Neural Protective Effects of Millet and Millet Polyphenols on High-Fat Diet-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Brain

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - A high fat diet (HFD) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of dementia because it increases oxidative stress in the brain; thus, diets rich in...     

Marine Carotenoids against Oxidative Stress: Effects on Human Health

Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments that are produced in some plants, algae, fungi, and bacterial species, which accounts for their orange and yellow hues. Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants thanks to their ability to quench singlet oxygen, to be oxidized, to be isomerized, and to scavenge free radicals, which plays a crucial role in the etiology of several diseases. Unusual marine environments are associated with a great chemical diversity, resulting in novel bioactive molecules. Thus, marine organisms may represent an important source of novel biologically active substances for the development of therapeutics. In this respect, various novel marine carotenoids have recently been isolated from marine organisms and displayed several utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Marine carotenoids (astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein but also the rare siphonaxanthin, sioxanthin, and myxol) have recently shown antioxidant properties in reducing oxidative stress markers. This review aims to describe the role of marine carotenoids against oxidative stress and their potential applications in preventing and treating inflammatory diseases.     

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress

Alzheimer´s disease is a global neurodegenerative health concern. To prevent the disease, the simultaneous inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and oxidative stress is an efficient approach. In this study, the inhibition effect of all-trans astaxanthin mainly from marine organisms on acetylcholinesterase and oxidative stress was evaluated by a chemical-based method in vitro and cell assay model. The results show that all-trans astaxanthin was a reversible competitive inhibitor and exhibited a strong inhibition effect with half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀ value) of 8.64 μmol/L. Furthermore, all-trans astaxanthin inhibited oxidative stress through reducing malondialdehyde content and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase as well as catalase. All-trans astaxanthin could induce the changes of the secondary structure to reduce acetylcholinesterase activity. Molecular-docking analysis reveals that all-trans astaxanthin prevented substrate from binding to acetylcholinesterase by occupying the space of the active pocket to cause the inhibition. Our finding suggests that all-trans astaxanthin might be a nutraceutical supplement for Alzheimer´s disease prevention.     

Positive Effects of Astaxanthin on Lipid Profiles and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Subjects

Astaxanthin, a carotenoid, has antioxidant activity as well as many positive effects, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight and obese adults in Korea. In total, 27 subjects with body mass index >25.0 kg/m² were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups administered astaxanthin or placebo capsules for 12 weeks. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured before and after intervention. Malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostane (ISP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as oxidative stress biomarkers, were measured at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after intervention. LDL cholesterol and ApoB were significantly lower after treatment with astaxanthin, compared with the start of administration, whereas none of the lipid profiles was changed in the placebo group. At the baseline, all four biomarkers were not significantly different between the two groups. Compared with the placebo group, MDA and ISP were significantly lower, but TAC was significantly higher in the astaxanthin group at 12 weeks. These results suggest that supplementary astaxanthin has positive effects by improving the LDL cholesterol, ApoB, and oxidative stress biomarkers.     

The Protect Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Integrity by Regulating Oxidative Status and Inflammation under Oxidative Stress

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on intestinal integrity, oxidative status, and the inflammation response with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) challenge. In total, 30 rats were randomly assigned to three groups with 10 replications: CON group, basal diet; AS group, basal diet + 0.1% H₂O₂ in drinking water; ASC group, basal diet + 200 mg/kg COS + 0.1% H₂O₂ in drinking water. The results indicated that COS upregulated (p < 0.05) villus height (VH) of the small intestine, duodenum, and ileum; mucosal glutathione peroxidase activity; jejunum and ileum mucosal total antioxidant capacity; duodenum and ileum mucosal interleukin (IL)-6 level; jejunum mucosal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level; duodenum and ileum mucosal IL-10 level; the mRNA expression level of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in the jejunum and ileum, claudin in the duodenum, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-like 2 in the jejunum, and heme oxygenase-1 in the duodenum and ileum; and the protein expression of ZO-1 and claudin in jejunum; however, it downregulated (p < 0.05) serum diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate level; small intestine mucosal malondialdehyde content; duodenum and ileum mucosal IL-6 level; jejunum mucosal TNF-α level; and the mRNA expression of IL-6 in the duodenum and jejunum, and TNF-α in the jejunum and ileum. These results suggested COS could maintain intestinal integrity under oxidative stress by modulating the intestinal oxidative status and release of inflammatory cytokines.     

绿茶多酚对被动吸烟引起小鼠肺氧化应激的干预研究

研究了绿茶多酚（Green tea polyphenol,GTP）对被动吸烟致小鼠肺部氧化应激损伤的干预作用,并探讨其可能机制。将40只KM雌性小鼠随机分成正常对照C组、被动吸烟模型M组、100βmg·kg^-1 GTP1组、200βmg·kg^-1 GTP2组,每组10只。实验12周结束后处死小鼠,测定其肺质量及血清氧化应激炎症水平;采用荧光定量PCR测定白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素33（IL-33）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）基因表达水平。研究结果表明,与M组相比,灌喂GTP后使得小鼠生存质量、肺形态有明显改观,显著提高小鼠血清T-SOD及GSH-Px活力,显著降低MDA、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平,显著抑制IL-6、IL-33、TNF-α及IL-1β炎性相关基因的表达,灌胃200βmg·kg^-1 GTP比100βmg·kg^-1的GTP作用更加显著。研究发现,GTP可能通过抑制炎性细胞因子表达水平、提高抗氧化能力来保护肺部组织形态与结构的完整,保护被动吸烟对肺部的损害。     

The Effects of Estrogen Receptors' Antagonist on Brain Edema,Intracranial Pressure and Neurological Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat

Background:

In previous studies, the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in diffuse traumatic brain injury has been shown. This study used ICI 182,780, a non-selective estrogen receptor antagonist, to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in traumatic brain injury is mediated by the estrogen receptors.

Methods:

The ovariectomized rats were divided into eight groups. Brain injury was induced by Marmarou’s method. Estrogen was injected 30 minutes after traumatic brain injury, and ICI 182,780 was injected before traumatic brain injury and also before estrogen treatment. In one group only ICI 182,780 was injected. The brain water content and Evans blue dye content were measured 24 and 5 hours after traumatic brain injury, respectively. The neurologic outcomes and intracranial pressure were assessed before, 4, and 24 hours after traumatic brain injury.

Results:

Brain water content and Evans blue content were less in estrogen-treated group comparison to vehicle group. ICI 182,780 eliminated the effects of estrogen on brain edema and brain blood barrier permeability. Intracranial pressure was increased significantly after trauma, and estrogen decreased intracranial pressure at 4 and 24 hours after traumatic brain injury in comparison to vehicle. This inhibitory effect was also eliminated by treatment with ICI182,780. ICI 182,780 also inhibited the estrogen induced increase in neurologic outcomes following traumatic brain injury. However, the use of ICI 182,780 alone had no neuroprotective effect after traumatic brain injury.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that classical estrogen receptors have probably a role in the neuroprotective function of estrogen following traumatic brain injury.Key Words: Estrogens, Intracranial pressure (ICP), Brain edema     

Effects of the Consumption of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Instant Coffee Beverages on Oxidative Stress Induced by Strenuous Exercise in Rats

Many authors attribute the antioxidant activity of brewed coffee to its caffeine content. In addition, caffeine intake has been associated with increased performance during physical exercise. This study analyzed the in vivo effects of drinking caffeinated and decaffeinated instant coffee (8%, w/v) on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in the anterior tibialis muscles of rats subjected to intense exercise. It was observed that exercise induced lipid peroxidation (estimated using malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (evaluated by determining the formation of carbonyl groups) in the muscle (P < 0.05). Decaffeinated instant coffee and caffeine solution did not exhibit antioxidant activity in vivo. Caffeinated instant coffee beverage intake did not induce changes in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities but was able to diminish lipid and protein oxidation in the anterior tibialis muscles of rats after exercise (P < 0.05), contributing to a reduction in the oxidative stress triggered by exercise.     

Protective Effects of Ulva lactuca Polysaccharide Extract on Oxidative Stress and Kidney Injury Induced by D-Galactose in Mice

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key factors that cause many diseases in the human body. Polysaccharides from seaweed have been shown to have significant antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro. The ameliorative effect of Ulva lactuca polysaccharide extract (UPE) on renal injury induced by oxidative stress was analyzed. As shown by hematoxylin–eosin staining results, UPE can significantly improve the kidney injury induced by D-galactose (D-gal). Additionally, the protective mechanism of UPE on the kidney was explored. The results showed that UPE could decrease the levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum cystatin C (Cys-C), lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA oxidative damage (8-OHdG) and improve kidney glutathione content. Moreover, UPE significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant activity in mice. UPE also decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Further investigation into the expression of apoptotic protein caspase-3 showed that UPE decreased the expression of apoptotic protein caspase-3. These results indicate that UPE has a potential therapeutic effect on renal injury caused by oxidative stress, providing a new theoretical basis for the treatment of oxidative damage diseases in the future.     

Effects of a Fish Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Rats

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is easily oxidized, leading to cellular damage. The present study examined the effects of an increased concentration of DHA in fish oil (80% of total fatty acids) on cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress compared to coconut oil, soybean oil, and fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA in a balanced ratio. Forty healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats were supplemented with corresponding oil for 10 weeks. Supplementation with the fish oil containing 80% DHA decreased plasma fat, plasma total cholesterol and muscle fat compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. Increasing concentrations of DHA induced incorporation of DHA and EPA in cell membranes and tissues along with a decrease in ω-6 arachidonic acid. The increase in DHA promoted lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and antioxidant response. Taken together, the increased concentration of DHA in fish oil reduced fat accumulation compared to the coconut oil and the soybean oil. This benefit was accompanied by high lipid peroxidation and subsequent protein carbonylation in plasma and in liver. In our healthy framework, the slightly higher carbonylation found after receiving fish oil containing 80% DHA might be a protecting mechanism, which fit with the general improvement of antioxidant defense observed in those rats.     

Banana Prevents Plasma Oxidative Stress in Healthy Individuals

There is increasing evidence that lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is important in atherogenesis. The present study was designed to study the effects of a single banana meal on plasma lipids and lipoprotein profile, plasma oxidative stress and susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in 20 healthy volunteers. Lipid and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were measured before the meal (baseline, fasting) and 2 h after it (post-dose). The susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation of baseline and post-dose LDL was measured as conjugated diene (CD) formation. Results showed that the LPO contents in plasma, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL and high density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased significantly in the 2 h post-dose phase. Prolongation of lag phase and decrease of CD formation during LDL oxidation indicated that post-dose LDL was less susceptible to oxidative modification than the homologous fasting LDL. In conclusion, the consumption of banana reduces the plasma oxidative stress and enhances the resistance to oxidative modification of LDL.     

镉诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫及其缓解途径

镉 (Cadmium ,Cd)对植物引起的氧化胁迫是Cd毒害的重要原因之一。综述了Cd诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫效应以及麦类作物对Cd氧化胁迫的相应防御反应 ,如抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物含量的变化等 ,并介绍了缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫的机理和途径。     

Amelioration of Hexachlorocyclohexane-Induced Oxidative Stress by Amaranth Leaves in Rats

The effect of prefeeding dehydrated amaranth leaves (AL), at 10 and 20% levels on hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-induced free radical stress in rat liver was evaluated. The HCH-induced raise in malonadialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides was diminished by AL. The effect of AL was highly effective with respect to reduction in these cytotoxic products, especially at 20% level. AL intake resulted in a significant increase in hepatic vitamin A and glutathione (GSH). However, the AL consumption reduced hepatic tocopherols. Feeding of AL at 10%level increased the hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity while that at 20% level increased the hepatic glutathione reductase (GSSGR) as well, in addition to G-6-PDH. Amaranth leaves at 10 and 20% levels of feeding reduced the hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. The pre-feeding of AL resulted in the reversal of HCH-induced alteration in GSH-Px and G-6-PDH activities. The significant reduction in the level of glutathione S-transferase brought about by HCH was restored to control level by feeding 20% AL. It is concluded that the consumption of AL at 20% level produces reduction in the HCH-induced impairment of antioxidant status in rat liver.     

Evaluation of the Effects of Fucoidans from Fucus Species and Laminaria hyperborea against Oxidative Stress and Iron-Dependent Cell Death

Fucoidans are algal polysaccharides that exhibit protective properties against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate different fucoidans from brown seaweeds for their ability to protect against iron-dependent oxidative stress (ferroptosis), a main hallmark of retinal and brain diseases, including hemorrhage. We investigated five new high-molecular weight fucoidan extracts from Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, and F. distichus subsp. evanescens, a previously published Laminaria hyperborean extract, and commercially available extracts from F. vesiculosus and Undaria pinnatifida. We induced oxidative stress by glutathione depletion (erastin) and H₂O₂ in four retinal and neuronal cell lines as well as primary cortical neurons. Only extracts from F. serratus, F. distichus subsp. evanescens, and Laminaria hyperborea were partially protective against erastin-induced cell death in ARPE-19 and OMM-1 cells, while none of the extracts showed beneficial effects in neuronal cells. Protective fucoidans also attenuated the decrease in protein levels of the antioxidant enzyme GPX4, a key regulator of ferroptosis. This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the antioxidant abilities of fucoidans may be cell type-specific, besides depending on the algal species and extraction method. Future studies are needed to further characterize the health-benefiting effects of fucoidans and to determine the exact mechanism underlying their antioxidative abilities.     

茶多酚对脑损伤保护作用的研究进展

本文根据茶多酚防治帕金森症研究的最新研究成果,并结合茶多酚对脑皮层线粒体、多巴胺神经元的保护作用及对脑代谢相关通路的调控等方面的研究,综述了茶多酚对脑损伤的保护作用.     

盐胁迫对小麦根系氧化损伤及细胞程序性死亡的影响

为探究小麦根系响应盐胁迫逆境的生理机制,以耐盐性不同的三个春小麦品种新春11号(高耐)、新春29号(中耐)和新春6号(盐敏感)为材料,分析300 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫对耐盐性不同的小麦品种根系生长、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性及细胞程序性死亡的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,盐胁迫下三个品种根长显著下降,根系干、鲜重均呈下降趋势,新春11号和新春29号变化幅度较小,而新春6号变化幅度相对较大;根尖中超氧阴离子产生速率保持增长趋势,耐盐性强的品种上升速率慢于耐盐性弱的品种,过氧化氢含量先增后降,最后与对照基本相同。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均在盐胁迫初期快速上升,胁迫30min后开始下降。SOD活性在耐盐性强的小麦品种中显著升高,而APX活性在耐盐性弱的品种中则显著升高。Evans Blue染色结果发现,随着盐胁迫时间的增加,死亡细胞数目逐渐增多。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示,盐胁迫4h后即可检测到DNA片段化的发生,表明NaCl胁迫对小麦造成氧化损伤,诱导小麦根尖发生细胞程序性死亡。     

Protective Role of Oleuropein against Acute Deltamethrin-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Brain

Background:

Deltamethrin (DM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that can elicit neurotoxicity, leading to apoptosis. There is accumulating evidence that oleuropein (OE) has anti-apoptotic effect. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-apoptotic effect of OE pretreatment in the neuronal cells of cerebral cortex.

Methods:

Rats were randomly divided into four groups each containing five rats: DM-treated group (12.5 mg/kg, a single dose), OE-treated group (20 mg/kg per day), DM + OE-treated group, and vehicle group. Sections of the brain were obtained 24 hours after DM injection and studied for histopathological and immunohistochemistry assessment.

Results:

The histopathological assessments showed lesser characteristics of neural degeneration in DM + OE group compared with DM group. Greater Bcl-2 and attenuated Bax expression could be detected in the DM + OE treated-mice compared with DM group.

Conclusion:

The results suggested that DM-induced neurotoxicity can be subsided by OE.Key Words: Deltamethrin, Oleuropein, Apoptosis     

茶多酚对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子诱导氧化应激的抑制作用

为研究茶多酚对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制因子(STI)诱导的小鼠氧化应激的抑制作用,设3个处理,每组12只清洁级雄性小鼠,第1组为正常对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组为模型组(STI组),饲喂添加STI的日粮,第3组为茶多酚组(TP组),饲喂添加STI和茶多酚的日粮。21 d后处死小鼠,测定其氧化及抗氧化指标的变化。结果表明:STI组小鼠由于STI诱导了氧化应激,造成胰腺和血清中的MDA含量均显著升高(P0.05);而添加茶多酚的TP组,其胰腺中MDA含量较STI组显著降低(P0.05),胰腺和血清中T-SOD、T-AOC、CAT、GSH和GSH-Px值较STI组均有不同程度的升高。研究表明,茶多酚有效抑制了STI诱导的氧化应激,削弱了自由基的氧化作用,并有效增强了机体的抗氧化能力。     

Protective effects of EGCG on Bifenthrin-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblast Cell Line HFL-I

Bifenthrin （BF） is an important type I synthetic fluorinated pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide.Previous investigations have indicated that the metabolisms of BF in human cells were through oxidative processes,and cytotoxicity was induced by the oxidative stress.In this study,the protective effects of EGCG,which is a major individual of green tea polyphenols,on the human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I exposed to BF were investigated.The results showed that BF could induce oxidative stress leading to cytotoxicity in HFL-I cells.The pretreatment of EGCG at low concentrations significantly recovered the cell viability and morphology,inhibited excess generation of ROS,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and avoided loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.The results suggested that EGCG might eliminate the BF-induced damage in HFL-I cells.