我市发展优质专用小麦的几点思考

改革开放以来,我国农业和农村经济取得了举世瞩目的成就.农产品产量大幅度增加,实现了主要农产品由长期短缺到总量基本平衡、丰年有余的历史性跨越.主要农产品已由卖方市场向买方市场转变,尤其是粮食出现了结构性、暂时性过剩.     

加强保鲜加工迎接农业发展新阶段

21世纪即将到来,我国农业和农村经济已进入了一个新的发展阶段。由于科技进步、生产条件改善,农业生产水平有了大的提高,农村经济有了大的发展;我国的农产品供应,已经从卖方市场变为买方市场;随之而来的是农产品竞销造成的价格下滑、农民收入下降。要增加农民收入,就应该在提高农业产品质量的同时,大力发展农产品保鲜加工,拉长农业生产的产业链条,把农产品由产品变成商品,     

浦东新区优质米生产现状与开发对策

随着近些年粮食生产的稳产和增产以及人民生活水平的提高 ,对稻米的需求有了新的变化 ,从过去追求数量型己逐步转到向质量型方向发展。粮食由卖方市场己转向买方市场 ,同时我国即将加入 WTO,作为农业部门应从过去如何提高单产的育种目标转向以优质、稳产、抗逆的育种目标去培育新品种 ,这是时代赋予粮食生产的新使命。1　优质米生产的现状浦东新区自 90年代成立时 ,稻米生产面积有 1.8万公顷 ,随着我区开发开放 ,稻米生产面积到目前只有 0 .8万公顷。近几年来 ,我区农业部门在水稻生产上组织有关部门技术人员从育种、栽培、植保、农业机械…     

种植少籽西瓜前景广阔

从目前西瓜发展现状来看,随着西瓜品种的多样化,西瓜生产也出现了由卖方市场向买方市场转移的趋势,出现了结构性、季节性、地区性的过剩或不平衡,使西瓜种植效益下降,其主要问题在于普通西瓜品种面积过大、品质较低不能满足消费市场的需求。 在众多优良西瓜品种中,无籽西瓜以其高产、优质、经     

农产品贮藏加工产业农业新的经济增长点--河北省新的农业经济增长点解析

随着农业经济的发展和改革开放的深入,我国的农业经济运行环境正在发生着重大变化,供求关系逐渐由卖方市场过渡为买方市场,短缺经济现象逐步得到改善,经济建设的中心工作由全面发展转变为结构调整.     

种子产业要树立品牌意识

随着种子市场的逐步放开,种子生产经营已从卖方市场转为买方市场,激烈的市场竞争使越来越多的种子公司感到生意难做,步履艰难。而同样条件下,却有为数不多的几个公司在市场竞争中如鱼得水,销售市场稳中有升。究其原因,无不得益于品牌的经营。     

2018年第21期“克胜杯”参赛作品预告及征稿

正相比欧美发达国家,我国农药行业发展起步比较晚。岂今为止,我国农药供应历程大致分为四个阶段:第一阶段是进口依赖阶段,第二阶段是自主生产和进口并存阶段,第三阶段是快速发展壮大阶段,第四阶段是供给严重过剩阶段;未来我国农药供应端将会步入规模化、集中化、高效清洁化阶段。从我国农药发展过程来看,我国农药经历了从买方市场到卖方市场,再到目前买     

农业经济新的切入点: 无公害农产品的开发与营销

发展农业经济，增加农民收入是各级政府关注的焦点和难点。我国加入WTO为农产品贸易提供了宽广的市场，但也给农产品生产与营销带来了新的挑战。目前农产品市场已经从卖方市场转变为买方市场；农产品供求关系已由数量制约为主转变为由质量制约为主；农业发展由受资源制约为主转变为受市场需求制约为主，农产品的国内特别是国际贸易面临着激烈的市场竞争。发展无公害农产品，提高农产品的质量水平已经成为安徽省农业生产及经济发展的当务之急。     

种子公司在市场经济条件下的立足点

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,我国即将加入WTO和种子法的深入实施阶段,种子市场竞争日趋激烈,已由过去的卖方市场转入到买方市场.在市场竞争中抓住机遇,就能够发展壮大,成为胜利者.     

我国主要农作区粮食产量贡献率分析

对我国十大农作区的粮食总产量、水稻总产量、小麦总产量、玉米总产量和杂粮总产量的贡献率进行了评价。结果表明：对全国总粮食贡献率较高的区域是黄淮海地区（29．71％）、长江中下游地区（21．40％）和东北地区（11．23％）。分析表明：尽管我国粮食生产在新时期发生了新变化，但是未来我国粮食三大主产区的地位不会动摇，三大主要粮食作物生产会稳步调整，小杂粮生产会加强。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.