尖扎县草地鼠虫害现状及防治对策

尖扎县草地害鼠约6种,常见的为高原鼠兔、中华鼢鼠两种,危害面积达3.2×104hm2,占总面积的18.7%。害虫主要有宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗、狭翅雏蝗。由于鼠虫的挖掘和啃食,致使优良牧草减少、水土流失加剧,形成了大面积的次生裸地和寸草不生的“黑土滩”,从“七五”开始,全县累计灭治鼠虫害1.44×105hm2,挽回牧草损失达2.575×105kg,有效地控制了鼠虫害的危害和蔓延。     

乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查

通过对乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查，全县天然草地鼠类有高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和根田鼠，主要危害种为高原鼢鼠，发生危害面积7．74万hm2，其中，中、重度危害气54万hm2损失牧草4671．03万kg；蝗虫有鼓翅雏膝蝗、宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗、白边痴蝗等7种，发生危害面积11．84万hm2，损失牧草403．59万kg；毒草危害以黄花棘豆，甘肃棘豆，兰花棘豆和狼毒为主，发生危害面积17.75万hm2，其中，中、重度危害6．49万hm2，减少牧草4473．63万kg。“三害”累计年损失牧草9548．22万kg，相当于6．54万个羊单位的饲草量。     

化隆县草地鼠虫危害调查

1997～1998年对化隆县草场上发生的鼠虫危害进行了调查研究,发现5大类草场都有害鼠和蝗虫分布;其中,在山地草甸和山地草原上较多.全县鼠害草场面积22506hm2,虫害草场面积21986hm2;高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是优势害鼠,狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗和红翅皱膝蝗是优势害虫.高原鼠兔密度为2.5只/hm2,高原鼢鼠为3只/hm2;蝗虫平均密度为21头/hm2.     

青海省草地鼠害防治及今后设想

青海省草地害鼠约三十余种 ,常见的有高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠、高原田鼠、长尾仓鼠、五趾跳鼠等五种。危害面积达 736.1 9× 1 0 4 hm2 ,青南是主要的害鼠区 ,占总面积的 78.98%。由于鼠害的挖掘和啃食 ,致使优良牧草减少 ,水土流失加剧 ,形成了大面积的次生裸地和寸草不生的“黑土滩”。从 1 958年开始 ,四十多年来 ,全省累计灭鼠 2 80 7.86× 1 0 4 hm2 ,挽回牧草损失达 1 47.4× 1 0 4 kg,有效地控制了鼠害的危害和蔓延     

都兰县鼠虫害及毒草调查

2003年都兰县鼠虫害及毒草调查表明,全县有害鼠危害面积50.12×104hm2,占可利用草地面积的32.25%,虫害发生面积9.26×104hm2,毒草发生面积1.8×104hm2,今后应强化鼠虫害及毒草的预测预报工作,及时有效地开展防治。     

祁连县草地鼠虫和毒草危害现状及防治意见

祁连县天然草地害鼠害虫及毒草调查表明,鼠类有高原鼠兔、高原盼鼠、喜玛拉雅旱獭和根田鼠等,主要危害种为高原鼠兔和高原盼鼠,鼠害危害面积为３２．６万ｈｍ３,年损失牧草２３１２２．５３万ｋｇ;蝗虫有宽须蚁蝗、狭翅雏蝗、白边痂蝗等６种,危害面积为１０．００万ｈｍ２,年损失牧草２９９０．８２万ｋｇ;青海草原毛虫,发生危害面积１．４１万ｈｍ２,年损失牧草２８３．８１万ｋｇ;毒草以黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆和狼毒为主,危害面积１５．０７万ｈｍ２,年减少牧草１６０４７．６万ｋｇ。“三害”累计损失牧草４２４４４．７６万ｋｇ,相当于２９．０７万个羊单位的饲草量。应在规划的基础上,加强防治力度,以有效地控制三害的发生蔓延。     

同仁县草地鼠虫害秋季基数调查与发生预测

同仁县2008年草地鼠虫害发生面积20.33×104hm2,危害面积15.81×104hm2。造成牧草损失71 144 kg,经济损失14 228元,虫害发生面积1.73×104hm2,危害面积1.23×104hm2。由虫害危害造成牧草损失46 125 kg,经济损失92 250元;并对鼠虫危害进行预测,同时提出了防治建议。     

化隆县草地鼠虫危害调查

１９９７￣１９９８年对化隆县草场上发生的鼠虫危害进行了调查研究,发现５大类草场都有害鼠和蝗虫分布,其中,在山地草甸和山地草原上较多,全县鼠害草场面积２２５０６ｈｍ＾２,虫害草场面积２１．９８６ｈｍ＾２,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是优势害鼠,狭翅雏蝗和红翅皱膝蝗是优势害虫。高原鼠兔密度为２．５只／ｈｍ＾２。高原鼢鼠为３只／ｈｍ＾２;蝗虫平均密度为２１头／ｈｍ＾２。     

河南县草原鼠虫害现状调查

河南县鼠、虫危害面积为28.10×104hm2,害鼠主要有高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠,害虫主要有青海草原毛虫、地下蛴螬。鼠虫害每年危害的牧草经济损失达2178×104元,今后应强化鼠虫害预测预报工作,及时有效的开展防治。     

甘肃定西红豆草苗期虫害情况初报

<正>红豆草是定西市仅次于紫花苜蓿的第二大当家牧草,累计留床面积约1.447×104hm2,每年种植面积2×103～3.33×103hm2。随着畜草产业的发展及其生态工程建设的加快,种植面积还会继续扩大。但红豆草苗期易受害虫危害,由于对虫害防治不当或不及时,     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.