阴离子型日粮及补Ca对围产期奶牛代谢与健康及其生产性能的影响

将36头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组（每组12头）．分别饲喂常规日粮、阴离子型日粮及在此基础上朴Ca日粮，探讨其对奶牛体内代谢状况、健康状况及生产性能的影响。与饲喂常规日粮相比，饲喂阴离子型日粮可降低奶牛尿液pH值（P〈0．01）和血液HCO2^-浓度（P〉0．05）；增加奶牛产后12h（P〈0．05）、2d（P〈0．05）血清总钙含量．对血清无机磷、镁含量没有显著影响；明显降低奶牛亚临床性低血钙率（33％）、胎衣不下率（33％）和乳房水肿率（17％）；增加牛奶乳糖率（P〈0．05），对其他奶成分和奶产量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。在阴离子型日粮中补Ca后．与饲喂阴离子型日粮相比．除增加奶牛产后血清镁含量外（P〈0．05）．对其他各项指标没有明显影响。     

围生前期日粮中不同DCAD及钙水平对奶牛钙代谢和泌乳量的影响

选择24头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机配对分为3组,每组8头牛,分别在围生前期饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、阴离子型日粮(试验1组)和阴离子型高钙日粮(试验2组),以研究围生前期日粮中不同日粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)与钙水平对奶牛钙代谢和泌乳量的影响。结果表明:与对照组奶牛相比,试验1组和试验2组奶牛分娩后24h血清中的钙离子质量浓度及产后1～60d的日平均泌乳量都有极显著的提高,且试验2组奶牛极显著高于试验1组奶牛;试验1组奶牛分娩后24h血清中的甲状旁腺素和维生素D3质量浓度有极显著提高;试验2组奶牛分娩后24h血清中维生素D3的质量浓度有显著提高,降钙素的质量浓度则显著降低。试验结果表明:围生前期饲喂阴离子型高钙日粮可更好的维持奶牛的钙代谢并提高日平均泌乳量。     

干奶期不同能量水平对奶牛血中神经肽 Y和生长激素浓度的影响

将健康围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组．预产前28d按奶牛营养需要分别饲喂100％、120％、80％能量日粮，产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准的产奶日粮，至产后56d结束，观测干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛血中神经肽Y和生长激素浓度的影响。结果表明，干奶期低能量日粮饲喂，奶牛血中神经肽和生长激素浓度均高于其他2组，从产前14d至产后28d组间差异显著（P〈0.01；P〈0.05），提示低能量饲料饲喂干奶期奶牛，产后能量负平衡得到缓解。     

干奶期奶牛不同能量摄入对其肝脏胰岛素受体mRNA表达的影响

将健康围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组,预产前28 d分别饲喂奶牛标准日粮（能量摄入100%组）、标准日粮增加20%日粮（能量摄入120%组）和标准日粮减少20%日粮（能量摄入80%组）,产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准的产奶日粮,至产后56d结束,采用半定量RT-PCR方法,观测干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛肝脏胰岛素受体（IR）基因表达的影响.试验结果表明,干奶期低能饲喂奶牛,产后肝脏IR mRNA表达增加,提示低能饲喂有利于调节奶牛产后血糖平衡.     

小黑麦干草饲喂高产奶牛效果研究

本文旨在研究小黑麦干草替代羊草对高产奶牛生产性能和生产效益的影响。试验采用年龄和胎次相近的荷斯坦高产奶牛300头,随机分为2组,每组150头,3个重复,每个重复50头。小黑麦干草替代羊草作为试验日粮,对照组饲喂对照组日粮,试验组饲喂试验日粮。试验期测定奶牛采食量、产奶量和奶品质,计算经济效益。结果表明:小黑麦干草替代羊草饲喂高产奶牛,可极显著提高产奶量(P<0.01);对奶牛采食量和奶品质无显著影响(P>0.05);显著降低饲喂成本,提高经济效益。     

干乳期和泌乳期奶牛饲喂湿玉米麸饲料对其产奶量的影响

美国内布拉斯加大学的Kononoff其体况分比饲喂对照日粮的奶牛显著提高。在泌乳教授等利用36头初产和40头经产荷期,奶牛的体况分没有显著差异。与对照组相比,添加斯坦奶牛进行试验,观测饲喂湿玉米麸WCGF的泌乳期奶牛虽然会消耗更多的饲料,但其产饲料(WCGF)在305d内对奶牛产奶量、奶量也较高,在WCGF-L和WCGF-DL这两组处理干物质采食量(DMI)、体况评分(BCS)以中,DMI和实际产奶量无显著差异,这表明产前日粮及健康状况的影响。试验处理包括:①不会影响奶牛的泌乳性能。日粮中添加WCGF使牛对照组(27头):日粮中不添加WCGF;奶中的乳…     

干奶期不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛生产性能的影响

将围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为3组．分别于产前28d开始饲喂NRC标准日粮（能量摄入100％组）、NRC标准增加20％日粮（能量摄入120％组）和NRC标准减少20％日粮（能量摄入80％组）．产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮，至产后56d结束，观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明，高能量组奶牛产后干物质采食量和产奶量均显著低于其他2组，并且体质量消耗明显。由此认为，干奶期能量摄入水平是影响和调节产后干物质摄入量、产乳量和能量平衡状态的重要因素。     

干奶期不同能量摄入对围产期奶牛糖异生的影响

将围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为三组,分别于产前第28d开始饲喂标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、标准日粮增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组)和标准日粮减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组),产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准泌乳日粮,至产后第56d结束,观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对围产期健康奶牛糖异生的影响。结果表明,产前低能饲喂可以增加围产期奶牛血浆葡萄糖(GLU)浓度,肝脏丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)基因表达升高。说明干奶期低能饲喂奶牛,可以增强围产期奶牛的肝糖异生能力。     

丹参渣对泌乳奶牛产奶性能和乳品质的研究

饲料资源的匮乏已成为制约我国畜牧业发展的重要因素,因此,积极开发利用新的非常规饲料资源已迫在眉睫.其中,丹参渣就是一种新的非常规饲料原料.试验选择100头奶牛,随机分成2组,每组50头奶牛,对照组饲喂常规日粮,试验组饲喂含有丹参渣的试验日粮.测定2组奶牛的平均产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率,结果表明:丹参渣组奶牛的平均日产奶量比对照组略高,但差异不显著;丹参渣组和对照组奶牛奶的乳脂率和乳蛋白率在试验前后都无显著差异.可见,在泌乳奶牛日粮中添加一定比例丹参渣不会影响奶牛的产奶性能和乳品质.     

中草药饲料添加剂提高奶牛产奶量效果研究

选取同一胎次,健康正常的黑白花奶牛共36头随机分三组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,中草药组饲喂含5%黄芪日粮,中草药组饲喂党参—黄芪复合中药添加剂日粮,进行产奶量比对分析试验。结果证明,在奶牛的日粮中适当添加一定量的中草药添加剂,可以明显提高奶牛的奶产量(P<0.01),产奶量可提高约12.88%左右,并能有效减少奶牛乳房炎的发病率。试验结果还证明,在日粮中添加单味中药添加剂,对奶产量的提高也有一定的影响,但实际效果不如中草药组显著。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对热应激奶牛血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮阴阳离子平衡（dietary cation-anion balance,DCAB）对热应激条件下奶牛血液生化指标的影响。采用随机完全试验设计,选取75头健康的泌乳中期（104.8 DIM±12 DIM）中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次、产奶量、体重相近的原则随机分为5组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组分别饲喂DCAB值为195.76、186.68、177.77、166.94、239.12 mEq/kg DM的日粮。试验期为67 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的O₂分压与试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组相比,均有显著提高（P<0.05）,但DCAB对P_CO2、pH、HCO₃^-、TCO₂、SATO₂影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;DCAB对奶牛血清中肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）产生了显著的影响（P<0.05）,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组相比,均有不同程度的降低,DCAB对奶牛血清中谷丙转氨酶（GPT）的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,但试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组相比,均有不同程度的升高,分别为13.98%、15.99%、10.77%和4.55%、6.40%、1.61%。奶牛血清中T4、T3、COR的浓度受DCAB的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,但对奶牛血清中尿素氮的浓度有显著影响（P<0.05）,随着日粮DCAB值的升高,血清中尿素氮的浓度呈上升趋势,试验Ⅰ组最高。综合上述指标,在热应激条件下,泌乳中期奶牛饲喂DCAB值为186.68～195.76 mEq/kg DM的日粮时对改善其健康较为适宜。     

热应激条件下日粮阴阳离子平衡对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验在北京安定棚沨奶牛养殖场选取75头健康的泌乳中期（104.8±12 DIM）中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次（2.0±0.2）、产奶量（26.52±0.33 kg）、体重相近的原则随机分为5组,分别以添加不同水平的阴阳离子平衡盐来调整日粮DCAB值,试验共设5个处理,分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组,分别饲喂DCAB值为195.76、186.68、177.77、166.94、239.12 m Eq/kg DM的日粮。试验期为67 d,其中预试期7 d,正式试验期60 d。试验通过改变日粮DCAB值来研究在热应激条件下,不同DCAB值对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验结果表明,在热应激条件下,饲喂不同DCAB日粮对奶牛生产性能及乳品质产生了一定的影响,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组产奶量分别提高了1.6%和0.8%,然而试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的产奶量分别下降了2.2%和1.7%,但各试验组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;通过改变日粮DCAB值对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖、总固形物及体细胞无显著影响。对牛奶中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择泌乳中后期奶牛15头,随机分成3组,每组5头,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,分别饲喂3种不同阴阳离子平衡水平的日粮。其中对照组A(DCAB为DM 77 m eq/kg),B组(DCAB为DM 175 m eq/kg),C组(DCAB为DM 325 m eq/kg)。结果表明,DCAB对热应激奶牛的生产性能具有显著影响,其中B组和C组的产奶量分别比对照组提高6.6%(P>0.05)和0.1%(P>0.05);而4%标准乳产量则分别提高8.3%(P<0.05)和0。DCAB对奶牛的乳脂率和乳蛋白率无显著影响。说明在泌乳中后期当DCAB为175 m eq/kgDM,饲喂效果最佳。     

Influence of dietary cation-anion balance during the dry period on the occurrence of parturient paresis in cows fed excess calcium.

Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a low dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) in preventing milk fever and udder edema in dry cows consuming a high-Ca diet and to evaluate the effect of this diet on calves delivered by these cows. Seventy primiparous or multiparous cows and 50 pregnant heifers were offered alfalfa hay-based diets beginning 4 wk before their projected calving date. Diets contained 1.6% Ca and a DCAB of -3 or +9 mEq/100 g of diet DM. Blood and urine samples were collected weekly from 3 wk prepartum until 3 wk postpartum. Blood samples were collected from calves at parturition and weekly thereafter for 3 wk. Feeding a low vs high DCAB in a high-Ca diet for 3 wk prepartum did not reduce the incidence of milk fever; this lack of response may have been attributable to the relatively low DCAB of each diet and the small difference in DCAB between the two diets. Udder edema seemed to regress more rapidly postpartum for cows that had consumed the low DCAB during the dry period. Test diets fed to prepartum cows did not affect systemic acid-base status or plasma mineral content of their calves, although plasma Ca was somewhat lower for calves from cows consuming a low DCAB and was higher for calves from primigravid cows. Correlations of plasma mineral concentration of the cows with those of their calves were highest for plasma Ca (r = .75; P less than .001). We conclude that the prophylactic effects on the occurrence of milk fever of feeding a low DCAB during the dry period may be absent when diets contain greater than 1.6% Ca and DCAB is greater than or equal to -3. The cation-anion balance of the diet consumed by dry cows did not affect the acid-based status or plasma mineral content of their calves.     

Effect of dietary cation-anion balance in mineral balance in anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses

Eight geldings and four mares were randomly assigned treatments within three 4x4 Latin square design experiments to study the effects of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) on mineral balance and dry matter digestibility in sedentary and anaerobically exercised horses. Four diets with an average DCAB (calculated as meq ((Na+K+) - Cl-)/kg of diet dry matter) of +24 (Low, L), +127 (Medium Low, ML), +227 (Medium High, MH) and +352 (High, H) were fed for a 21 day adjustment period followed by a 72 hour collection period. Diets consisted of a pelleted base concentrate of com, soybean meal and cottonseed hulls fed with either native prairie grass or bermuda grass hay in a 60:40 ratio. Diet L was formed by adding calcium chloride and ammonium chloride to the base concentrate, diet ML was formed by adding calcium chloride, and diet H was formed by adding potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate. Diet MI-I received no supplementation and served as the control. Representative samples of feed, feces and urine were analyzed for mineral content and mineral balances were calculated by difference. Fecal output was greater (p <.05), and thus, dry matter digestibility was lower in exercised homes consuming diet L versus diet H. Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet MH as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Sodium balance was greater (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet H as compared to those consuming diets ML and L Potassium balance was greater (p <.05) in sedentary horses consuming diet H as compared to those horses consuming diet ML, however, potassium balance was not affected by DCAB in exercised horses. No significant differences were detected in chloride or magnesium balances in the sedentary horses, although chloride balance was greater (p <.05) and magnesium balance was lower (p <.05) in exercised homes consuming diet L as compared to all other diets. In sedentary homes, phosphorus balance was reflective of intake with differences (p <.05) observed between all treatments. However, in exercised homes, phosphorus balance was lower (p <.05) oniy for those consuming diet L. Calcium balance decreased significantly as DCAB decreased between all treatments in sedentary horses, while calcium balance in exercised homes was greater (p <.05) for homes consuming diet H as compared to those consum- ing diet L.Previous research from our laboratory has shown that both exercised and sedentary horses consuming diets with a low DCAB experience a nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis. The current data indicate that anaerobically exercised and sedentary horses consuming these diets excrete significantly more calcium in the urine resulting in decreased calcium balances. Prolonged consumption of diets with a low DCAB may lead to a significant demineralization of bone and a subsequent weakening of the skeleton.     

低蛋白质日粮补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸对离乳期梅花鹿氮代谢的影响

为研究低蛋白质日粮添加赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对仔鹿氮代谢的影响,采用4×4完全拉丁方试验,选取3月龄、健康、离乳梅花鹿仔鹿4只,体重为(30±0.12)kg(X?±SD),进行消化代谢试验。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂16.28%粗蛋白质的高蛋白质日粮,试验组饲喂13.40%粗蛋白质,添加0.23%赖氨酸,并分别添加0(Ⅱ组)、0.06%(Ⅲ组)、0.12%(Ⅳ组)蛋氨酸的低蛋白质日粮。结果表明:1)对照组蛋白质消化率显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P<0.05),脂肪消化率显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.01),其他营养物质消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)对照组和Ⅳ组蛋氨酸消化率显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),对照组其余氨基酸消化率(赖氨酸、胱氨酸除外)显著高于各试验组(P<0.05)。3)对照组吸收氮显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P<0.05),尿氮排放量显著高于各试验组(P<0.05),氮利用率及氮生物学效价低于各试验组(P>0.05)。4)对照组尿嘌呤衍生物总排放量显著大于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),尿囊素显著大于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P<0.05),对照组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸可改善低蛋白质日粮仔鹿营养物质消化率利用率,除粗蛋白外其他营养物质消化率与常规蛋白质水平相近,甚至更好,提高氮沉积、氮利用率和生物学效价,改善氮平衡,减少氮排放,降低环境污染。     

Comparison of volumetric urine collection versus single-sample urine collection in horses consuming diets varying in cation-anion balance

OBJECTIVE: To determine daily variation in urinary clearance and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes and minerals within and between horses and to compare volumetric and single-sample urine collection for determining FE values of diets with a range of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB). ANIMALS: 5 Thoroughbred and 6 mixed-breed mares. PROCEDURE: 3 isocaloric diets with low, medium, and high DCAB values (85, 190, and 380 mEq/kg of dry matter, respectively) were each fed for 14 days. Daily blood samples, single urine samples collected by using a urinary catheter (5 mares), and volumetric urine collections (6 mares) were obtained during the last 72 hours of each diet. RESULTS: Urine and plasma pH values, plasma concentrations, and FE values of sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium were altered by varying the DCAB. Noticeable variation in clearance and FE values was detected within horses from day-to-day on the same diet as well as between horses. Fractional excretion values were not significantly different between single-sample and volumetric methods, except for magnesium in the high DCAB diet. Volumetric and single-sample collections revealed similar patterns of change in urinary FE values with varying DCAB, except for calcium and magnesium. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substantial variation in clearance and FE of electrolytes and minerals are evident within horses between 24-hour periods as well as between horses fed a specific diet. Three daily urine samples provide similar information regarding dietary-induced changes in clearance and FE values (excluding calcium and magnesium) as that obtained by volumetric urine collection.     

不同植酸酶对饲喂低磷日粮肉鸡生长性能及粪N、P排泄的影响

采用306只艾维茵肉鸡研究低磷日粮中添加两种不同植酸酶对肉鸡生产性能、养分利用率及氮、磷排泄的影响。试验共分3个处理组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复34只鸡。对照组饲喂正常磷水平的日粮;试验Ⅰ组饲喂低磷＋植酸酶Ⅰ的日粮;试验Ⅱ组饲喂低磷＋植酸酶Ⅱ的日粮。试验结果表明,添加植酸酶替代日粮中部分无机磷,肉鸡的日增重和日采食量与对照组相比降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）;提高了肉鸡的存活率（P＜0.05）和钙、磷利用率（P＜0.05）;同时氮利用率有一定程度改善（P＞0.05）,显著减少了氮、磷的排泄量（P＜0.05）。添加植酸酶Ⅰ与添加植酸酶Ⅱ相比,肉鸡的日增重与日采食量提高（P＜0.05）,氮的排泄量显著降低（P＜0.05）,磷的排泄量没有差异。     

低蛋白补饲过瘤胃赖氨酸对山羊生长性能与血液生化指标的影响

为研究低蛋白补饲过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）对山羊生长性能与血液生化指标的影响,试验将18只山羊随机分为3组,对照组、处理Ⅰ组、处理Ⅱ组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,粗蛋白质（CP）水平为12%,不含RPLys|处理Ⅰ组CP为10%,补饲0.5%的RPLys|处理Ⅱ组CP为10%,补饲1%的RPLys。结果显示：（1）各组山羊的生长性能差异不显著（P > 0.05）|2个处理组的CP和粗脂肪（EE）消化率高于对照组（P < 0.05）,且处理Ⅱ组高于处理Ⅰ组（P > 0.05）。（2）各组山羊的血液生化和抗氧化指标差异不显著（P > 0.05）。由此可知,在低蛋白时补饲RPLys可提高山羊饲粮养分消化率,未对血液生化指标和抗氧化能力产生不良影响。综合来看,RPLys的添加水平为1%时效果最好。 [关键词] 过瘤胃赖氨酸|血液生化指标|养分消化率|山羊