基于能量得率的棉秆热裂解炭化工艺优化

为了从能源利用角度设计和优化棉花秸秆热裂解制生物炭的热解炭化工艺,该文使用了产率、热值及能量得率3个指标来衡量工艺的优劣。首先,研究了热解温度、保留时间和原料粒径3个工艺条件分别对生物炭产率和热值的影响。结果表明,在3个工艺条件下生物炭产率与热值均呈负相关,即高产率和高热值目标无法同时满足。因此,引入能量得率(单位原料所产生物炭的总能量)作为全面评价生物炭产率和热值的综合指标,重点利用响应面分析法分析了3个工艺条件及其交互作用对能量得率的影响,并经过检验得到优化后的能量得率模型。模型预测结果表明,在炭化温度为429℃,保留时间为1.29 h,原料粒径为0.32 mm时,能量得率达到最大值,为78.95%,通过验证试验证明了模型的有效性。该模型能够用于指导生产高能量得率的生物炭,为生物炭能源高效利用目标的实现提供参考。     

内加热连续式生物质炭化中试设备炭化温度优化试验

为分析内源加热与分段连续热解技术工艺条件下不同物料的热解炭化特性,探明炭化工艺参数对生物炭理化性质、生物炭得率及设备生产率的影响规律,以玉米秸秆、玉米芯和花生壳为原料,进行了设备生产工艺试验。试验结果表明,引风机转速为725 r/min,通过自动调节各进风口开度,使炉内负压维持在60 Pa左右时,不同炭化温度下的生物炭理化性质、设备生产率和生物炭得率均表现出较大差异,其中,固定碳含量和灰分等指标存在显著性差异(P0.05),玉米秸秆对炭化工艺参数最敏感。通过多指标综合评价分析,结合生产实际,玉米秸秆、玉米芯和花生壳的推荐炭化温度分别为550~600、600~650和600~650℃。该研究可为内加热连续式生物质炭化设备的推广应用提供重要的技术支撑。     

生物质连续热解炭气油联产中试系统开发

针对目前多数生物质炭化设备生产连续性差、能耗高、生产过程中存在焦油水洗二次污染等问题,结合生物质炭化技术最新进展和农林剩余物原料特征,提出了生物质连续热解炭气油联产工艺方案,引入连续分段热解、多级组合除尘脱焦和燃油/燃气回用加热工艺方法.在此基础上,重点突破了多线螺旋抄板物料均匀有序输送、多腔旋流梯级高效换热、保温沉降密封出炭、系统压力与气体组分耦合预警等技术,开发了生物质连续热解中试生产系统.运行检测结果表明:系统运行稳定可靠,温度控制精度为±16℃,反应室压力控制精度为±-25 Pa,以花生壳为原料,原料处理量为28.2 kg/h,生物炭得率为31.3％,热解气产率29.6％,液体产物产率19.8％,热解气低位热值为16.3 MJ/m3,各项技术指标均达到了系统设计目标与要求.该中试系统的开发为设备放大及示范应用奠定了重要基础.     

多腔室秸秆原位炭化还田设备设计

原位炭化还田技术可将田间秸秆就地直接转化为生物炭,改善土壤结构,解决秸秆直接还田腐解慢、出苗率低、病虫害严重等问题。但目前炭化还田设备仍存在炭化不均匀,运行稳定性差,生产效率低等问题。该研究基于精准控氧控温炭化要求,在前期样机基础上,创新研发了立式多腔限域式炭化反应器,研制强化物料定向流动的多翅片型扰动部件,并运用ANSYS Workbench进行仿真模拟和结构优化,研制热解气清洁燃烧及高温烟气换热回用系统,集成秸秆捡拾粉碎系统及田间作业机具,研制立式多腔室秸秆原位炭化还田设备。以玉米秸秆为原料进行炭化试验,设备秸秆处理量为500 kg/h,生物炭产率为125 kg/h,固定碳含量为50.30%,系统能量利用率为70.66%,产出的炭达到Ⅰ级生物炭还田标准,燃烧烟气中颗粒物、NO_x、SO_x等排放均满足国标要求,整机系统运行稳定,满足设计标准。为秸秆直接炭化还田提供了技术及装备支撑。     

生物质连续炭化中试系统产物特性及其运行效果评估

为分析中试规模条件下的生物质连续炭化特性并系统评估中试设备运行性能,以棉秆、稻壳和果木剪枝等典型农林废弃物为原料,进行了生物质连续炭化中试系统生产测试,分析了炭化温度对产物理化性质、组分分布和产率的影响规律,并在此基础上对设备运行过程、能量平衡、能量转化效率和应用前景等进行了系统评估。结果表明:系统运行过程中温度和压力控制精准,物料滞留时间为36 min,炭化温度分别为550、600、650℃时,炭化温度对产物特性与产率影响明显,炭化温度越高生物炭中固定碳含量越高,650℃时的果木剪枝炭化比550℃时固定炭含量提高12.7百分点;炭化温度越高热解气产率越大,650℃时果木剪枝炭化比550℃时产气率提高7.8百分点;炭化温度在600℃时处理棉秆,系统能量转化效率为74.10%,能流分析表明,此条件下部分燃气回用加热可支撑系统热解。该研究为生物质连续炭化工程装备的开发和示范推广提供了重要技术支撑。     

稻壳炭提取SiO2及制备活性炭联产工艺

为了利用气化发电的固体产物稻壳炭,通过单因素试验,研究了稻壳炭同时提取二氧化硅及制备活性炭工艺技术,得出优化的工艺条件:质量分数20%的K2CO3溶液与稻壳炭原料的液固比为15mL/g,煮溶温度100℃,煮溶时间3.5h;稻壳炭的炭化温度是450℃,活化温度850℃,活化时间2h;SiO2的陈化温度为3℃、陈化时间3h。此条件下制备的稻壳基活性炭得率39.34%、碘吸附值978.35mg/g、亚甲基兰吸附值12mL/0.1g;二氧化硅得率25.77%、白度89.91%。试验表明该工艺制备出的稻壳基活性炭及二氧化硅产品的质量均达到了国家标准的要求,同时为稻壳炭的高效、无公害及资源化利用提供了一条可循的途径。     

无轴螺旋连续热解装置上的生物质热解特性

连续热解是一种高效的生物质能转化技术,无轴螺旋式连续热解装置不仅可减轻送料部件的质量,而且为热解挥发性产物的排出提供了有效空间,是极具发展前景的连续热解装置。为了解无轴螺旋式生物质连续热解特性,该文在无轴螺旋连续热解装置上,开展了以稻壳、花生壳和木薯茎秆为生物质原料的热解试验,分析了3种生物质在不同热解温度下的三态产物分布特性、热解气体组分变化规律及热解炭的组织结构和表面形貌特征。结果表明:炭产率随热解温度升高逐渐下降,气体产率逐渐上升,液体产率先上升再下降,在450℃时达到最大,产物分布特性与其他热解反应器的一致;不同原料炭产率由高到低依次为:稻壳花生壳木薯茎秆,液体产率由高到低依次为:稻壳花生壳木薯茎秆,气体产率与液体产率相反。热解气体组分受温度影响较大,热解温度升高,可燃气体组分含量不断上升,不可燃气体组分含量不断下降,不同原料对气体组分含量影响较小。热解炭的工业分析结果与原料的工业分析结果存在相关性,热解温度升高,热解炭中挥发分含量逐渐下降,固定碳及灰分含量增加,木薯茎秆炭的挥发分含量最高,花生壳炭的固定碳含量最高,稻壳炭的灰分含量最高;低温热解炭的表面官能团较为丰富,随热解温度升高官能团种类逐渐减少;原料自身结构特性对热解炭的表面形貌影响较大,随着热解温度升高,生物质原料的表面结构不断被破坏,热解炭表面出现孔隙结构,花生壳炭与木薯茎秆炭表面孔隙结构比稻壳炭更为发达。     

铁改性稻壳生物炭对铵态氮的吸附效果研究

[目的]研究稻壳生物炭和3种铁改性稻壳生物炭对铵态氮的吸附特性,为其作为添加剂进行炭基肥料的开发提供参考.[方法]以稻壳为原料,在500℃无氧条件下热解制备稻壳生物炭(RBC),并采用3种工艺制备铁改性稻壳生物炭(FDRBC、FWRBC和FWBC).利用比表面积测定仪(BET)和扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)...     

生物质无轴螺旋连续热解装置送料器设计及中试

为解决有轴螺旋送料器存在质量大、能耗高、易产生机械干涉等问题,该文设计了送料能力为150 kg/h的生物质无轴螺旋送料器,并以稻壳为原料开展了冷态输送和热解试验。设计的无轴螺旋送料器关键尺寸为:螺旋外径为400 mm、螺旋轴径为80 mm、螺距为200 mm,送料器采用柴油燃烧机和热解气回烧的方式加热,计算出燃烧机需要提供的功率为95.43 k W。稻壳冷态输送试验表明,当送料频率为50 Hz即无轴螺旋的转速为2.03 r/min时,无轴螺旋送料器输送稻壳的送料量为224.3 kg/h150 kg/h,无轴螺旋送料器的实际送料量高于理论计算值。稻壳热解试验表明,当加热腔最高温度为(700±50)℃时,随着热解时间增加,稻壳炭的挥发分质量分数由22.45%减至13.6%,灰分质量分数由29.38%增至33.44%,固定碳质量分数由48.17%增至52.96%。稻壳炭的高位热值随热解时间增加而增加,但在试验范围内增幅不大。热解时间对生物炭品质影响较大,即传热速率是限制大型连续热解反应器处理效率提高的主要因素,因此,在工业化应用的大型热解反应器的设计中,应着重考虑提高热解传热效率的方法。     

生物炭二级循环折流式冷却中试系统的设计与试验

针对热解炭化后生物炭温度高、冷却慢、余热难以回收等导致热解生产周期长、生物炭热能利用率低的问题,该文采用固-液间接换热原理,设计了循环水二级折流式冷却换热装置并开发了生物炭二级循环冷却中试系统,并对不同生物炭在不同水流量、转速条件下开展试验,试验结果表明,采用该系统后出口生物炭平均温度为30℃,能够满足冷却要求。进出口生物炭温差随水流量的增大而增大,当螺旋轴转速为5 r/min,水流量分别为8、6.5、4 m3/h时,进出口生物炭温差分别为272、242、222℃。水流量固定为6.5 m3/h,螺旋轴转速为25 r/min时,生物炭出炭温度为40℃,而转速降低为5 r/min时,出炭温度降低到25℃;不同生物炭综合传热系数不同,玉米秸秆生物炭冷却时达到最大为100.6 W/(m2·K)。该研究中冷却系统能够与热解炭化设备相匹配,并且满足生物炭连续冷却的需求,可以开展不同生物质炭的冷却试验。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.