不同加工条件下海螺足部质构的变化

研究了鲜活和不同加热条件下（5、20、60min）海螺足部的组织构造及其流变学特性的变化,并进行了质地剖面分析（TPA）和感官评定试验,为海螺深加工制品的开发及加工工艺的优化提供理论基础和科学依据。组织构造变化采用Van Gieson染色法观察,流变学特性参数和TPA通过质构仪测定,同时比较了TPA和感官评定间的相关性。结果表明：不同的加热处理对海螺足部的组织结构和流变学特征参数有明显影响。流变学特性与组织结构的变化之间具有一定的关联性。流变学特征参数表明鲜活海螺足部的肌肉具有硬度大、弹力和粘着性小的质地特点,而加热样品则是硬度小、弹力和粘着性大。海螺足部的热加工应以加热20分钟为宜, 时间太短或过长都无法给人以最佳的口感。TPA和感官评定在硬度（R=0.9692）、弹性（R=0.9272）和咀嚼性（R=0.8542）方面呈显著相关性,在粘着性（R=0.7945）方面也有较好的相关性。     

加热条件下沙蛰组织构造和流变学特性的变化

研究鲜活和不同加热时间条件下沙蛰组织构造及流变学特性的变化。组织构造变化采用Van Gieson染色法观察和扫描电镜观察,流变学特性参数通过应力松弛和破断实验进行测定。结果表明,沙蛰样品在加热过程中其重量和体积均呈现显著减小趋势;流变学特征参数弹性模量E₀和破断强度逐渐减少,而松弛时间τ₁、粘性模量η₁却呈现明显增加趋势,而且流变学特征参数与组织结构变化之间具有较好的相关性。这些变化主要是由于加热过程中沙蛰样品的蛋白质发生热变性所引起。与鲜活样品相比,加热样品具有弹性较大、粘结性较大和硬度小的特点。     

咸鱼品质的质构与感官相关性分析

为了探讨咸鱼品质的质构与感官评定的相关性,对其品质的感官评定结果与质构仪器分析结果进行了研究.以3种咸鱼,11个样品为研究对象,对其质构进行人工感官评价与质构仪(TPA模式)测定,对测定结果进行方差分析,结果显示11个样品的感官评价具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),TPA各个参数之间也存在一定的差异性.对仪器质构测定结果与感官评定结果进行相关性分析,结果表明仪器质构测定结果与感官评定结果之间有密切的相关性.其中,仪器测定的弹性参数与感官评价指标均具有显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)相关性,相关系数为0.398 ～0.859;而咀嚼性只与硬度具有显著相关,相关系数为0.650;其他参数均存在不同的相关性(r=-0.355 ～0.829).对感官评价总分与仪器分析结果进行相关性分析,得出硬度、咀嚼性与感官评价总分呈显著正相关关系(P ＜0.05,R=0.974 ～0.994),内聚性、弹性、黏着性与感官评价总分呈显著负相关关系(P ＜0.05,R=0.937～0.998).3种咸鱼品质的质构仪器分析值与感官评价值具有很好的相关性,为质构仪在咸鱼品质评价上的应用提供了理论依据.     

冻结贮藏条件下鲈鱼鲜度和质构变化

研究冻结贮藏条件下鲈鱼组织构造、质地剖面分析（TPA）及流变学特征参数（弹性模量E,应力松弛时间τ,粘性模量η,破断强度gf）的变化,同时结合鲜度指标（细菌总数,K值,TVB—N,pH值）和感官特性判断其品质变化特征。结果表明：随着冻结时间的延长,鲈样品细菌总数下降,K值和TVB—N上升;组织构造呈现纤维间空隙增大、方向性增强、断裂崩解的趋势;弹性模量呈上升趋势,破断强度、硬度、弹性、粘聚性、咀嚼性均呈下降趋势,应力松弛时间、粘性模量的变化则不显著。与冷藏样品相比,冻结样品具有鲜度高、货架期长的特点。     

微冻贮藏条件下鲈鲜度和质构变化

研究鲈在微冻贮藏条件下组织构造、质地剖面分析(TPA)及流变学特征参数(弹性模量E,应力松弛时间τ,粘性模量η,破断强度)的变化,同时结合鲜度指标、细菌总数、K值、TVB-N、pH值和感官特性判断其在微冻条件下的品质变化特征。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,菌落总数、K值和TVB-N上升,pH值则先下降后上升,且上升速度随温度的升高而加快;组织结构呈现肌原纤维间空隙逐渐增大,方向性增强,构造逐渐断裂崩解的趋势;弹性模量呈上升趋势,破断强度、硬度、弹性、粘聚性、咀嚼性呈下降趋势,而应力松弛时间、粘性模量的变化则不显著。与冷藏样品相比,微冻样品的货架期能够延长20 d,说明微冻条件比冷藏条件能更有效的抑制鲈体内酶活性及微生物的作用,缓解蛋白质分解,延长鲈的贮藏期。     

不同加热温度下刺参肌肉组织与胶原纤维结构的变化

为研究鲜活和不同加热温度下刺参体壁组织构造及其胶原纤维结构的变化,采用VanGieson染色法观察组织构造、采用细胞分裂扫描电镜法(cell-maceration/SEM)观察胶原纤维结构,同时利用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测定刺参肌肉蛋白质的热收缩温度。结果发现,在不同加热温度条件下,刺参体壁组织构造及其胶原纤维结构均发生显著变化。随着加热温度的升高,刺参肌肉组织中纤维逐渐聚集交联,形成多孔网状结构;蛋白质发生热变性、胶原纤维结构收缩,导致纤维排列紧密,纤维间孔隙度呈减小趋势。与刺参整体组织构造的变化相比,胶原纤维结构的变化尤其明显。鲜活刺参体壁肌肉蛋白质的热收缩温度为68.92℃,加热过程中蛋白质的热变性是引起其构造变化的主要原因。     

冰藏中凡纳滨对虾的质构变化研究

采用质构仪的质地剖面（TPA）模式,对冰藏条件下的凡纳滨对虾（Penaeusvannamei）全虾和虾仁的硬度、弹性指数、咀嚼性和凝聚性等质构参数进行测定,同时对其品质进行了感官评定。测定周期为7d。结果显示,全虾和虾仁的总体评分、硬度、弹性指数、咀嚼性和凝聚性均随贮藏时间的延长而下降,表明其日感品质在贮藏中持续下降,显示感官评定与质构测量结果具有一致性;贮藏中虾仁的总体评分、硬度、咀嚼性和弹性指数的下降速率低于全虾,因此以虾仁的形式贮藏能更好地保存虾肉的质构品质。     

冰温保鲜条件下牙鲆的鲜度及质构变化

研究牙鲆在冰温贮藏条件下鱼肉的鲜度指标(pH值、K值、TVB-N、细菌总数)和质构特征参数(感官评定、组织构造、破断强度等)的变化,并与冷藏样品的相应变化进行了比较分析.结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,菌落总数、K值和TVB-N上升,pH值则先下降后上升,冷藏后期样品pH值上升较快且很高;至货架期终点时破断强度呈减小趋势,组织结构逐渐劣化.与冷藏样品相比,冰温贮藏条件能更有效地抑制牙鲆鱼体内微生物的作用,延长牙鲆的贮藏期.     

不同脆化阶段草鱼肌肉的显微结构观察和质构特性分析

脆肉鲩作为广东特色水产品之一,其养殖中常出现"不脆"、"半脆"现象,严重制约其产业发展。为探索可鉴定脆度的指标,文章结合生产(饲喂120 d蚕豆+30 d饲料),每30 d采集1次肌肉,检测其感官脆度、肌纤维结构、质构特性的变化。随着脆化时间增加,蚕豆组草鱼感官脆度不断增加(P0.05),肌纤维直径逐渐减小、密度逐渐增大(P0.05);60 d后蚕豆组草鱼质构特性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性)均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。转投30 d饲料对感官脆度、肌纤维结构、质构特性均无显著影响(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性与感官脆度的相关性更高(R~20.90,P0.05)。结果表明,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性可用于脆肉鲩的脆度评价,转投30 d饲料不影响其脆度。     

加热条件下鱼翅结构和物性学参数变化

研究了鱼翅在不同加热时间(1、2、3、4 h)条件下组织构造及其物性学参数(凝胶强度、最大破断应变、剪切应力、破断强度)变化,并测定了胶原蛋白含量。通过扫描电子显微镜镜观察鱼翅的组织构造,采用质构仪测定其物性特性。结果表明,随着加热时间的延长,鱼翅的物性学参数变化显著,总体呈减小趋势。加热3 h后即可达到鱼翅较好质构。     

Textural and Sensory Properties of Fish Sausage from Rainbow Trout

The aim of this study was to determine the textural and sensory properties of fish sausage which were prepared from refrigerated and frozen rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) and stored for 14 days at 0?4 °C. These two groups of sausages were compared for texture, physical, and sensory properties by carrying out texture profile analysis (TPA), shear test, water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss, color, and sensory analyses. According to TPA and shear test, sausages prepared from frozen fillets exhibited a texture significantly (p < 0.05) weaker than those prepared from refrigerated fillets, but no difference in overall liking was observed.     

冷冻贮藏对凡纳滨对虾肌肉质构特性的影响

采用质构仪TPA模式对冷冻贮藏条件下凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）肌肉的硬度、黏附性、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性和凝聚性等进行了测试。结果显示,在-18℃和-50℃的贮藏条件下,随着贮藏期的延长,凡纳滨对虾肌肉的硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性和凝聚性均呈现缓慢下降的趋势,弹性的变化不明显,而黏附性则有所上升。这表明冷冻贮藏凡纳滨对虾虽然能保证其较长的货架期,但其口感特征总体上持续下降,而温度越低越有利于保持其肌肉的质构特性。     

Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Volutharpa ampullacea perryi (False Abalone) Meat during the Boiling Cooking

Volutharpa ampullacea perryi (false abalone) meats were water cooked at 75–100°C for 5–60 min, and the changes in weight loss, pH, color, in vitro digestibility, texture, microstructure, and sensory characteristics were investigated. The weight rapidly decreased in the initial cooking and decreased slightly with the extension of both heating temperature and time. Obvious differences in color were found compared between the raw and cooked meats with respect to ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* values. Digestibility was significantly improved with the thermal treatments. Textual properties, such as hardness, springiness, chewiness, and resilience, improved with the increasing of thermal intensity, but reduced with overcooking, and the variations were further confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy analysis. The samples boiled at 90–95°C for 10–15 min and 100°C for 5–10 min acquired better acceptance in the sensory evaluation. The complex relationship among cooking conditions and physicochemical and histological characteristics of meat as well as the consumer perceptions was illuminated by the principal components regression analysis. These results could provide useful information for quality control in V. a. perryi meat cooking.     

基于因子分析及多元线性回归的市售冻凡纳滨对虾品质评价

为探究市售冻凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)品质评价方法及造成品质劣化的关键因素,以上海市超市在售11种不同商品类型的冻凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分析超市等级、冻藏时间、产品形式和摆放位置对其水分损失、质构以及色泽的影响.采用电子舌技术区分其滋味轮廓,并结合相关性分析、因子分析和多元线性回归分析,建立...     

Rheological properties and structural changes in steamed and boiled abalone meat

ABSTRACT: Changes in tissue structures, rheological properties, and water content of abalone meat were studied in relation to boiling and steaming time. The adductor muscle of abalone Haliotis discus, which was removed directly from the shell, was boiled or steamed for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. When observed under a light microscope and by scanning electron microscopy, structural changes in the myofibrils were greatest in the boiled abalone meat compared with the steamed meat. When heating time was increased from 1 h to 3 h, the instantaneous modulus E ₀ of boiled abalone meat decreased gradually with increased heating time, whereas the E ₀ of steamed abalone meat was reduced when heated for 2 h. When heated for 1 h, the relaxation time of steamed abalone meat was much longer than that of boiled meat. There were no significant changes in the relaxation time of abalone meat among the different boiling times, but the relaxation time of steamed abalone meat was reduced gradually with increasing heating times. The study's results confirmed that the difference in rheological properties between the boiled and steamed meats was due mainly to the denaturation level of myofibrils when heated for 1 h, as well as due to the changes in water and solid content and the manner in which the inner water was exchanged after heating time was increased from 1 h to 3 h.     

烹煮时间对鲫鱼质构的影响

研究不同烹煮时间下鲫鱼质构的变化。研究发现随烹煮时间的增加,鲫鱼的硬度、弹性及耐咀性在5min后显著升高(p<0.05),而烹煮10min后各烹煮时间之间,变化不显著。鲫鱼烹煮15min后,内聚性与未烹煮组的内聚性有显著性差异(p<0.05),其余各烹煮时间组与未烹煮组的内聚性无显著性差异(p>0.05)。研究结果表明,鲫鱼肉烹煮10min后,其肉质构变化不显著,在实际加工过程中,可以将鲫鱼烹煮时间定为10min。