若尔盖高寒沼泽与草甸中脊椎动物分布规律浅析

本文扼要描述了若尔盖高寒沼泽中脊椎动物的分布规律。沼泽脊椎动物分布受多种因素制约和影响，因而有着多样这应性的分布与生活习性。沼泽与沼泽脊椎动物可随外界环境与行为的影响和干扰而发生变幻。在不于沼泽，草甸的人为活动影响下，沼泽动物自然生态系统受到冲击。脊椎动力的及其载体共生的自然生态系便会变得更加脆弱。如任其发展并失去有效控制，即会造成沼泽及其上脊椎动物不可逆转的毁灭性消亡或大行徙。     

辉河湿地不同草甸植被群落特征及其与土壤因子的关系

湿地土壤影响植物的种类、数量、生长发育、形态和分布,湿地植物又影响土壤中元素的分布与变化。以辉河国家级自然保护区核心区为研究区域,对湿地草甸、沼泽草甸、过渡草甸、成熟草甸和盐碱草甸进行植被群落调查,并且对不同草甸的土壤进行实验室分析,研究辉河湿地不同草甸优势植物群落特征和土壤元素分布特征及其相互关系。研究结果表明,辉河湿地不同草甸植被群落特征受土壤元素分布特征、水文情势和植物生长特性影响,植被Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数均为成熟草甸最高,盐碱草甸最低; Pielou均匀度指数变化为:成熟草甸<盐碱草甸<湿地草甸<沼泽草甸<过渡草甸;其中,沼泽草甸地上和地下生物量最高,盐碱草甸最低。不同草甸植被对土壤养分的含量及变化具有一定影响,湿地草甸土壤因子对其植被的生长也具有重要的反馈作用。不同草甸植物群落下同种元素含量差异显著,过渡草甸对土壤碳、氮、磷的吸收和滞留能力最强。此外,植被群落Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤速效磷呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质、全氮和铵态氮与植被高度均呈极显著正相关;植被盖度与土壤有机质和全氮呈显著正相关;土壤速效磷与植被地上、地下生物量均呈显著负相关,而土壤铵态氮与植被地上、地下生物量均呈极显著正相关;全磷对植被多样性、生长和生物量影响较小。植被群落特征与土壤因子的冗余分析(RDA)排序表明,辉河湿地不同草甸之间存在一定程度的演替,成熟草甸和湿地草甸可能为演替的初始阶段或者是末阶段,而过渡草甸为中间阶段,而且土壤养分受群落演替的影响显著。     

外源氮素添加对长江源区高寒沼泽草甸土壤养分及植物群落生物量的影响

为探讨氮沉降对高寒沼泽草甸土壤养分及其群落生物量的影响,本研究对风火山地区3种氮添加处理下（0,5和10 g N·m^-2·a^-1）土壤养分及植物群落生物量展开研究。结果显示：外源氮素添加使得沼泽草甸土壤趋向酸化、土壤有机碳及全氮含量发生改变,显著影响了植物对土壤养分的吸收利用,除繁殖期土壤有效氮显著增加外,其他时期显著降低;外源氮素添加使得群落地上生物量增加,总生物量与地下生物量除返青期显著增加外,其他时期明显减少;整个生长季地下生物量的分配比例随施氮的增加而下降;土壤有效氮含量与植物群落生物量及其分配均显著相关（P<0.01）。综上所述,长江源区高寒沼泽草甸土壤有效氮和植物群落生物量对土壤氮素状况的变化反应敏感,在有效养分匮乏的高寒沼泽草甸添加氮素能够促进植物地上部分的增长,从而改变其自身光合产物的分配模式。     

黄河源区天然草场的植被类型及其特点

在广泛调查的基础上，对黄河源头区天然草场中的高寒草原、高寒灌丛、高寒沼泽与水生植被、高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草甸、高山垫状植被、高山冰缘和流石坡稀疏植被等主要草场植被类型的分布范围、群落结构和组成及其年轻性、脆弱性、敏感性、原始性、典型性等特点进行了论述，最后提出了对黄河源区天然草场植被保护的意见。     

浅谈牦牛肝片吸虫的防治

牦牛养殖是大多数藏区牧民的主导产业,需常年放牧在高山地区的草甸、沼泽等草场,容易感染肝片吸虫,此病诊治不及时,会对牦牛的健康生长发育影响严重,大面积传播以后会给牧民造成巨大的经济损失.作者通过多年的在四川省九龙县各牧场实地诊治经验并结合我国牦牛肝片吸虫疾病传播的特征进行了该病症的具体分析,总结出疾病综合性预防措施和有效控制疾病传播的治疗手段,希望能够给牧民的牦牛养殖有所帮助.     

焉耆盆地主要草地资源类型及其分布与植被分布特点

笔者对新疆焉耆盆地主要草地资源类型及其分布与特点进行了研究。结果表明,焉耆盆地内的草地类型主要有平原荒漠类、低地草甸类、山地荒漠类、沼泽草地类4大类,13个亚类,占巴州12个主要草地大类的33.3%,28个亚类的46.4%。盆地内草地植被分布主要受地形、土壤基质、水分因子及其引起的水热再分配的影响。     

鹅绒萎陵菜草地资源及其保护利用

按照中国南、北草地资源调查办公室制定的中国草地分类法，鹅绒萎陵菜出现和分布在青海的5个草地类：低地草甸类、山地草甸类、高寒草甸类、温性草甸草原类、沼泽类；鹅绒萎陵菜作为建群种和优势植物能够形成6个草地型：赖草、鹅绒萎陵菜草地型、甘肃马先蒿、鹅绒萎陵菜草地型、草地早熟禾、鹅绒萎陵菜草地型、针茅、鹅绒萎陵菜草地型、火绒草、鹅绒萎陵菜草地型、华扁穗草、鹅绒萎陵菜草地型。其中高寒草甸类草地分布广、面积大。根据鹅绒萎陵菜在青海较广的分布面积与较高的营养价值，使鹅绒萎陵菜具有广阔的开发前景，所以合理的利用和采取人工封育草地、人工种植等有效措施来保护鹅绒萎陵菜。     

规模化猪场疫病防控体系的构建

目前,我国养猪业正逐渐朝集约化与规模化方向发展。随着规模养殖范围的不断扩大,规模化养猪已经成为我国养猪业的重要组成部分。但规模化养殖又使猪疫病问题变得更加突出。猪疫病的产生,会对养殖户造成严重的经济损失。因为规模化养猪的特点是数量多密度大,一旦发生疫病不利控制,极易造成大规模暴发,不仅影响生猪健康生长,也会给养殖企业造成巨大损失。为降低猪疫病的发生几率,需要在猪场中构建防控体系。     

肠道寄生虫与肠道微生物相互作用研究进展

在脊椎动物的肠道内，存在着数量庞大、结构多样、动态变化的微生物群，它们对肠道的生理、代谢、免疫等具有重要的作用。在自然条件下，这些微生物和真核生物(如蠕虫、原生动物、真菌等)共同存在于脊椎动物肠道内。寄生虫与微生物群均可显著改变机体肠道生理与免疫环境，为它们之间的相互作用创造了机会。肠道微生物与寄生虫之间的相互作用会极大地影响感染的结果，进而对宿主的健康产生重要影响。如寄生虫感染会影响宿主与微生物的相互作用关系，从而促使或保护宿主免受细菌的侵害。另一方面，菌群又会影响寄生虫的定植、繁殖和毒性，使其沿着与宿主寄生性-互惠共生性的生存模式发展。这些相互作用的机理与结果是微生物学与寄生虫学之间交叉研究的前沿课题。笔者对近年来有关肠道寄生虫与肠道微生物间相互作用的最新研究成果进行了总结，并对其可能未考虑到的因素提出了自己的观点，旨在为肠道寄生虫病防控及肠道菌群研究提供参考。     

犬场兽医防疫体系的建立

我国养殖业集约化规模化程度越来越高，经济效益显著提高，但随着市场的开放，流动变得更加频繁，疫病也越来越复杂，给治疗带来很多困难，造成很大的损失，兽医防疫体系的建立就变得更为重要。犬场的兽医防疫体系涉及多方面的内容，主要有消毒、疫苗免疫、环境控制、保健、药物预防等。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -