蛋鸡产蛋期饲养技术要点

蛋鸡词养周期较长,一般可分为育雏期、育成期、产蛋期等阶段,其中产蛋期最长,也是蛋鸡养殖盈利的重要时期,现代高产蛋鸡产蛋期鸡只身体负荷大,如果词养技术跟不上会严重影响鸡只健康状况和生产性能。从现实看,蛋鸡从业者饲养管理水平参差不齐,即便是大型规模养殖场,精细化饲养也做得不到位,造成鸡只体况不佳、鸡蛋质量差、产蛋率低等问题,小、散户更为明显。本文结合生产实际,重点从词养、营养供给方面对高产蛋鸡产蛋期词养技术进行了总结归纳。     

初产蛋鸡猝死综合征的防制

初产蛋鸡猝死综合征又称产蛋疲劳症或新开产母鸡病,近几年来我国蛋鸡生产中比较多见。本病的发生病因比较复杂如：季节因素、地方因素、品种因素、环境因素、营养因素、生理因素等均可对它有不同程度的影响。据相关的权威资料显示：夏季高温缺氧、通风不良是本病发生的重要原因之一。发病鸡大多是进笼不久的新开产母鸡和高产鸡,夏季易发（故又称夏季病）,本病主要以笼养鸡夜间突然死亡或瘫痪为特征。     

产蛋鸡日常管理首要注意的几点事项

产蛋鸡的饲养管理除日常管理外，最重要的是掌握鸡群的健康及产蛋状况，及时准确地发现存在的问题，及时采取有效的措施，保证鸡群健康和高产。     

Effect of cage area,cage height and perches on feather condition,bone breakage and mortality of laying hens

1. The health of 2 flocks of 896 ISA Brown laying hens were studied successively over the years 1995 and 1996 under different caging conditions. Hens were kept in groups of 4 in a total of 224 cages. The treatments (7 different types of cages) differed in area per hen (450, 600 or 800 cm2) and height (40 or 60 cm). In the large (800 cm2/hen) and high (60 cm cage) treatment, half of the cages were equipped with perches (20 cm/hen). Each study lasted 48 weeks. 2. Feather condition was found to be independent of cage type. 3. No differences were apparent between the 7 treatments in tibia breaking strength (using the 3-point breakage technique). A significant increase in humerus breaking strength was observed in the high cages. The frequency of broken wings recorded after slaughter was lower in high cages (23%) than in low ones (36%). 4. Mortality was different between treatments. This was explained by a higher proportion of birds killed by 'body cannibalism' in the 60 cm high cages, and by a higher proportion of birds killed by 'vent cannibalism' in the cages with perches.     

中药骨疏康对笼养蛋鸡生产性能的影响

54羽 2 0周龄伊莎蛋鸡分为 2组 ,A组为正常组 (2 7羽 ) ,B组为已发生骨质疏松组 (2 7羽 )。每组又随机分为 3组 ,每组 9只 ,分别喂骨疏康 1号、骨疏康 2号和对照组。试验期间 ,每天记录产蛋情况 ,定期测定骨矿含量、雌激素水平。结果表明 :骨疏康 1号能显著提高产蛋率 (P <0 0 5) ;骨疏康 2号在B组能显著提高产蛋率 ,在A组差异不显著 ,骨疏康 1号、 2号之间差异不显著。骨疏康 2号能显著提高蛋壳强度。中药对骨矿影响不显著。VitD3能显著提高产蛋率 ,改善蛋壳品质     

Relationships between fear of humans, productivity and cage position of laying hens

1. The productivity and behavioural responses of laying hens to humans were examined in relation to the effects of tier, row and position of the cage along the row over three consecutive 4-week periods. 2. Birds from the top tier had lower hen-day production, lower egg mass output and poorer efficiency of food utilisation than birds from the bottom tier in the third period. 3. Birds from the top tier showed greater avoidance of an approaching experimenter when in their cage or when on a table. 4. The production variables were significantly correlated with a number of behavioural responses to humans and a novel object, and with the corticosteroid response to handling/blood sampling. 5. The data suggest that birds from the top tier were more fearful of humans and that this higher level of fear may have been responsible for their lower productivity.     

Effects of beak trimming and cage design on laying hen performance and egg quality

1. Conventional cages are to be replaced by furnished cages or aviary systems to improve the welfare of hens. We compared the performance and egg quality of hens reared in two designs of furnished cages and of two standard cages. We also explored the consequences of the absence of beak trimming when using these designs. 2. Hens (2028) were housed from 18 to 70 weeks of age in 108 standard cages at 6 per cage (60 cmx63.5 cm), in 96 cages at 5 per cage (59.5 cmx55.5 cm) or in two designs of furnished cage at 15 per cage (24 F15M cages and 36 F15P cages made by two manufacturers) which contained equipment varying in size and location (nests, dust baths and perches). Half of the hens were beak-trimmed in each design. 3. Mortality was low in beak-trimmed hens (<5%) but was unacceptably high in non-beak-trimmed hens due to cannibalism (>40%, 516 hens). Mortality was worse in standard cages than in furnished cages. Consequently, hen-housed egg production was significantly lowered in non-beak-trimmed hens. 4. Egg laying in beak-trimmed hens reared in furnished cages occurred mainly in the nest (80 and 84.8% in F15M and F15P) but also in the dust bath (13.3 and 9.4% in F15M and F15P) and in other parts of the cage (6.7 and 5.8% in F15M and F15P). 5. The total percentage of broken (visual observation) and hair-cracked eggs (candling) was high in the furnished cage designs (15.4 and 19.6% in F15M and F15P, respectively) compared with standard cage designs (8.1 and 12.2% in S6 and S5). This was mainly due to hair-cracked eggs, the highest percentages occurring in the nests, especially in the design with a narrow nest and no egg saver (11.1% in F15M compared to 17.6% in F15P) as a consequence of egg accumulation in the cradle and relatively low frequency of manual egg collection. 6. Eggshell quality (index and breaking strength) was only slightly influenced by cage effects so differences in egg breakage were attributable to impacts related to cage design. 7. It is concluded that beak trimming remains the most effective way to prevent cannibalism, although furnished cages with a large group of hens slightly reduced the incidence, and that further development and optimisation of furnished cages is needed to reach egg quality similar to standard cages.     

Factors influencing bacterial eggshell contamination in conventional cages,furnished cages and free-range systems for laying hens under commercial conditions

1.?The aim was to assess eggshell contamination in various laying hen-housing systems and to identify factors influencing this contamination.

2.?Fifty-eight laying hen farms in France were studied, including 21 flocks housed in conventional cages, 7 in furnished cages and 30 kept on-floor.

3.?Sixty eggs per flock were analysed to obtain counts of the total mesophilic flora. Data on equipment and hen management were collected.

4.?Mean bacterial count on eggshells tended to be higher in on-floor systems (4·82 ± 0·51 log CFU/eggshell) than in cage systems (4·57 ± 0·58 log CFU/eggshell, P = 0·09).

5.?Contamination increased with age of the hens, airborne dust concentration, manual packing of the eggs, and packing in plastic rather than in recycled-pulp egg-flats.

6.?The effect of the housing system on eggshell contamination, previously described in experimental assays, was confirmed under production conditions.     

Examination of egg number and egg weight variables and their effects on daily management in aviary systems for laying hens

1. Characteristics of egg numbers and mean egg weight were examined for their usefulness in the daily management of aviary systems for laying hens.

2. A number of 3238 brown Isabrown/Warren hens were housed in 1 compartment, a separated part of the house where the hens could move around freely, of a tiered‐wired‐floor aviary system (TWF‐system). An automatic egg weighing and counting system (EWACS) was used to count and weigh eggs daily from 2 tiers of laying nests on 1 side of the compartment and the number of eggs for the whole compartment were counted daily by the farmer. Each tier was divided into 16 blocks of 5 individual laying nests. Two adjoining blocks were called a group. To prevent hens from walking along all the laying nests in a tier, partitions were placed on the perches in front of the laying nests, between nest groups 2–3, 4–5, and 6–7.

3. After the first 3 weeks of the laying period, the distribution of egg numbers over the nest groups within a tier became stable. If egg numbers were counted daily from only 1 nest group the coefficient of variation was 23.1%. If the eggs from the whole compartment were counted daily, the coefficient of variation for the number of eggs was 2.8%. The nest group, presence of a partition and tier level influenced the daily number of eggs.

4. The distribution of the mean egg weight over the different nest groups within a tier was stable for the whole laying period. The coefficient of variation of the daily mean egg weight for a nest group was 3.1%. The difference in mean egg weight between nest groups was small, between 0.1 and 0.6 g, and the level of tiers and the presence of partitions between nest groups had no effect on the mean egg weight.

5. It could be concluded that egg numbers could not be estimated reliably by taking samples from a group of laying nests or a tier, but that it was necessary to count all the eggs from a compartment. The daily mean egg weight, however, could be estimated reliably on the basis of a sample of eggs from a nest group or a tier. By using EWACS frequent samples could be taken, which diminished the coefficient of variation so that the reliability of the data increased.     

蛋白质和蛋氨酸水平对产蛋初期笼养蛋鸭生产性能的影响

试验选用19周龄的金定鸭216只,随机分为6个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只试鸭。分别饲喂相同代谢能水平(ME=11.55MJ/kg)、3种不同粗蛋白水平(CP=15%、17%、19%)和两种蛋氨酸水平(Met=0.30%、0.36%)的6种玉米—豆粕型饲粮,从而研究笼养蛋鸭产蛋初期获得最佳生产性能的最适宜粗蛋白质和蛋氨酸水平。结果表明:在产蛋初期19～28周龄阶段内,饲粮17%粗蛋白质水平和0.36%蛋氨酸水平能达到高的生产性能,从而表明,饲粮17%粗蛋白水平和0.36%蛋氨酸水平能够满足产蛋初期试鸭生长和生产需要。     

Effects of cage shape,colony size,floor area and cannibalism preventatives on laying performance

1. Wire cages of variable width and depth, with a floor slope of 1 : 12, were used in two experiments to study the effects of cage depth, feeding space (= cage width), floor area, colony size and two methods of controlling cannibalism in White Leghorn x Australorp laying hens.

2. The least floor area (0.035 m²/bird) depressed production in two‐bird cages. Floor area had little effect on the performance of larger colonies.

3. Birds in colonies of three, four or six laid and survived equally well when feeding space/bird and floor area/bird were constant.

4. Production per hen d and food intake were higher, but return on estimated capital outlay was lower, with 102 mm than with 76 mm feeding space/bird when colony size and floor area/bird were constant.

5. Production and food intake of birds which were not treated to prevent cannibalism declined, and mortality increased, as cage depth increased from 385 to 915 mm concomitantly with increasing colony size from 2 to 7 birds and decreasing feeding space from 152 to 43 mm/bird.

6. Increasing cage depth did not increase the proportion of cracked eggs.

7. Mortality was higher among birds fitted with plastic spectacles than among debeaked birds.     

Importance of the rearing period for laying hens in alternative systems

Feather pecking and cannibalism are still major problems in alternative systems for laying hens. Literature and practical experience indicate that unfavourable rearing conditions might be important risk factors for the occurrence of these behavioural disturbances during the laying period.Typical rearing conditions of laying hens from 50 rearing units in Germany and Austria are presented. Obvious risk factors during rearing for feather pecking and cannibalism during the laying period were found. Most flocks were kept under high stocking density (mean: 15 pullets per m' useable area) and some flocks had access to litter only after the second week of life or access to raised perches after the fourth week of life. Plumage condition of pullets and laying hens varied widely in non-beak-trimmed as well as in beak-trimmed flocks.The percentage of pullets with damaged plumage was higher in beak-trimmed than in non-beak-trimmed flocks (medians: 53 % versus 30 %, p = 0,022). In laying hens there was a higher percentage of hens with plumage damage in non-beak-trimmed flocks compared to beak-trimmed flocks (medians: 23 % versus 50 %, p = 0,007). Data analysis will be continued, especially with regard to particular risk factors.     

Diurnal patterns of feeding and activity in laying hens in relation to dietary restriction and cage shape

1. The diurnal feeding pattern and motor activity of medium‐weight hybrid hens housed in groups of four were observed. Cages of two shapes were compared: conventional deep cages (406 × 457 mm) and shallow cages (610 × 305 mm).

2. Birds in conventional deep cages were more active than those in shallow cages in each of four different periods of day. Activity reached a peak between 11.00 and 13.00 h irrespective of cage shape.

3. Mean feeding activity was greater in the shallow (45.6%) than in the conventional deep cages (39.9%).

4. Mean feeding activity was greater in birds fed ad libitum (43.3%) than in those fed on a restricted diet (40.4%).

5. Although restricted birds in shallow cages showed more feeding activity than those in conventional deep cages they consumed less food (56% against 67%) in the 7 h between supply of their daily ration and the onset of the dark period.

6. Feather damage was greater in the conventional deep cages than in the shallow cages.

7. The more efficient utilisation of food by hens in shallow cages is probably due largely to three factors: reduced levels of motor activity and general disturbance, a more leisurely eating pattern and better feather cover.     

Laying hen maintenance in the future--the Proposal of the Commission for a Council Directive setting minimum standards for the protection of laying hens under various rearing systems]

A prognostic of the keepingsystems of laying hens in the future is done on the basis of the conclusions in the Report on the Welfare of Laying Hens made by the Scientific Veterinary Committee of the European Commission and the Commission's Proposal for a Council Directive laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens kept in various systems of rearing. The present discussions in the Councils are reported. It is quite evident, that various keepingsystems will also exist in the future, but the predominant position of battery cages will not stay at that level.     

Occurence of salmonellae in laying hens in different housing systems and inferences for control

As eggs represent now as ever the most important source for Salmonella infection in human beings and because of the currently occurring shift in housing conditions for laying hens from conventional cages to alternative systems it was studied whether the Salmonella prevalence in layers is influenced by the housing system. Following systems were considered: organic farming with free range management systems, floor management systems with free range, floor management systems without free range, conventional cages. 453 pooled faecal samples as single or double examination per herd from 329 flocks in different housing systems for table egg production from three Federal Lander were examined bacteriologically. The share of layer flocks which were Salmonella positive at least once independently of the housing system amounted to 32.2%. Analysis of the Salmonella findings in the single housing systems revealed that the share of Salmonella positive flocks was higher in conventional cage systems (46.3%) than in alternative housing systems (32.996% in organic farming with free range management systems, 21.9% in floor management systems with free range, 23.4% in floor management systems without free range).The results of the study clearly show that Salmonella Enteritidis (mostly phage type 4, other phage types rarely) presents with a share of 78% the dominant serovar in laying hens.The total number of all other serovars (apart from Salmonella Enteritidis and subspecies I rough) reached a share of ca. 14%, however, no other single serovar was dominant. As Salmonella Enteritidis is the predominant serovar in laying hens it is strongly recommended to use Salmonella Enteritidis vaccines for immunisation programmes of chickens during the rearing period. Because of the high prevalence of Salmonella organisms in the different housing systems, detailed information on the epidemiology of Salmonella in laying hens are needed to introduce effective control measures. Of particular interest is the question whether the Salmonella findings in laying flocks are the result of multiplication of already existing Salmonella organisms in the animals or whether the bacteria are introduced only during the laying period.     

人工草地绵羊系统分析与评价Ⅲ系统优化度评析

根据云南省种羊场人工草地绵羊系统1990～1999年的优化度进行全面综合的评价和分析,找出系统存在的问题并提出改进建议.文章指出:仅有技术上的优化不足以扭转整个系统的劣化态势,只有技术、管理、外延系统同时优化才能使系统真正走上高效、低耗、可持续发展的优化道路.     

Stress and feather pecking in laying hens in relation to housing conditions

1. Possible association between high rates of feather pecking and increased stress were investigated in laying hens. 2. From week 19 to week 30 after hatching, 16 groups of 11 hens (white Lohman Selected Leghorn hybrids) were kept in pens with or without long-cut straw as foraging material and provided with food in the form of pellets or mash. 3. Stress was assessed by egg production, weight gain, tonic immobility (TI), heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and antibody titres to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), tetanus toxoid (TT) and human serum albumin (HSA). 4. Provision of foraging material and food form influenced feather pecking. Rates of feather pecking were highest in groups housed without straw and fed on pellets. 5. Egg production was reduced in pens without straw but not affected by food form. Both the duration of TI and H/L ratios were influenced by provision of foraging material and food form. TI was longer and H/L ratios were increased in hens housed without straw and in those fed on pellets. Antibody titers to SRBC and TT were lower in pens without straw than with straw but not influenced by food form. 6. In conclusion, foraging material and food form affected both feather pecking and indicators of stress, suggesting that feather pecking in laying hens is associated with stress.