保护区在获得一定经济利益的同时,也面临着相关利益群体的诉求与矛盾。在此环境下自然保护区开展可持续旅游发展与生态管理,且解决自然保护区利益相关者的利益矛盾显得尤为重要。由刘静艳等编著、科学出版社2019年出版的《基于生态价值共创的自然保护区利益相关者管理研究》(ISBN:9787030598424,定价95. 00元)一书,针     

自然保护区林业资源利用方式的最优选择 ——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

自然保护区最大的问题在于农户发展与生态保护之间的冲突,而选择保护区林业资源利用的最优方式是缓解该冲突的重要途径,通过对卧龙保护区林业资源利用利益相关者的访谈,利用参与式情境的研究方法,进而总结出利益相关者选择的最优林业资源利用方式,并系统阐述了引入行为偏好的多属性决策理论,通过该理论丰富了选择结果的可行性与合理性。林业资源利用最优方式表明,利益相关者更偏向于经济主导式的林业资源利用方式,即通过合理利用保护区林业资源、提供相关政府扶持政策、发展林业产业和带动生态旅游等第三产业发展这四个方面,作为当地农户林业资源利用未来发展方式的重要途径,并由此提供了相应的建议与改进方式。     

自然保护区林业资源利用方式的最优选择——以四川卧龙国家级自然保护区为例

自然保护区最大的问题在于农户发展与生态保护之间的冲突,而选择保护区林业资源利用的最优方式是缓解该冲突的重要途径,通过对卧龙保护区林业资源利用利益相关者的访谈,利用参与式情境的研究方法,进而总结出利益相关者选择的最优林业资源利用方式,并系统阐述了引入行为偏好的多属性决策理论,通过该理论丰富了选择结果的可行性与合理性。林业资源利用最优方式表明,利益相关者更偏向于经济主导式的林业资源利用方式,即通过合理利用保护区林业资源、提供相关政府扶持政策、发展林业产业和带动生态旅游等第三产业发展这四个方面,作为当地农户林业资源利用未来发展方式的重要途径,并由此提供了相应的建议与改进方式。     

三江源国家公园利益相关者利益协调机制构建

三江源国家公园作为我国首个国家公园体制试点,在管理体制、经营模式和生态保护方面进行了较多的探索与实践并取得了一定的成效,但因其涉及的利益相关者数量较多且关系复杂,难免会出现利益矛盾和冲突,而协调好各利益方的关系将成为其发展是否成功的关键。因此,文章在分析三江源国家公园利益相关者构成和其利益诉求共性与差异点的基础上,总结了其在利益相关者协调方面的现状和问题,提出增强各利益方之间沟通和协调的利益表达与协商、分配与补偿、监督与反馈、保障与激励4个方面的具体建议,这必将有助于实现三江源国家公园利益相关者的关系协调并最终实现多方利益的共赢。     

云南省自然保护区资源保护与利用冲突问题的法律研究

云南省内自然保护区资源保护与利用中存在的冲突,其在表征上是我国自然保护区法律规范之间存在冲突,内在实质是由于经济发展与环境生态之间、不同利益主体发展权之间以及现代生产生活方式与传统文化与知识之间的冲突.在现代法治社会中,正确认知与解决上述冲突需要完善相关法律指引,尤需对现有立法和行政理念进行修正,应以保护环境、维护生物多样性之完整为出发点,尊重本地社区的参与和发展等权利,实现自然资源的合理利用.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.